La producción discursiva en la traducción de textos pragmáticos francés/castellano : Estudio traductológico a través de los enunciados elípticos con anomalías

Esta tesis doctoral se inscribe dentro de la Traductología, interdisciplina que estudia tanto los procesos implicados en el complejo fenómeno de la traducción como los productos discursivos en la lengua hacia la cual se traduce. Su objetivo general consiste en contribuir a la investigación sobre el macroproceso de traducción en el par de lenguas francés/español, y en especial sobre la producción discursiva puesto que la literatura especializada coincide en destacar que ésta es la fase menos conocida [Lederer, 2005, 126; Toury, 2004, 244, 245]. Nuestro trabajo explora la producción discursiva, limitándola a traducciones absolutas [Gouadec, 1989: 21-30] de textos pragmáticos [Delisle, 1984: 22], cuya función esencial es el pasaje integral de la información. Dentro de dos corpora del campo de la Bioética constituidos por textos originales en francés y sus traducciones al castellano, hemos considerado como hipótesis general que los productos discursivos resultantes de la traducción absoluta de textos pragmáticos francés/castellano, presentan transferencias sintáctico-discursivas gobernadas por el universal de interferencia. Es decir que el planteo rector es que la memoria lingüístico-discursiva en la fase de reexpresión está atravesada por el mecanismo de interferencia. Las hipótesis específicas que se desgranan de la principal indican que la producción discursiva resultante de la traducción de textos pragmáticos francés/castellano exhibe enunciados elípticos anómalos gobernados por el universal de interferencia del discurso de partida [francés] o del sistema de la lengua materna del traductor [castellano]. Nuestra investigación parte entonces de la lectura del texto traducido [TT] y lo compara con el texto original [TO]; esta comparación es parcial puesto que indaga sobre las anomalías de producción; es indirecta pues observa la relación cohesión-coherencia-sentido en el discurso de llegada a través de las anomalías, especialmente de los enunciados elípticos; por último, analiza las anomalías dentro de la teoría de la interferencia y de la teoría de la elipsis [Toury, 2004: 121-124]. Sobre estas bases, hemos generado un instrumento que estudia los binomios textuales seleccionados según las siguientes aproximaciones: la sintaxis de la lengua meta [tipo de elipsis, elemento elidido, construcción de la elipsis, recuperabilidad]; la sintaxis del discurso meta [cohesión-coherencia], la comparación del binomio TT-TO [análisis de la producción del segmento problema en TO; el análisis de la producción del segmento solución en TT; posible extensión de las consecuencias de la anomalía microestructural; verificación del principio traducir toda la información]; los mecanismos de producción [elevación de la frecuencia de uso de recursos o elementos; control lingüístico de la lengua-cultura meta; control lingüístico-discursivo]; el resultado [visibilidad de interferencia; fenómeno sintáctico visible; alcance discursivo; producción palimpséstica; entropía informativa]. La elaboración de este andamiaje analítico aplicado a nuestros corpora nos ha permitido avanzar en el conocimiento de los mecanismos que participan en la producción discursiva en traducción y creemos que puede aplicarse, con las modificaciones de cada caso, para la descripción y quizás explicación de otros factores lingüístico-discursivos presentes en los textos traducidos

Comprensión y producción de textos en alumnos universitarios: la reformulación textual

