The electronic structure of strained ZnO/MgxZn1-xO superlattices and the influence of polarization

Based on the effective-mass model, the lower energies of the electron and the hole of ZnO/MgxZn1-xO superlattices are calculated. Because of the mismatch of the lattice constant between the ZnO well and the MgxZn1-xO barrier, piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization exist in ZnO/MgxZn1-xO superlattices and a macroscopical internal electric held is found when well width L-w >4 nm and Mg concentration x > 0.2. The parameters of ZnO/MgxZn1-xO superlattices such as lattice constant, band offset, etc. are also proposed. Through calculations, we found the internal electric field can change the lowest energies of the electron and hole to 105.4 and 85.1 meV when well width L-w up to 70 angstrom, which will influence the electronic and optical properties of ZnO/MgxZn1-xO superlattices greatly, while the Rashba effect from the internal electric field is so small that it can be neglected. The ground state exciton energies with different Mg concentration x are also calculated by variational method, our results are very close to the experimental results when Mg concentration x <= 0.3. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of lattice vibration on the effective mass of quasi-two-dimensional strong-coupling polaron

The effects of lattice vibration on the system in which the electron is weakly coupled with bulk longitudinal optical phonons and strongly coupled with interface optical phonons in an infinite quantum well were studied by using Tokuda' linear-combination operator and a modified LLP variational method. The expressions for the effective mass of the polaron in a quantum well QW as functions of the well's width and temperature were derived. In particular, the law of the change of the vibration frequency of the polaron changing with well' s width and temperature are obtained. Numerical results of the effective mass and the vibration frequency of the polaron for KI/AgCl/Kl QW show that the vibration frequency and the effective mass of the polaron decrease with increasing well's width and temperature, but the contribution of the interaction between the electron and the different branches of phonons to the effective mass and the vibration frequency and the change of their variation with the well's width and temperature are greatly different.

Electronic states of a hydrogenic donor impurity in semiconductor nano-structures

We propose a method for uniformly calculating the electronic states of a hydrogenic donor impurity in low-dimensional semiconductor nano-structures in the framework of effective-mass envelope-function theory, and we study the electronic structures of this systems. Compared to previous methods, our method has the following merits: (a) It can be widely applied in the calculation of the electronic states of hydrogenic donor impurities in nano-structures of various shapes; (b) It can easily be extended to study the effects of external fields and other complex cases; (c) The excited states are more easily calculated than with the variational method; (d) It is convenient to calculate the change of the electronic states with the position of a hydrogenic donor impurity in nano-structures; (e) The binding energy can be calculated explicitly. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Energy of a polaron in a wurtzite nitride finite parabolic quantum well

The effects of electron-phonon interaction oil energy levels of a. polaron in a wurtzite nitride finite parabolic quantum well (PQW) are studied by using a modified Lee-Low-Pines variational method. The ground state, first excited state, and transition energy of the polaron in the GaN/Al0.3Ga0.7N wurtzite PQW are calculated by taking account of the influence of confined LO(TO)-like phonon modes and the half-space LO(TO)-like phonon modes and considering the anisotropy of all kinds of phonon modes. The numerical results are given and discussed. The results show that the electron phonon interaction strongly affects the energy levels of the polaron, and the contributions from phonons to the energy of a polaron hi a wurtzite nitride PQW are greater than that in all AlGaAs PQW. This indicates that the electron-phonon interaction in a wurtzite nitride PQW is not negligible.

