Síntomas musculoesqueléticos de la región dorsolumbar y hábitos de vida en trabajadores de una empresa de construcción, Bogotá, 2016: estudio de corte transversal

RESUMEN El dolor dorso lumbar es un síntoma que afecta a gran cantidad de personas y población trabajadora en el mundo y comprende un importante problema de salud. La prevalencia de dolor de espalda baja en población trabajadora se estima en un 60% a un 85%, mientras que la prevalencia anual en la población general varía entre un 15% al 45%. La incidencia anual de dolor de espalda en la población general se estima entre 10% y 15%. Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas musculoesqueléticos de la región dorso lumbar y los hábitos de vida de trabajadores en una empresa de construcción en la ciudad de Bogotá. Metodología Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal. Se analizaron datos secundarios procedentes de una base de datos de una empresa de construcción ubicada en la ciudad de Bogotá, con 282 trabajadores. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, laborales, hábitos de vida y síntomas musculoesqueléticos. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo considerando las medidas de tendencia central para las variables cuantitativas y distribución de frecuencias para variables cualitativas. Resultados Se incluyeron a 282 trabajadores con un promedio de edad de 33.4 años (DE=10.2). El 93% correspondió al sexo masculino. La prevalencia de síntomas musculoesqueléticos en región dorsal fue de 26% y región lumbar 31.2%. La mayoría de trabajadores se encuentra en el área operativa con un 87,9% en la tercera década de la vida y con un tiempo en la empresa de 11 a 18 años (42.8%). Otros factores que se asociaron con la presencia de síntomas en la región dorsolumbar fueron: realizar oficios domésticos, el sedentarismo y dormir menos de 6 horas. Conclusiones Los síntomas musculoesqueléticos derivados de la actividad laboral en la construcción constituyen un problema significativo influenciado por los factores de riesgo relacionados con el trabajo, las características sociodemográficas y hábitos de vida que pueden jugar un papel fundamental para la aparición de sintomatología. Por lo tanto, se requiere que los trabajadores sean incluidos en programas de vigilancia epidemiológica, con el fin de establecer acciones de prevención que permitan disminuir la aparición de dichos síntomas.

Comportamento alimentar e excesso de peso em profissionais do sector da saúde

A prevalência da obesidade está a aumentar nos países desenvolvidos e Portugal não é excepção. O presente trabalho teve como principal objectivo caracterizar a situação relativamente aos parâmetros antropométricos e hábitos alimentares de várias categorias profissionais do sector da saúde de uma instituição hospitalar do distrito de Lisboa. Com efeito, verificou-se que existem diferenças ao nível do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), da massa gorda e muscular e do perímetro de cintura entre as profissões estudadas (assistentes operacionais, enfermeiros, médicos e técnicos de diagnóstico e terapêutica). De acordo com a classificação do IMC, o grupo estudado situou-se no cut-off superior do ‘peso normal’ (IMC de 24,9 kg/m2). A obesidade esteve presente em 29% dos assistentes operacionais, 9% nos médicos e 5% nos enfermeiros e técnicos de diagnóstico e terapêutica. Também se observaram diferenças entre os géneros feminino e masculino, já que neste último o IMC foi de 26,5 kg/m2 e no primeiro foi de 24,6 kg/m2. Quanto aos hábitos alimentares, através do questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) e após comparar com as recomendações da pirâmide dos alimentos mediterrânica e com a roda dos alimentos, foi notório o desvio do padrão alimentar face ao que é preconizado por estas representações. Assim, a maioria dos indivíduos não ingere produtos lácteos, pão, cereais e derivados com a frequência que seria adequada. Também se observaram diferenças no reporte de ingestão dos mesmos alimentos entre as categorias profissionais, salientando que todas estas apresentam padrões de ingestão desviantes das recomendações defendidas pela pirâmide dos alimentos mediterrânica e pela roda dos alimentos. Na sociedade actual, o local de trabalho é cada vez mais obesogénico devido quer à mudança na natureza do trabalho, quer às condições em que este decorre. Face aos resultados obtidos foi elaborado um plano de intervenção sócio- organizacional que visa promover hábitos alimentares e estilos de vida saudáveis. /ABSTRACT: Obesity prevalence is increasing all over developed countries, and Portugal is no exception. The present study had as major objective to describe the situation relative to anthropometric measures and dietary habits of several job strains operating in the health sector of a Lisbon district’s central hospital. Indeed, it has been verified that there are differences as concern to Body Mass Index (BMI), fat and muscle mass and waist circumference among the job strains studied (operational assistants, nurses, physicians and diagnostic and therapeutic technicians). According to BMI classification, the sample showed to be lined up with the superior BMI cut-off value for “normal weight” (BMI of 24,9 kg/m2). Obesity was present in 29% of operational assistants, 9% in physicians, 5% in nurses and diagnostic and therapeutic technicians. There were differences in both feminine and masculine genders, as in the latter the BMI was 26,5 kg/m2 and in the first, 24,6 kg/m2. As concern to dietary habits, through the application of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), after comparing with mediterranean food pyramid and wheel of foods it was notorious the deviation of dietary habits from these representations. Thus, most individuals do not consume dairy products, bread, cereals and derivates with an appropriate eating frequency. There were also differences in eating reporting of the same foods between job strains, focusing that all of these show eating patterns that deviates from the recommendations argued by mediterranean food pyramid and wheel of foods. In the present societies, workplace appears to be obesogenic due to the changes in labour’s nature and to the conditions that this one takes place. Towards the results obtained, it was developed a social and organizational intervention which entails to promote healthy eating habits and lifestyles.