En este trabajo se informan resultados sobre las características que se observan en tareas específicas de reformulación en alumnos universitarios que cursan el tramo medio de la carrera de Psicología (N=58), y de un grupo de referencia de alumnos de las carreras de Lenguas Modernas, Letras y Bibliotecología (N=33) de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina). Se han considerado tres tipos de reformulación: resuntiva, comprensiva y productiva. Se ha analizado un corpus de 621 reformulaciones, a partir de diferentes tipos de textos. Las producciones obtenidas fueron categorizadas según los siguientes criterios: presencia/ausencia de dificultades normativas, morfosintáticas y semánticas. Los resultados muestran que aparecen problemas predominantemente en el caso de las paráfrasis y de la elaboración de resúmenes. En ellas se observan dificultades de puntuación ; de cohesión y coherencia textual , y distorsiones u omisiones semánticas relativas a la extracción de las partes principales del texto y/o su reemplazo, con inadecuada disponibilidad de recursos léxicos y confusión en el tipo de registro que corresponde a la escritura. Estos resultados, coincidentes con los otros de la misma investigación, de carácter más amplio, informan sobre los problemas de un número importante de alumnos universitarios para interactuar no sólo con textos académicos, sino con textos de carácter general. Además conducen a interrogarse por una parte sobre la naturaleza de dichas dificultades, que parecen ligadas a problemas de producción, que de modo indirecto dan cuenta de dificultades en comprensión textual y, por la otra, a las características de la enseñanza universitaria en el tratamiento textual.

La muerte de Martín Fierro, de Leonardo Castellani : apuntes de genética textual

En 1953, el padre Leonardo Castellani publica La muerte de Martín Fierro, un poema autobiográfico que remeda el estilo y forma del texto de José Hernández. Hemos hallado una copia mecanografiada -presumiblemente la misma que fuera entregada a la imprenta-, con numerosas correcciones autógrafas, algunas de las cuales no han sido incorporadas al texto finalmente editado. Destacamos dos tipos de variantes: aquellas que obedecen a cuestiones estilísticas (imitación del estilo gauchesco, mejoramiento de la métrica, signos de puntuación, etc.), y otras de mayor interés (reescritura y/o supresión de versos y estrofas completas) en las que se revela cierta autocensura ejercida sobre asuntos estrictamente relacionados con su crisis personal luego de haber sido expulsado de la Compañía de Jesús.

Martínez Estrada : Un recorrido textual

Quienes han sido seguidores de la obra de Ezequiel Martínez Estrada (1895-1964) pueden advertir que son numerosos los estudios acerca de él y de su obra, pero creemos que la validación de sus textos reside en su perdurabilidad. Por esta razón debe seguir estudiándoselo a la luz de las incitaciones críticas recientes que en este caso devienen en cuestiones geneticistas. Es a partir de los pre-textos que obran en la Fundación Martínez Estrada y de los artículos y obras éditas del autor, que podemos observar el proceso de escritura desde la mirada de la crítica genética. La importancia de las investigaciones de genética textual en los archivos de grandes escritores contribuye a proporcionar un ámbito de reflexión concreto sobre los objetivos y métodos de la crítica genética, los cuales arrojan luz sobre los procesos de creación. De este modo, el estudio de un caso particular de escritura en un autor fundamental para pensar la tradición ensayística argentina nos permite dar cuenta de que una de las regularidades en las reescrituras que Martínez Estrada realiza sobre el Sarmiento se relacionan con la tensión entre la modernidad y la identidad

Detection and Differentiation of Intraretinal Hemorrhage in Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to classify and detect intraretinal hemorrhage (IRH) in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS Initially the presentation of IRH in BRVO-patients in SD-OCT was described by one reader comparing color-fundus (CF) and SD-OCT using dedicated software. Based on these established characteristics, the presence and the severity of IRH in SD-OCT and CF were assessed by two other masked readers and the inter-device and the inter-observer agreement were evaluated. Further the area of IRH was compared. RESULTS About 895 single B-scans of 24 eyes were analyzed. About 61% of SD-OCT scans and 46% of the CF-images were graded for the presence of IRH (concordance: 73%, inter-device agreement: k = 0.5). However, subdivided into previously established severity levels of dense (CF: 21.3% versus SD-OCT: 34.7%, k = 0.2), flame-like (CF: 15.5% versus SD-OCT: 45.5%, k = 0.3), and dot-like (CF: 32% versus SD-OCT: 24.4%, k = 0.2) IRH, the inter-device agreement was weak. The inter-observer agreement was strong with k = 0.9 for SD-OCT and k = 0.8 for CF. The mean area of IRH detected on SD-OCT was significantly greater than on CF (SD-OCT: 11.5 ± 4.3 mm(2) versus CF: 8.1 ± 5.5 mm(2), p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS IRH seems to be detectable on SD-OCT; however, the previously established severity grading agreed weakly with that assessed by CF.

Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of congenital cavitary optic disc anomaly (CODA).

AIM To report the finding of extension of the 4th hyper-reflective band and retinal tissue into the optic disc in patients with cavitary optic disc anomalies (CODAs). METHODS In this observational study, 10 patients (18 eyes) with sporadic or autosomal dominant CODA were evaluated with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and colour fundus images for the presence of 4th hyper-reflective band extension into the optic disc. RESULTS Of 10 CODA patients (18 eyes), five patients (8 eyes) showed a definite 4th hyper-reflective band (presumed retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)) extension into the optic disc. In these five patients (seven eyes), the inner retinal layers also extended with the 4th hyper-reflective band into the optic disc. Best corrected visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/200. In three patients (four eyes), retinal splitting/schisis was present and in two patients (two eyes), the macula was involved. In all cases, the 4th hyper-reflective band extended far beyond the termination of the choroid into the optic disc. The RPE extension was found either temporally or nasally in areas of optic nerve head excavation, most often adjacent to peripapillary pigment. Compared with eyes without RPE extension, eyes with RPE extension were more myopic (mean dioptres -0.9±2.6 vs -8.8±5, p=0.043). CONCLUSIONS The RPE usually stops near the optic nerve border separated by a border tissue. With CODA, extension of this hyper-reflective band and retinal tissue into the disc is possible and best evaluable using EDI-OCT or analogous image modalities. Whether this is a finding specific for CODA, linked to specific gene loci or is also seen in patients with other optic disc abnormalities needs further evaluation.

DAEDALUS at ImageCLEF Medical Retrieval 2011: Textual, Visual and Multimodal Experiments

This paper describes the participation of DAEDALUS at ImageCLEF 2011 Medical Retrieval task. We have focused on multimodal (or mixed) experiments that combine textual and visual retrieval. The main objective of our research has been to evaluate the effect on the medical retrieval process of the existence of an extended corpus that is annotated with the image type, associated to both the image itself and also to its textual description. For this purpose, an image classifier has been developed to tag each document with its class (1st level of the hierarchy: Radiology, Microscopy, Photograph, Graphic, Other) and subclass (2nd level: AN, CT, MR, etc.). For the textual-based experiments, several runs using different semantic expansion techniques have been performed. For the visual-based retrieval, different runs are defined by the corpus used in the retrieval process and the strategy for obtaining the class and/or subclass. The best results are achieved in runs that make use of the image subclass based on the classification of the sample images. Although different multimodal strategies have been submitted, none of them has shown to be able to provide results that are at least comparable to the ones achieved by the textual retrieval alone. We believe that we have been unable to find a metric for the assessment of the relevance of the results provided by the visual and textual processes

Rhetorical purpose and the use of definitions as a coherence device in scientific communication

Se analiza la función de las definiciones en los textos científicos como elemento esencial para crear coherencia y dotar de comprensibilidad al texto. Se presentan varios ejemplos en textos de divulgación y en artículos dirigidos a pares.

Excitonic couplings and electronic coherence in bridged naphthalene dimers

The electronic excitations of naphthalene and a family of bridged naphthalene dimers are calculated and analyzed by using the Collective Electronic Oscillator method combined with the oblique Lanczos algorithm. All experimentally observed trends in absorption profiles and radiative lifetimes are reproduced. Each electronic excitation is linked to the corresponding real-space transition density matrix, which represents the motions of electrons and holes created in the molecule by photon absorption. Two-dimensional plots of these matrices help visualize the degree of exciton localization and explain the dependence of the electronic interaction between chromophores on their separation.

Temporal fluctuations in coherence of brain waves.