Hydrogenic impurity in double quantum dots

The ground state binding energy and the average interparticle distances for a hydrogenic impurity in double quantum dots with Gaussian confinement potential are studied by the variational method. The probability density of the electron is calculated, too. The dependence of the binding energy on the impurity position is investigated for GaAs quantum dots. The result shows that the binding energy has a minimum as a function of the distance between the two quantum dots when the impurity is located at the center of one quantum dot or at the center of the edge of one quantum dot. When the impurity is located at the center of the two dots, the binding energy decreases monotonically. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Geometrical-confinement effects on two electrons in elliptical quantum dots

The effects of the geometrical shape on two electrons confined in a two-dimensional parabolic quantum dot and subjected to an external uniform magnetic field have been calculated using a variational-perturbation method based on a direct construction of trial wave functions. The calculations show that both the energy levels and the spin transition of two electrons in elliptical quantum dots are dramatically influenced by the shape of the dots. The ground states with total spin S=0 and S=1 are affected greatly by changing the magnetic field and the geometrical confinement. The quantum behavior of elliptical quantum dots show some relation to that of laterally coupled quantum dots. For a special geometric configuration of the confinement omega(y)/omega(x)=2.0, we encounter a characteristic magnetic field at which spin singlet-triplet crossover occurs. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Effects of piezoelectricity and spontaneous polarization on electronic and optical properties of wurtzite III-V nitride quantum wells

A theoretical model accounting for the macropolarization effects in wurtzite III-V nitrides quantum wells (QWs) is presented. Energy dispersions and exciton binding energies are calculated within the framework of effective-mass theory and variational approach, respectively. Exciton-associated transitions (EATs) are studied in detail. An energy redshift as high as 450 meV is obtained in Al0.25GaN0.75/GaN QWs. Also, the abrupt reduction of optical momentum matrix elements is derived as a consequence of quantum-confined Stark effects. EAT energies are compared with recent photoluminescence (PL) experiments and numerical coherence is achieved. We propose that it is the EAT energy, instead of the conduction-valence-interband transition energy that is comparable with the PL energy. To restore the reduced transition rate, we apply an external electric field. Theoretical calculations show that with the presence of the external electric field the optical matrix elements for EAT increase 20 times. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Analytical study of the layered XY model with VCE method

Motivated by experiments on liquid-crystal films, we study the development of specific heat anomaly of finite layer system. With the VCE method, we introduce the strong surface interaction into the layered XY model and get the results of the forth-order analytical expansion. The results show that when the strong surface interaction becomes strong enough, the order trend defeats the quantum noise and the specific heat peak moves abnormally to the high temperature with the number of layers decreasing.

Binding energy of excitons bound to neutral donors in two-dimensional semiconductors

The binding energies of excitons bound to neutral donors in two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors within the spherical-effective-mass approximation, which are nondegenerate energy bands, have been calculated by a variational method for a relevant range of the effective electron-to-hole mass ratio sigma. The ratio of the binding energy of a 2D exciton bound to a neutral donor to that of a 2D neutral donor is found to be from 0.58 to 0.10. In the limit of vanishing sigma and large sigma, the results agree fairly well with previous experimental results. The results of this approach are compared with those of earlier theories.

Analytical study of the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg films

With the variational cumulant expansion (VCE) method, the thermodynamic behaviors of S = 1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg films in simple cubic lattices are studied analytically. From the analytic properties of the free energy, in principle we are able to calculate analytically the critical temperatures T-c(L) and the thermodynamic functions, to any order cumulant as the functions of the number of L (the hyperlayers in the hyperfilm). Explicit expressions for T-c(L) up to the fourth order are given. A comparison with the existing results for 3-dimensional system is given. The effective range of the interaction is obtained from numerical results.

Quantum-confined Stark effects of exciton states in V-shaped GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wires

Quantum-confined Stark effects are investigated theoretically in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wires formed in V-grooved structures. The electronic structures of the V-shaped quantum wires are calculated within the effective mass envelope function theory in the presence of electric field. The binding energies of excitons are also studied by two-dimensional Fourier transformation and variational method. The blue Stark shifts are found when the electric field is applied in the growth direction. A possible mechanism in which the blueshifts of photoluminescence peaks are attributed to two factors, one factor comes from the asymmetric structure of quantum wire along the electric field and another factor arises from the electric-field-induced change of the Coulomb interaction. The numerical results are compared with the recent experiment measurement.

