Delta sleep instability in children with chronic arthritis

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the expression of a cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in slow wave sleep (SWS) in children with the well-defined chronic syndrome juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Twelve patients (9-17 years of age), 7 girls, with JIA were compared to matched controls by age, pubertal stage and gender. After one night of habituation in the sleep laboratory, sleep measurements were obtained by standard polysomnography with conventional sleep scoring and additional CAP analyses. The sleep parameters of the JIA and control groups were similar for sleep efficiency (91.1 ± 6.7 vs 95.8 ± 4.0), sleep stage in minutes: stage 1 (16.8 ± 8.5 vs 17.8 ± 4.0), stage 2 (251.9 ± 41 vs 262.8 ± 38.1), stage 3 (17.0 ± 6.0 vs 15.1 ± 5.7), stage 4 (61.0 ± 21.7 vs 77.1 ± 20.4), and rapid eye movement sleep (82.0 ± 27.6 vs 99.0 ± 23.9), respectively. JIA patients presented nocturnal disrupted sleep, with an increase in short awakenings, but CAP analyses showed that sleep disruption was present even during SWS, showing an increase in the overall CAP rate (P < 0.01). Overall CAP rate during non-rapid eye movement sleep was significantly higher in pediatric patients who were in chronic pain. This is the first study of CAP in pediatric patients with chronic arthritis showing that CAP analyses can be a powerful tool for the investigation of disturbance of SWS in children, based on sleep EEG visual analysis.

Supraorganized collagen enhances Schwann cell reactivity and organization in vitro

We investigated the reactivity and expression of basal lamina collagen by Schwann cells (SCs) cultivated on a supraorganized bovine-derived collagen substrate. SC cultures were obtained from sciatic nerves of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats and seeded on 24-well culture plates containing collagen substrate. The homogeneity of the cultures was evaluated with an SC marker antibody (anti-S-100). After 1 week, the cultures were fixed and processed for immunocytochemistry by using antibodies against type IV collagen, S-100 and p75NTR (pan neurotrophin receptor) and for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Positive labeling with antibodies to the cited molecules was observed, indicating that the collagen substrate stimulates SC alignment and adhesion (collagen IV labeling - organized collagen substrate: 706.33 ± 370.86, non-organized collagen substrate: 744.00 ± 262.09; S-100 labeling - organized collagen: 3809.00 ± 120.28, non-organized collagen: 3026.00 ± 144.63, P < 0.05) and reactivity (p75NTR labeling - organized collagen: 2156.33 ± 561.78, non-organized collagen: 1424.00 ± 405.90, P < 0.05; means ± standard error of the mean in absorbance units). Cell alignment and adhesion to the substrate were confirmed by SEM analysis. The present results indicate that the collagen substrate with an aligned suprastructure, as seen by polarized light microscopy, provides an adequate scaffold for SCs, which in turn may increase the efficiency of the nerve regenerative process after in vivo repair.

Immunological and biochemical parameters of patients with metabolic syndrome and the participation of oxidative and nitroactive stress

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a multifactorial disease involving inflammatory activity and endothelial dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the changes in lipoperoxidation, in immunological and biochemical parameters and nitric oxide metabolite (NOx) levels in MS patients. Fifty patients with MS (4 males/46 females) and 50 controls (3 males/47 females) were studied. Compared to control (Mann-Whitney test), MS patients presented higher serum levels (P < 0.05) of fibrinogen: 314 (185-489) vs 262 (188-314) mg/dL, C-reactive protein (CRP): 7.80 (1.10-46.50) vs 0.70 (0.16-5.20) mg/dL, interleukin-6: 3.96 (3.04-28.18) vs 3.33 (2.55-9.63) pg/mL, uric acid: 5.45 (3.15-9.65) vs 3.81 (2.70-5.90) mg/dL, and hydroperoxides: 20,689 (19,076-67,182) vs 18,636 (15,926-19,731) cpm. In contrast, they presented lower (P < 0.05) adiponectin: 7.11 (3.19-18.22) vs 12.31 (9.11-27.27) µg/mL, and NOx levels: 5.69 (2.36-8.18) vs 6.72 (5.14-12.43) µM. NOx was inversely associated (Spearman’s rank correlation) with body mass index (r = -0.2858, P = 0.0191), insulin resistance determined by the homeostasis model assessment (r = -0.2530, P = 0.0315), CRP (r = -0.2843, P = 0.0171) and fibrinogen (r = -0.2464, P = 0.0413), and positively correlated with hydroperoxides (r = 0.2506, P = 0.0408). In conclusion, NOx levels are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. The high uric acid levels together with reactive oxygen species generation may be responsible for the reduced NO levels, which in turn lead to endothelial dysfunction. The elevated plasma chemiluminescence reflecting both increased plasma oxidation and reduced antioxidant capacity may play a role in the MS mechanism.