Living Landscape: The European Landscape Convention in Research Perspective

This special issue reports some of the highlights of the conference Living Landscape – The European Landscape Convention in Research Perspective, organised jointly by UNISCAPE and Landscape Europe (UNISCAPE, 2010). Starting questions for this conference were: what has science contributed to the implementation of the European Landscape Convention (CoE, 2000) and what are the topics for the future of European landscape? The 10th anniversary of the Florence Convention in October 2010 was an opportunity to discuss the merits of landscape science in integrated research of a rapidly changing environment. Many interdisciplinary contributions presented referred to the Landscape Convention. The conference focused on cutting-edge research results at the crossroads of sciences and humanities, design and empiricism. Not by chance, the conference was also the occasion to launch a new ESF-COST Science-Policy Briefing on Landscape Research (Bloemers, Daniels, Fairclough, Pedroli, & Stiles, 2010 Bloemers, T., Daniels, S., Fairclough, G., Pedroli, B., & Stiles, R. (Eds.) (2010) Landscape in a changing world. Bridging Divides, integrating disciplines, serving society. Science Policy Briefing nr 41. Strasbourg and Brussels: ESF-COST. ): ‘Landscape in a Changing World – Bridging Divides, Integrating Disciplines, Serving Society’. It emphasises the importance of four interdisciplinary themes: Universal commons: securing landscape as a common good. Roots and routes: coming to terms with mobility and evolving lifestyles. Reactions and resilience: long-term landscape transformations. Road maps: landscape as baseline and context for future change. The papers in this special issue largely reflect these themes.

Expenditure pattern analysis of cultural tourists at World Heritage Sites: an empirical evidence based on CHAID analysis

Nowadays, World Heritage Sites (WHS) have been facing new challenges, partially due to a different tourism consumption patterns. As it is highlighted in a considerable amount of studies, visits to these sites are almost justified by this prestigious classification and motivations are closely associated with their cultural aspects and quality of the overall environment (among others, Marujo et al, 2012). However, a diversity of tourists’ profiles have been underlined in the literature. Starting from the results obtained in a previous study about cultural tourists’ profile, conducted during the year 2009 in the city of Évora, Portugal, it is our intend to compare the results with a recent survey applied to the visitors of the same city. Recognition of Évora by UNESCO in 1986 as “World Heritage” has fostered not only the preservation of heritage but also the tourist promotion of the town. This study compares and examined tourists’ profile, regarding from the tourists’ expenditure patterns in Évora. A total of 450 surveys were distributed in 2009, and recently, in 2015, the same numbers of surveys were collected. Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) was applied to model consumer patterns of domestic and international visitors, based on socio demographic, trip characteristics, length of stay and the degree of satisfaction of pull factors. CHAID allowed find a population classification in groups that able to describe the dependent variable, average daily tourist expenditure. Results revealed different patterns of daily average expenditure amongst the years, 2009 and 2015, even if primarily results not revealed significant variations in socio-demographic and trip characteristics among the visitors’ core profile. Local authorities should be aware of this changing expensive behavior of cultural visitors and should formulate strategies accordingly. Policy and managerial recommendations are discussed.

