Theoretical Treatment of Interaction Parameters in Multicomponent Metallic Solutions

A new theoretical equation for interaction parameter in multicomponent metallic solutions is developed using the pseudopotential formalism coupled with the free energy of the hard sphere system. The approximate expression for the pseudopotential term is given in terms of the heat of solution at infinite dilution, to allow easy evaluation of the interaction parameter in various multicomponent systems. This theory has been applied to 23 non-ferrous alloys based on Pb, Sn, Bi and indium. Comparison with the results of previous theoretical calculations using only the hard sphere model suggests that the inclusion of the pseudopotential term yields a quantitatively more correct prediction of interaction parameters in multicomponent metallic solutions. Numerical calculations were also made for 320 Fe-base solutions relevant to steelmaking and the agreement between calculation and experimental data appears reasonable, with 90% reliability in predicting the correct sign.

Interdiffusion study in binary gold-tin system

Solid state reactive diffusion in binary Au-Sn system has been studied using the diffusion couple consisting of pure elements Au and Sn annealed in the temperature range of 180-100 degrees C for 25 h Interdiffusion zone consists of four intermetallic phases Au5Sn, AuSn, AuSn2, and AuSn4 Activation energy for parabolic growth constant and integrated diffusivity for each phase has been calculated to indicate about the possible mechanism for diffusion controlled growth process Parabolic growth constant of individual phases has also been compared Kirkendall marker plane position has been indicated in the interdiffusion zone and furthermore the ratio of intrinsic diffusivities of species has also been determined. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Overwintering ecology of northern field layer plants : snow and photosynthesis in Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.

Winter is a significant period for the seasonality of northern plants, but is often overlooked when studying the interactions of plants and their environment. This study focuses on the effects of overwintering conditions, including warm winter periods, snow, and snowmelt on boreal and sub-Arctic field layer plants. Wintertime photosynthesis and related physiological factors of evergreen dwarf shrubs, particularly of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, are emphasised. The work combines experiments both in the field and in growth chambers with measurements in natural field conditions. Evergreen dwarf shrubs are predominantly covered by snow in the winter. The protective snow cover provides favourable conditions for photosynthesis, especially during the spring before snowmelt. The results of this study indicate that photosynthesis occurs under the snow in V. vitis-idaea. The light response of photosynthesis determined in field conditions during the period of snow cover shows that positive net CO2 exchange is possible under the snow in the prevailing light and temperature. Photosynthetic capacity increases readily during warm periods in winter and the plants are thus able to replenish carbohydrate reserves lost through respiration. Exposure to low temperatures in combination with high light following early snowmelt can set back photosynthesis as sustained photoprotective measures are activated and photodamage begins to build up. Freezing may further decrease the photosynthetic capacity. The small-scale distribution of many field layer plants, including V. vitis-idaea and other dwarf shrubs, correlates with the snow distribution in a forest. The results of this study indicate that there are species-specific differences in the snow depth affinity of the field and ground layer species. Events and processes taking place in winter can have a profound effect on the overall performance of plants and on the interactions between plants and their environment. Understanding the processes involved in the overwintering of plants is increasingly important as the wintertime climate in the north is predicted to change in the future.

Äärisademäärien muutokset Euroopassa maailmanlaajuisten ilmastomallien perusteella

