Shotblasting to Improve Frictional Properties, HR-1057, 1992

Thin overlays, diamond grinding, longitudinal grooving, transverse grooving, and milling have been successful techniques for restoring frictional properties on portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. Shotblasting offers a lower cost alternative if successful. Five test sections of shotblasting were placed on IA 9 from Decorah east to the Winneshiek County line (milepost 260.0 to 270.0). Both smooth tire and ribbed tire friction testing (ASTM E274) was performed. The conclusions and recommendations are: Based on the study, friction enhancement by shotblasting has a relatively short service life when measured by the ribbed tire test. However, when measured by the smooth tire test, the friction enhancement is longer lasting. Consideration of shotblasting for friction enhancement may be warranted to gain additional information, particularly when smooth tire friction properties are at issue.

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares e híbridos de milho no Nordeste brasileiro no ano agrícola de 1998

Durante o ano agrícola de 1998, na Região Nordeste do Brasil, foram realizados experimentos em rede, em blocos casualizados com três repetições, envolvendo a avaliação de 25 cultivares (cultivares e populações) e de 30 híbridos de milho em dezenove e dezesseis ambientes, respectivamente, objetivando conhecer adaptabilidade e estabilidade dessas cultivares para fins de recomendação. Os híbridos apresentaram maiores rendimentos, em média, 21,4% mais que as cultivares. Nos ensaios envolvendo cultivares e populações, o híbrido Cargill 909, utilizado como testemunha, teve um rendimento superior, tanto nos ambientes desfavoráveis quanto nos favoráveis. As cultivares AL 30, BR 5028, BR 106, BR 5011, BR 5033, Sintético Dentado, Sintético Duro e a população CMS 50 expressaram boa adaptação e estabilidade de produção no Nordeste brasileiro. Nos ensaios envolvendo híbridos, Dina 1000, Cargill 333 B, Dina 270, Braskalb XL 360, Master, AG 1051, AG 4051 e Pioneer 3041 apresentaram maior adaptação com estabilidade de produção nos ambientes considerados. Para recomendação específica a ambientes favoráveis destacaram-se os híbridos AG 4051 e Pioneer X 1296 B. Apesar de não se encontrarem híbridos com adaptação específica a ambientes desfavoráveis, a recomendação de materiais com maiores rendimentos nesses ambientes é de interesse para o agricultor, a exemplo do Dina 1000, Cargill 333 B e Braskalb XL 360.

Surface Improvement and Dust Palliation of Unpaved Secondary Roads and Streets, HR-151, 1973

As of December 31, 1970 there were 57,270 miles of Local Secondary roads and 32,958 miles of Farm to Market roads in the Iowa secondary road system. The Local Secondary system carried a traffic load of 2,714,180 daily vehicle miles, accounting for 32% of all traffic in the secondary system. For all Local Secondary roads having some form of surfacing, 98% were surfaced with gravel or crushed stone. During the 1970 construction year 335 miles of surfaced roads were constructed in the Local Secondary system with 78% being surfaced with gravel or crushed stone. The total maintenance expenditure for all secondary roads in Iowa during 1970 amounted to $40,086,091. Of this, 42%, or $17,020,332, was spent for aggregate replacement on existing gravel or crushed stone roads with an additional 31% ($12,604,456) being spent on maintenance other than resurfacing. This amounts to 73% of the total maintenance budget and are the largest two maintenance expenditure items out of a list of 10 ranging from bridges to drainage assessments. The next largest item was 7%, for maintenance of existing flexible bases. Three concurrent phases of study were included in this project: (1) laboratory screenings studies of various additives thought to have potential for long-lasting dust palliation, soil additive strength, durability, and additive retention potential; (2) test road construction using those additives that indicated promise for performance-serviceability usage; and (3) observations and tests of constructed sections for evaluation of the additive's contribution to performance and serviceability as well as the relationship to initial costs.

Audit report on the Iowa State Civil Rights Commission for the year ended June 30, 2013

Audit report on the Iowa State Civil Rights Commission for the year ended June 30, 2013

Inibição do amadurecimento de abacate com 1-metilciclopropeno

O abacate (Persea americana) é um fruto climatérico que apresenta alta taxa respiratória e alta produção de etileno após a colheita, o que o torna altamente perecível. Por isso, o controle do amadurecimento desse fruto é fundamental para o aumento da vida útil de prateleira. Abacates 'Quintal' foram tratados com o bloqueador da ação do etileno 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) nas concentrações de 0, 30, 90 e 270 nL L-1 durante 12 horas a 24ºC e armazenados sob condições ambientais (24ºC) por nove dias. Diariamente foram analisadas as variáveis coloração da casca e polpa, firmeza de polpa, porcentagem de frutos maduros (firmeza <= 8 Newtons), porcentagem de podridões, taxa respiratória e produção de etileno. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 10, com quatro repetições de quatro frutos. O 1-MCP reteve o desenvolvimento da coloração da casca e polpa e proporcionou maior firmeza de polpa e menor incidência de podridão nos frutos. Frutos não tratados apresentaram início de amadurecimento após quatro dias a 24ºC, enquanto nos frutos tratados com 270 nL L-1 de 1-MCP o amadurecimento iniciou após sete dias. Frutos tratados com 1-MCP (270 nL L-1) apresentaram menor taxa respiratória e menor produção de etileno. Os resultados revelam que a aplicação de 1-MCP em abacates é satisfatória para retardar o amadurecimento dos frutos e aumentar a vida de prateleira.