Institutiones pneumaticae

Dedikaatio: Petrus Brahe.

Collegium logicum

Invokaatio: I.N.J.

Preventive effect of reduced glutathione on contrast-induced nephropathy in elderly patients undergoing coronary angiography or intervention: a randomized, controlled trial

Coronary angiography can be a high-risk condition for the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in elderly patients. Reduced glutathione, under a variety of mechanisms, may prevent CIN in this procedure. We prospectively examined whether hydration with reduced glutathione is superior to hydration alone for prevention of CIN in an elderly Han Chinese population. A total of 505 patients (271 males and 234 females) aged 75 years or older who underwent non-emergency coronary angiography or an intervention were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group received hydration with reduced glutathione (n=262) and the control group received hydration alone (n=243). Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were measured prior to coronary angiography and 48 h after this procedure. The primary endpoint was occurrence of CIN, which was defined as 25% or 44.2 µmol/L above baseline serum creatinine levels 48 h after the procedure. The overall incidence of CIN was 6.49% in the treatment group and 7.41% in the control group, with no significant difference between the groups (P=0.68). In subgroup analysis by percutaneous coronary intervention, no significant differences were found between the two groups. In summary, reduced glutathione added to optimal hydration does not further decrease the risk of CIN in elderly patients undergoing coronary angiography or an intervention.

Concentração de suco de laranja (Citrus sinensis) por osmose inversa

A concentração de suco de laranja por osmose inversa combinada com ultrafiltração foi estudada em escala semi-piloto, visando avaliar a utilização dessa tecnologia para substituição parcial da evaporação. Foram utilizados no processamento 100 litros de suco de laranja, com teor de polpa de 1,5%, cedidos pela CTM Citrus. Na primeira etapa, todo o suco passou pela etapa de ultrafiltração, para separação da polpa, enzimas pectinolíticas e microrganismos, que foram retidos. Foi utilizada uma membrana da Romicom (HF-43) de polissulfona em um sistema de configuração tubular, com peso molecular de corte de 50.000 daltons, à pressão de 1,2 bar. Obteve-se um fator de concentração de 27,6. O retentado da ultrafiltração foi pasteurizado à temperatura de 90°C, em trocador de calor de superfície raspada desenvolvido para este projeto. O processo de osmose inversa foi conduzido no equipamento Lab-unit M-20 da DDS, utilizando membranas da DDS (HR 95 PP) de filme composto em um sistema de configuração quadro e placas. Foram realizados três tratamentos com pressões de 20, 40 e 60 bar e para cada experimento, foram feitas três repetições. O retentado pasteurizado da ultrafiltração foi adicionado ao retentado da osmose inversa e caracterizado química, física e sensorialmente. Na osmose inversa foram obtidos fatores de concentração de 2,7, 3,5 e 3,6 e teores de sólidos solúveis de 18, 23 e 30 °Brix, para os tratamentos de 20, 40 e 60 bar, respectivamente. Os respectivos permeados apresentaram teores de sólidos solúveis de 3,3, 1,3 e 0,3°Brix e acidez de 262,50, 91,50 e 34,25 mg de ácido cítrico/100 ml. Os sucos obtidos pelos três tratamentos apresentaram valores de "defect score" e "color score" superiores aos do suco original, enquanto que para o "flavor score", os sucos obtidos às pressões de 40 e 60 bar, apresentaram valores próximos ao ideal. Os valores de "ratio", pH e formol foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. O teor de óleo foi maior no tratamento realizado à menor pressão enquanto que o teor de vitamina C foi maior no de maior pressão. Tanto o suco concentrado quanto o diluído, nos três tratamentos, foram caracterizados como fluidos Newtonianos, apresentando valores de viscosidade maiores quando obtidos a maiores pressões.