instability of standing wave, global existence and blowup for the klein-gordon-zakharov system with different-degree nonlinearities

This paper discusses the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov system with different-degree nonlinearities in two and three space dimensions. Firstly, we prove the existence of standing wave with ground state by applying an intricate variational argument. Next, by introducing an auxiliary functional and an equivalent minimization problem, we obtain two invariant manifolds under the solution flow generated by the Cauchy problem to the aforementioned Klein–Gordon–Zakharov system. Furthermore, by constructing a type of constrained variational problem, utilizing the above two invariant manifolds as well as applying potential well argument and concavity method, we derive a sharp threshold for global existence and blowup. Then, combining the above results, we obtain two conclusions of how small the initial data are for the solution to exist globally by using dilation transformation. Finally, we prove a modified instability of standing wave to the system under study.

发布/订阅系统可伸缩性支持技术研究

在发布/订阅系统中，订阅者向系统注册其对某一个或某一类事件的兴趣，发布者将生成的事件发布到系统中，发布/订阅系统负责将事件与订阅进行匹配，并向对事件感兴趣的订阅者发出事件通知。发布者和订阅者在时间、空间和控制流上完全解耦合，能很好地满足大型分布式应用对松耦合交互的需求。发布/订阅系统在金融服务、新闻服务、物流等领域有着很大的实际应用价值。随着传感器技术的发展和普适应用的增长， 发布/订阅系统应用于传感器网络和 RFID应用等普适环境下的研究方兴未艾。在普适环境下，分布式大规模多种类事件给发布/订阅系统带来了更多的系统效率和可伸缩性问题。 来自传感器或RFID设备的原子事件数据被采集获取后即被发送到功能更为强大的代理服务器上处理。当传感器节点很多、传感数据规模很大时，大量收集到的数据容易造成网络拥塞以及某些代理服务器负载过重，从而成为性能瓶颈。因此，需要设计有效的代理部署算法，选取代理服务器的最佳位置，构建数据收集网络的拓扑结构，以高效地利用代理服务器的处理能力和网络带宽，提高数据的采集效率，从而支持发布/订阅系统更高效地处理大量事件和订阅。 在基于内容的发布/订阅系统中，基于内容的订阅是高度多样化的，不同的事件可能满足大量的感兴趣的订阅者。 系统中， 大规模的订阅信息和事件的到达，可能造成某些代理服务器负载过重，网络消息流量也过大，使得事件不能及时送达订阅者。因此，需要设计一个有效的消息路由策略，将发布者发布的事件消息高效地传递给订阅者，并且将事件匹配的责任分派到网络中不同的代理服务器上，使得网络中各代理服务器的负载分布相对均衡。 本文围绕发布/订阅系统的可伸缩性，对原子事件数据收集中的代理服务器部署问题，以及原子事件/订阅的路由问题展开研究。本文针对一般部署问题，即存在禁止部署区域的情形，提出了基于栅格化和爬山法的代理部署算法；对于无禁止区域的部署问题， 提出了更优的基于 Voronoi 图和Steiner 树的代理部署算法。本文实现了上述两个算法，实验表明，算法能获得在部署代价、通信开销和负载均衡度方面均较优的部署方案。在原子事件/订阅的路由上，本文提出了基于事件空间划分的渠道路由算法。算法将事件空间划分为多个事件渠道，每个事件渠道分配给单个代理服务器负责。代理服务器对到达的事件或订阅，根据其所属的渠道，决定转发或在本地处理。算法还通过实时监控代理服务器的负载，在负载较重时，分割渠道，在负载较轻时，合并渠道，从而达到动态负载均衡的效果。本文在OncePubSub系统上实现了上述算法，实验表明，算法能够有效地降低事件和订阅的传递开销，减小事件处理延迟，并能均衡代理服务器的负载。