Nanomedicines for active targeting: physico-chemical characterization of paclitaxel-loaded anti-HER2 immunonanoparticles and in vitro functional studies on target cells.

Paclitaxel (Tx)-loaded anti-HER2 immunonanoparticles (NPs-Tx-HER) were prepared by the covalent coupling of humanized monoclonal anti-HER2 antibodies (trastuzumab, Herceptin) to Tx-loaded poly (dl-lactic acid) nanoparticles (NPs-Tx) for the active targeting of tumor cells that overexpress HER2 receptors. The physico-chemical properties of NPs-Tx-HER were compared to unloaded immunonanoparticles (NPs-HER) to assess the influence of the drug on anti-HER2 coupling to the NP surface. The immunoreactivity of sulfo-MBS activated anti-HER2 mAbs and the in vitro efficacy of NPs-Tx-HER were tested on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells that overexpress HER2 antigens. Tx-loaded nanoparticles (NPs-Tx) obtained by a salting-out method had a size of 171+/-22 nm (P.I.=0.1) and an encapsulation efficiency of about of 78+/-10%, which corresponded to a drug loading of 7.8+/-0.8% (w/w). NPs-Tx were then thiolated and conjugated to activated anti-HER2 mAbs to obtain immunonanoparticles of 237+/-43 nm (P.I.=0.2). The influence of the activation step on the immunoreactivity of the mAbs was tested on SKOV-3 cells using 125I-radiolabeled mAbs, and the activity of the anti-HER2 mAbs was minimally affected after sulfo-MBS functionalization. Approximately 270 molecules of anti-HER2 mAbs were bound per nanoparticle. NPs-Tx-HER exhibited a zeta potential of 0.2+/-0.1 mV. The physico-chemical properties of the Tx-loaded immunonanoparticles were very similar to unloaded immunonanoparticles, suggesting that the encapsulation of the drug did not influence the coupling of the mAbs to the NPs. No drug loss was observed during the preparation process. DSC analysis showed that encapsulated Tx is in an amorphous or disordered-crystalline phase. These results suggest that Tx is entrapped in the polymeric matrix and not adsorbed to the surface of the NPs. In vitro studies on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells demonstrated the greater cytotoxic effect of NPs-Tx-HER compared to other Tx formulations. The results showed that at 1 ng Tx/ml, the viability of cells incubated with drug encapsulated in NP-Tx-HER was lower (77.32+/-5.48%) than the viability of cells incubated in NPs-Tx (97.4+/-12%), immunonanoparticles coated with Mabthera, as irrelevant mAb (NPs-Tx-RIT) (93.8+/-12%) or free drug (92.3+/-9.3%).

Colorectal cancer metastasis: the DNA repair inhibitor Dbait increases sensitivity to hyperthermia and improves efficacy of radiofrequency ablation.

PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of combining hyperthermia with a DNA repair inhibitor (double-strand break bait [Dbait]) and its potential application to radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in a preclinical model of human colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The local ethics committee of animal experimentation approved all investigations. First, the relevance was assessed by studying the survival of four human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell cultures after 1 hour of hyperthermia at 41°C or 43°C with or without Dbait. Human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) were grafted subcutaneously into nude mice (n = 111). When tumors reached approximately 500 mm(3), mice were treated with Dbait alone (n = 20), sublethal RFA (n = 21), three different Dbait schemes and sublethal RFA (n = 52), or a sham treatment (n = 18). RFA was performed to ablate the tumor center alone. To elucidate antitumor mechanisms, 39 mice were sacrificed for blinded pathologic analysis, including assessment of DNA damage, cell proliferation, and tumor necrosis. Others were monitored for tumor growth and survival. Analyses of variance and log-rank tests were used to evaluate differences. RESULTS: When associated with mild hyperthermia, Dbait induced cytotoxicity in all tested colon cancer cell lines. Sublethal RFA or Dbait treatment alone moderately improved survival (median, 40 days vs 28 days for control; P = .0005) but combination treatment significantly improved survival (median, 84 days vs 40 days for RFA alone, P = .0004), with approximately half of the animals showing complete tumor responses. Pathologic studies showed that the Dbait and RFA combination strongly enhances DNA damage and coagulation areas in tumors. CONCLUSION: Combining Dbait with RFA sensitizes the tumor periphery to mild hyperthermia and increases RFA antitumor efficacy.