COMPARAÇÃO DAS PROPRIEDADES REOLÓGICAS DA MASSA DE CACAU TORRADA CONVENCIONALMENTE E POR MICROONDAS

Foram comparados, em termos de viscosidade, os efeitos de dois tipos de torração de cacau: convencional, em forno elétrico rotativo e por microondas, em protótipo de forno rotativo contínuo (2450MHz). O cacau foi torrado tanto em amêndoas inteiras quanto fragmentadas em "nibs" nos dois equipamentos. A variável do tratamento por microondas foi a densidade de potência aplicada às amêndoas inteiras (254,45 a 290,80 Wh/kg) e aos "nibs" (227,27 a 262,23 Wh/kg), com tempo de residência constante (10 min). A variável do tratamento convencional foi o tempo de torração das amêndoas (40 a 44 min) e dos "nibs" (34 a 38 min), com temperatura na camisa do forno constante (150°C). A viscosidade foi medida em reômetro Brookfield (mod. RV-DVIII) a 40°C. A viscosidade plástica das amostras torradas em microondas foi, em geral, menor que a daquelas torradas em forno elétrico rotativo. As amostras torradas em fragmentos ("nibs") também apresentaram menor viscosidade em relação àquelas torradas em amêndoas inteiras em forno elétrico. Quando o tratamento foi por microondas, a viscosidade das amostras obtidas de amêndoas torradas inteiras foi menor que a das amostras torradas em "nibs". A análise sensorial realizada com três especialistas mostrou que o sabor das amostras torradas em microondas foi similar ao do "líquor" obtido da torração convencional, levando em consideração a redução de tempo deste novo processo.

Effect of storage period on isoflavone content and physiological quality of conventional and transgenic soybean seeds

The objective in this research was to evaluate the isoflavone content and the physiological quality of seed from conventional and transgenic soybean cultivars before and after 180 days of storage. Twenty one soybean cultivars: CD 202, CD 206, CD 208, CD 213RR, CD 214RR, CD 215, CD 216, CD 217, CD 218, CD 221, BRS 184, BRS 185, BRS 214, BRS 244RR, BRS 245RR, BRS 246RR, BRS 255, BRS 257, BRS 258, BRS 261 and BRS 262, grown in the 2005/2006 crop season, were assayed. The seeds were packed in Kraft paper bags and stored at room temperature under laboratory conditions. Seeds were evaluated with respect to their germination and vigor (first germination count, accelerated aging and tetrazolium test) and their total isoflavone contents and respective aglycon forms (daidzein, genistein and glycitein),glycosides (daidzine, genistine and glycitine) and malonyl conjugates. A completely randomized block design with six replications with the treatments set out within a subplot scheme (21 cultivars x 2 storage periods) was used. The F-test was used to compare means between storage periods and the Scott-Knott test to compare cultivars for each storage period, both with a 95% probability. It was concluded that isoflavone contents differ between cultivars and show a distinct behavior throughout storage.

Physiological quality, content and activity of antioxidants in soybean seeds artificially aged

The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological quality, content, and activity of antioxidants, in soybean seeds subjected to accelerated aging during different periods. Seeds of cultivars BRS 258, BRS 262 and BRS 268, subjected to accelerated aging during 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours and non-aged seeds were used. After each aging period, the seed were evaluated by tests of: germination; first count and tetrazolium. The total of phenolic compounds, total flavonoides, total of isoflavones, and activity for eliminating ABTS●+ radicals were quantified. There were differences among cultivars according to vigor and viability only after seeds were aged. Cultivars BRS 158 and BRS 268 have shown better seed physiological quality in each aging period; however, not presenting higher amounts of isoflavones and efficiency in removing free radicals. For all cultivars, the values for total of phenolic compounds, as well as total of flavonoids have shown quadratic positive behavior; the values for isoflavones remained constant and the vigor and viability showed contrary trend to activity of antioxidant agents.