模式识别在Eu~(2+)光谱结构研究中的应用

由于Eu~(2+)离子在不同复合氟化物中存在不同的跃迁发射形式，主要有5d → 4f的宽带跃迁，位于365nm-650nm间和4f → 4f的窄带跃迁，中心位置在360nm附近。Eu~(2+)离子的跃迁形式决定于基质的化学组成。本工作就是用多种模式识别方法（KNN，ALKNN，BAYES，LLM，SIMCA和PCA）研究不同复合氟化物基质中Eu~(2+)离子的跃迁发射形式和基质晶体结构之间的关系，找出Eu~(2+)离子产生f → f跃迁其基质构成的一般规律性。收集了90个复合氟化物（AB_mF_n）作为样本集，根据其中Eu~(2+)离子跃迁形式的不同将它们分成两类，一类为具有f → f跃迁的基质45个；另一类为不具有f → f跃迁的基质45个。随机地选用63个基质作为训练集，其余的为验证集。每个基质样本利用其12个晶体结构参数作为描述。由于各参数间差别不大，对原始数据未进行标度化。特征提取是模式识别分析的一个重要步骤，本工作结合变化权重法，BAYES特征量评价法和SIMCA变量相关性评价法的特点，建立了一个以验评价判据式：d(i) = -5.0 + 2.3V(i) + 0.89f(i) + 7.2W(i)根据经验式，选取了变量Z_B/r_(kB)，r_(covA)/r_(covB)和Z_B/r_(covB)，并删除了变量Xσ_A，Xσ_B，r_(covA)。其它变量由于其D值接近，利用穷举法对它们进行选取，结果M，Z'_A和r_(covB)被选中。这样把这6个被选的变量作为对跃迁发射问题最相关的变量进行进一步分析。采用被选的6维变量对训练集样本施行主成份分析，结果表示前三个主成份已可解释原数据信息量的99%以上。所以分别以主成份1-3及主成份1和主成份3作了三维和二维的映射图。结果表示两类基质样本基本上分在不同区域。进一步分别用12维和6维变量对样本系进行了其它几种模式识别分析。所有这些方法对训练集的分类效果都比较理想。采取6维特征时，其正确分类率达79.4-96.8%，这说明与跃迁问题相关的大部分变量已被选入。但是结果显示，各种方法对训练集的分类有一定的差别。我们认为这是由于各种不同的方法对数据结构要求不同引起的。实验证明Bayes线性判别方法对该样本集数据的分类效果最佳。根据Bayes线性差别方法的执行得到了对基质样本分类模式，由此模式讨论了各结构参数对Eu~(2+)离子光谱结构的影响，并对七个未知基质中Eu~(2+)离子的光谱结构进行了计算机预报，结果表示KTbF_4，KBF_4，NaIn_2F_7和KLu_2F_7为具有f → f跃迁发射的基质，而NaCaF_3，MgBeF_4和MgAlF_5为不具有f → f跃迁发射的基质。

基于支持向量机的Internet流量分类研究

准确的网络流量分类是众多网络研究工作的基础,也一直是网络测量领域的研究热点.近年来,利用机器学习方法处理流量分类问题成为了该领域一个新兴的研究方向.在目前研究中应用较多的是朴素贝叶斯(nave Bayes,NB)及其改进算法.这些方法具有实现简单、分类高效的特点.但该方法过分依赖于样本空间的分布,具有内在的不稳定性.因此,提出一种基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的流量分类方法.该方法利用非线性变换和结构风险最小化(structural risk minimization,SRM)原则将流量分类问题转化为二次寻优问题,具有良好的分类准确率和稳定性.在理论分析的基础上,通过在实际网络流集合上与朴素贝叶斯算法的对比实验,可以看出使用支持向量机方法处理流量分类问题,具有以下3个优势:1)网络流属性不必满足条件独立假设,无须进行属性过滤;2)能够在先验知识相对不足的情况下,仍保持较高的分类准确率;3)不依赖于样本空间的分布,具有较好的分类稳定性.