Monet merkittävimmistä sään aiheuttamista haitoista liittyvät tulviin ja kuivuuteen. Tässä tutkielmassa arvioitiin sadeilmastossa kuluvan vuosisadan aikana tapahtuvia muutoksia Euroopan ja Pohjois-Atlantin kattavalla alueella kymmenen maailmanlaajuisen ilmastomallin päivittäisten sademääräsimulaatioiden pohjalta. Erityisesti huomiota kiinnitettiin suuriin vuorokausisademääriin ja toisaalta poutajaksojen esiintymiseen. Tämänkaltaisia äärisademääriin liittyviä tutkimuksia oli aiemmin tehty lähinnä alueellisten ilmastomallien tuloksiin perustuen. Alueelliset mallit kykenevät simuloimaan maailmanlaajuisia malleja paremmin pienialaisia sääilmiöitä ja lisäksi niiden avulla saadaan tarkempi kuva muutosten maantieteellisestä jakaumasta. Toisaalta alueellisten mallien tulokset riippuvat voimakkaasti malliajoissa käytetyistä maailmanlaajuiselta mallilta saaduista reunaehdoista. Näin ollen maailmanlaajuisten mallien etuna on parempi mahdollisuus käyttää useiden mallien tuloksia yhdessä, jolloin myös ilmastomallien eroista johtuvasta epävarmuudesta saadaan parempi käsitys. Mallitulosten perusteella sadeilmasto näyttäisi ilmaston lämmetessä muuttuvan äärevämmäksi. Maailmanlaajuisesti sekä rankkasateet että poutapäivät näin ollen keskimäärin yleistyvät ja poutajaksot pidentyvät, kun taas suhteellisen vähäsateisten vuorokausien lukumäärä pienenee. Muutokset eivät kuitenkaan ole kaikkialla samansuuntaisia. Euroopassa ilmasto näyttäisi muuttuvan kuivemmaksi Välimeren ympäristössä ja kesällä myös Keski-Euroopassa, kun taas Pohjois-Euroopassa sateet lisääntyvät etenkin talvella. Tällöin sadeilmaston äärevöityminen tulee esiin siten, että keskimäärin sateisemmiksi muuttuvilla alueilla rankat sateet lisääntyvät ja voimistuvat enemmän kuin mitä sademäärä keskimäärin kasvaa, ja myös monilla kuivemmiksi muuttuvillakin alueilla etenkin kaikkein rankimmat sateet voimistuvat jonkin verran. Vastaavasti poutapäivät lisääntyvät ja pisimmät poutajaksot pidentyvät paikoin sellaisillakin alueilla, joilla sademäärä keskimäärin kasvaa. Myös sademäärän vuosienvälinen vaihtelu näyttäisi tulosten perusteella jossain määrin lisääntyvän. Mallitulosten keskiarvona Pohjois-Euroopassa suurin vuosittainen vuorokausisademäärä kasvaa vuosisadan loppuun mennessä keskimäärin 17 %, mutta vuoden pisin poutajakso lyhenee vain 2 %. Keski-Euroopassa suurimmat vuorokausisademäärät kasvavat 15 % ja pisimmät poutajaksot pitenevät 22 % ja Etelä-Euroopassakin suurimmat vuorokausisademäärät kasvavat 8 %, vaikka pisimmät poutajaksot pidentyvät 35 %. Nyt saadut tulokset ovat pääosin sopusoinnussa aiempien sadeilmaston muutoksia käsittelevien tutkimustulosten kanssa. Myös verrattaessa mallien simuloimaa sadeilmastoa havaintoihin törmätään aiemmista tutkimuksista tuttuihin eroihin; ilmastomallit tuottavat todellista vähemmän sateettomia päiviä ja suurin osa malleista aliarvioi lisäksi sekä rankkasateiden esiintymistä että niiden voimakkuutta.

New Concepts for PVC Detection

A new scheme is proposed for the detection of premature ventricular beats, which is a vital function in rhythm monitoring of cardiac patients. A transformation based on the first difference of the digitized electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is developed for the detection and delineation of QRS complexes. The method for classifying the abnormal complexes from the normal ones is based on the concepts of minimum phase and signal length. The parameters of a linear discriminant function obtained from a training feature vector set are used to classify the complexes. Results of application of the scheme to ECG of two arrhythmia patients are presented.

Homomorphic Analysis and Modeling of ECG Signals

Homomorphic analysis and pole-zero modeling of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are presented in this paper. Four typical ECG signals are considered and deconvolved into their minimum and maximum phase components through cepstral filtering, with a view to study the possibility of more efficient feature selection from the component signals for diagnostic purposes. The complex cepstra of the signals are linearly filtered to extract the basic wavelet and the excitation function. The ECG signals are, in general, mixed phase and hence, exponential weighting is done to aid deconvolution of the signals. The basic wavelet for normal ECG approximates the action potential of the muscle fiber of the heart and the excitation function corresponds to the excitation pattern of the heart muscles during a cardiac cycle. The ECG signals and their components are pole-zero modeled and the pole-zero pattern of the models can give a clue to classify the normal and abnormal signals. Besides, storing only the parameters of the model can result in a data reduction of more than 3:1 for normal signals sampled at a moderate 128 samples/s