Rumpurakenteiden ympäristöongelmat, niiden ehkäisy ja korjaaminen : Keskisuomalainen pilottitutkimus

Tämä on ensimmäinen maakunnanlaajuinen rumpurakennetutkimus Suomessa. Sen tavoitteena on edistää vesialueiden ylitysrakenteisiin liittyvien ympäristöongelmien tunnettavuutta sekä niiden välttämis- ja korjaamiskäytäntöjä. Tarkastelussa keskitytään ensisijaisesti rumpurakenteisiin sekä kaloihin. Tutkimuksen I osassa tarkastellaan keskisuomalaisten ylitysrakenteiden määrää, laatua ja ympäristöhaittoja sekä ylitysrakenteisiin liittyviä lupa-, mitoitus- ja valvontakäytäntöjä. Näiden lisäksi I osan lopussa on kirjallisuustarkastelu rumpurakenteiden ympäristövaikutuksista. Tutkimuksen II osassa annetaan valtakunnallisia suosituksia ylitysrakentamisen synnyttämien ympäristöongelmien ratkaisemiseksi niin suunnittelu-, perustamis-, kunnossapito- kuin uusimistilanteessakin. Tutkimuksen III osaan on koottu rumpurakenteiden kartoitusohjeita. Rumpurakenteisiin liittyvät ympäristökysymykset ovat monin tavoin ajankohtaisia. Ilmastomallit ennustavat valunnan huomattavaa kasvua ja ajallista muutosta, kun taas tuulipuistojen ja metsäteollisuuden tarvitsemat lisätiet merkitsevät uusia vesistöylityksiä. Metsätieverkostomme ja samalla ylitysrakenteiden korjaustarve on myös suuri. Toisaalta aukkomitoitukset on siirretty konsulteille, luonnontilaisia purovesiä on jäljellä enää pari prosenttia ja vesienhoidon tavoite edellyttää vesimuodostumilta hyvää ekologista tilaa. Tila ei voi kuitenkaan olla hyvä, jos ylitysrakenteet katkaisevat virtaveden yhtenäisen jatkumon. Tähän saakka yksittäinen ongelmarumpu on ympäristöllisesti koettu vähäpätöiseksi harmiksi. Kun otetaan huomioon, että Suomessa on noin 90 000 vesistörumpua, että joka kolmas niistä on vaelluseste, että vain pieni osa rakenteista tulee viranomaisten tietoon ja että hankekäytäntöihin sisältyy monia puutteita, asia saakin laajan ympäristöongelman mittasuhteet. Vuosijaksolla 2005–2015 kartoitettiin yli 2 000 ylitysrakennetta, joista yli 85 % rumpuja (Ø < 200 cm). Tyypillinen keskisuomalainen vesistörumpurakenne on muodoltaan pyöreä, pohjaltaan paljas, halkaisijaltaan 90 cm, pituudeltaan 930 cm ja valmistettu betonista. Ylitysrakenteen ympäristöongelma voi johtua rakenteen ominaisuuksista, sen asentamisesta (perustamisesta) ja kunnossapitoon liittyvistä toimista. Miltei kaikki tämän tutkimuksen noin 350 sillasta oli kalojen läpikuljettavissa sekä ylä- että alavirtaan. Sen sijaan lähes 40 % vuosina 2013–2014 tutkituista rummuista (N=830) muodosti pysyvän vaellusesteen. Estevaikutuksen aiheuttivat useimmiten rummun alapään pudotus (keskimäärin 13 cm), liian suuri virtausnopeus, rakenteen pohjan sileys, veden mataluus sekä rakenteen suulla olevat kivi-, jäte- ja karikepadot. Eurooppalaisen vesiensuojelun ja -hoidon perusteeseihin kuuluu virtavesien vapaa uomajatkumo ja hyvälaatuinen elinympäristö. Siksi uusi vesirakentaminen ei saa enää synnyttää vaellusesteitä. Myös ylitysrakenteiden uusimisen ja korjaamisen yhteydessä tulee aiemman rakentamisen aiheuttamia ympäristöhaittoja ja -vahinkoja vähentää tai mieluiten kokonaan poistaa. Valtaosa ylitysrakenteisiin liittyvistä ympäristöongelmista on vältettävissä pelkästään oikealla rakennevalinnalla, oikealla tielinjauksella ja rakenteen oikealla asentamisella. Tämä puolestaan edellyttää ohjeistuksen ja -koulutuksen tehostamista, ympäristöasiantuntemuksen lisäämistä ylityshankkeissa, uusien ylitysrakennemallien kehittämistä sekä vesilain täydentämistä ns. pieniä vesitaloushankkeita koskevan ilmoitusmenettelyn osalta.