As a measure of dynamical structure, short-term fluctuations of coherence between 0.3 and 100 Hz in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of humans were studied from recordings made by chronic subdural macroelectrodes 5-10 mm apart, on temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes, and from intracranial probes deep in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, during sleep, alert, and seizure states. The time series of coherence between adjacent sites calculated every second or less often varies widely in stability over time; sometimes it is stable for half a minute or more. Within 2-min samples, coherence commonly fluctuates by a factor up to 2-3, in all bands, within the time scale of seconds to tens of seconds. The power spectrum of the time series of these fluctuations is broad, extending to 0.02 Hz or slower, and is weighted toward the slower frequencies; little power is faster than 0.5 Hz. Some records show conspicuous swings with a preferred duration of 5-15s, either irregularly or quasirhythmically with a broad peak around 0.1 Hz. Periodicity is not statistically significant in most records. In our sampling, we have not found a consistent difference between lobes of the brain, subdural and depth electrodes, or sleeping and waking states. Seizures generally raise the mean coherence in all frequencies and may reduce the fluctuations by a ceiling effect. The coherence time series of different bands is positively correlated (0.45 overall); significant nonindependence extends for at least two octaves. Coherence fluctuations are quite local; the time series of adjacent electrodes is correlated with that of the nearest neighbor pairs (10 mm) to a coefficient averaging approximately 0.4, falling to approximately 0.2 for neighbors-but-one (20 mm) and to < 0.1 for neighbors-but-two (30 mm). The evidence indicates fine structure in time and space, a dynamic and local determination of this measure of cooperativity. Widely separated frequencies tending to fluctuate together exclude independent oscillators as the general or usual basis of the EEG, although a few rhythms are well known under special conditions. Broad-band events may be the more usual generators. Loci only a few millimeters apart can fluctuate widely in seconds, either in parallel or independently. Scalp EEG coherence cannot be predicted from subdural or deep recordings, or vice versa, and intracortical microelectrodes show still greater coherence fluctuation in space and time. Widely used computations of chaos and dimensionality made upon data from scalp or even subdural or depth electrodes, even when reproducible in successive samples, cannot be considered representative of the brain or the given structure or brain state but only of the scale or view (receptive field) of the electrodes used. Relevant to the evolution of more complex brains, which is an outstanding fact of animal evolution, we believe that measures of cooperativity are likely to be among the dynamic features by which major evolutionary grades of brains differ.

The Vernacular Discourse of the "Arab Spring:" An Analysis of the Visual, the Embodied, and the Textual Rhetorics of the Karama Revolution

The Vernacular Discourse of the "Arab Spring" is a project that bridges the divide between the East and the West by offering new readings to Arab subjectivities. Through an analysis of the "Arab Spring" through the lens of vernacular discourse, it challenges the Euro-Americo-centric legacies of Orientalism in Western academia and the new wave of extremism in the Arab world by offering alternative representations of Arab bodies and subjectivities. To offer this new reading of the "Arab Spring," it explores the foundations of critical rhetoric as a theory and a practice and argues for a turn towards a critical vernacular discourse. The turn towards critical vernacular discourse is important as it urges the analyses of different artifacts produced by marginalized groups in order to understand their perspectives that have largely been foreclosed in traditional cultural studies research. Building on embodied/performative critical rhetoric, the vernacular discourses of the Arab revolutionary body examines other forms of knowledge productions that are not merely textual; more specifically, through data gathered in the Lhbib Bourguiba, Tunisia. This analysis of the political revolutionary body unveils the complexity underlining the discussion around issues of identity, agency and representation in the Middle East and North Africa, and calls for a critical study towards these issues in the region beyond the binary approach that has been practiced and applied by academics and media analysts. Hence, by analyzing vernacular discourse, this research locates a method of examining and theorizing the dialectic between agency, citizenry, and subjectivity through the study of how power structure is recreated and challenged through the use of the vernacular in revolutionary movements, as well as how marginalized groups construct their own subjectivities through the use of vernacular discourse. Therefore, highlighting the political prominence of evaluating the Arab Spring as a vernacular discourse is important in creating new ways of understanding communication in postcolonial/neocolonial settings.