Thunderstorm climatology and lightning location applications in northern Europe

Thunderstorm is a dangerous electrical phenomena in the atmosphere. Thundercloud is formed when thermal energy is transported rapidly upwards in convective updraughts. Electrification occurs in the collisions of cloud particles in the strong updraught. When the amount of charge in the cloud is large enough, electrical breakdown, better known as a flash, occurs. Lightning location is nowadays an essential tool for the detection of severe weather. Located flashes indicate in real time the movement of hazardous areas and the intensity of lightning activity. Also, an estimate for the flash peak current can be determined. The observations can be used in damage surveys. The most simple way to represent lightning data is to plot the locations on a map, but the data can be processed in more complex end-products and exploited in data fusion. Lightning data serves as an important tool also in the research of lightning-related phenomena, such as Transient Luminous Events. Most of the global thunderstorms occur in areas with plenty of heat, moisture and tropospheric instability, for example in the tropical land areas. In higher latitudes like in Finland, the thunderstorm season is practically restricted to the summer season. Particular feature of the high-latitude climatology is the large annual variation, which regards also thunderstorms. Knowing the performance of any measuring device is important because it affects the accuracy of the end-products. In lightning location systems, the detection efficiency means the ratio between located and actually occurred flashes. Because in practice it is impossible to know the true number of actually occurred flashes, the detection efficiency has to be esimated with theoretical methods.

Nature inspired optimization techniques for the design optimization of laminated composite structures using failure criteria

The design optimization of laminated composites using naturally inspired optimization techniques such as vector evaluated particle swarm optimization (VEPSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) are used in this paper. The design optimization of minimum weight of the laminated composite is evaluated using different failure criteria. The failure criteria considered are maximum stress (MS), Tsai-Wu (TW) and failure mechanism based (FMB) failure criteria. Minimum weight of the laminates are obtained for different failure criteria using VEPSO and GA for different combinations of loading. From the study it is evident that VEPSO and GA predict almost the same minimum weight of the laminate for the given loading. Comparison of minimum weight of the laminates by different failure criteria differ for some loading combinations. The comparison shows that FMBFC provide better results for all combinations of loading. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysis of continuum using boundary compatibility conditions of integrated force method

Static and vibration problems of an indeterminate continuum are traditionally analyzed by the stiffness method. The force method is more or less non-existent for such problems. This situation is primarily due to the incomplete state of development of the compatibility conditions which are essential for the analysis of indeterminate structures by the flexibility method. The understanding of the Compatibility Conditions (CC) has been substantially augmented. Based on the understanding of CC, a novel formulation termed the Integrated Force Method (IFM) has been established. In this paper IFM has been extended for the static and vibration analyses of a continuum. The IFM analysis is illustrated taking three examples: 1. (1) rectangular plate in flexure 2. (2) analysis of a cantilevered dam 3. (3) free vibration analysis of a beam. From the examples solved it is observed that the force response of an indeterminate continuum with mixed boundary conditions can be generated by IFM without any reference to displacements in the field or on the boundary. Displacements if required can be calculated by back substitution.

Optimum weighting function in bispectral analysis in speckle interferometry - Binary star parity detection

In order to describe the atmospheric turbulence which limits the resolution of long-exposure images obtained using ground-based large telescopes, a simplified model of a speckle pattern, reducing the complexity of calculating field-correlations of very high order, is presented. Focal plane correlations are used instead of correlations in the spatial frequency domain. General tripple correlations for a point source and for a binary are calculated and it is shown that they are not a strong function of the binary separation. For binary separations close to the diffraction limit of the telescope, the genuine triple correlation technique ensures a better SNR than the near-axis Knox-Thompson technique. The simplifications allow a complete analysis of the noise properties at all levels of light.

Focal plane analysis of the Knox-Thompson algorithm in speckle interferometry

For the specific case of binary stars, this paper presents signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for the detection of the parity (the side of the brighter component) of the binary using the double correlation method. This double correlation method is a focal plane version of the well-known Knox-Thompson method used in speckle interferometry. It is shown that SNR for parity detection using double correlation depends linearly on binary separation. This new result was entirely missed by previous analytical calculations dealing with a point source. It is concluded that, for magnitudes relevant to the present day speckle interferometry and for binary separations close to the diffraction limit, speckle masking has better SNR for parity detection.