Self-care in older people with functional deficit: needs of long-term care.

The group of 65-year-olds is becoming more numerous and with greater needs for health care. So, is necessary the reflection about new models of provision, organization, and allocation of health resources. According to the United Nations Organization, 2015, in 2050 elderly people will reach two million people (20% of the world’s population), what mean that the number of people over 60 years old will exceed a population of young people under 15 years. Parallel to aging, less healthy lifestyles have contributed to the prevalence of chronic diseases, especially cerebrovascular diseases. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are risk factors and increase predisposition to other diseases. With aging, there is an increased risk for developing chronic, oncological and degenerative diseases, which account for more than 50% of the burden of diseases, with profound implications on independency, use of health care and services.

EL PROCESO DE URBANIZACION EN LA PERIFERIA DEL AREA METROPOLITANA: LOS CASOS DE TURRUCARES Y MONTE DE LA CRUZ

Este avance de investigación pretende ofrecer una visión preliminar de un fenómeno bastante reciente que se está dando en Costa Rica y particularmente en el Valle Central: la urbanización del espacio agrícola. Este proceso se está desarrollando más allá del espacio suburbano y presenta una especialidad diferente, ya que aquí la organización social campesina y las actividades agropecuarias siguen siendo predominantes. Sin embargo, esta extremadamente vinculado con el proceso de metropolizacion que surge en el país. Se está asistiendo, pues, a una reubicación de los espacios residenciales de las clases de mejores ingresos, las cuales influenciadas tal vez por un modelo ideológico importado, buscan poder disfrutar de las ventajas que ofrece el espacio rural pero con la posibilidad de seguir trabajando en la ciudad y seguir gozando de los servicios urbanos. La  rural-urbanización dentro de una estrategia global de estructuración del espacio puede ser considerada como un mecanismo de selección y una apropiación de los mejores lugares donde se dará la futura de expansión urbana. Desde esta perspectiva, resulta interesante llamar la atención de cómo ciertos sectores sociales están proyectando desde ahora la futura expansión del espacio metropolitano.   SUMMARY This preliminary investigative report presents a viewpoint about a very recent phenomenon that is occurring in Costa Rica and especially in the Central Valley: the urbanization of the agrarian space. This process is developing beyond the suburban areas and presents a different spacial structure because in these areas, the rural social structures and the livestock and agricultural activities are still predominant. Nevertheless, such activities are very much related to the urbanization process occurring in the country. As such, we are witnessing a reubication of the residential structure of the high-income classes, of which, influenced perhaps by an improved idiologic model, hope to enjoy the advantages offered by a rural area but also taking advantage of the convenience offered by the urban benefits; plus the opportunity to keep working in the city. The process of rural urbanization conceived in a global strategy of spatial structures, can be considered as a selection and appropriation mechanism of the best areas for the future urban expansion. From this perspective, it is interesting to call attention to the process by which certain social sectors are now projecting the future organization of the metropolitan area.  In reference to the real-estate capital invested in the study areas, and specifically to Costa Rica capital, this investment in the promotion of real-estate, acts as a shelter sector, by changing the course of direction of the capital accumulated in the other economic sectors, especially considering that the real-estate sector insures more secure profits in spite of the relatively insignificant recuperation rate of the capital investment comparison to the industrial sector, where more capital risks occur, above all during an economic crisis.  At present, the zones influenced by rural urbanization are affected by a modification in their productive structure, in other words, what were once agricultural zones, are now converted to residential zones. This produces spectacular changes in the composition of the work force by producing service-oriented employment that leads to the following abandonment of the agricultural activities.  From a social point of view, this rural urbanization pattern provokes a marked spatial segregation, in which an exclusive high income social group with a particularly consuming life style is noted at one level, and on the other, social groups that inhered patterns of rural life with more traditional lifestyles. In reference to the community level in the study areas, localized conflicts have emerged between local people and the new residents. These conflicts are highly conditioned by the insertion in the communities of these new residents.       RESUME   Ce document préliminaire décrit un phénomène assez récent au Costa Rica, qui affecte plus particulièrement la « Vallée Centrale ». il s’agit de l’urbanisation de l’espace agricole.  Ce sont des espaces franchement ruraux, bien au-delà des banlieues, qui sont affectés par ce processus qui, en conséquence, montre des caractères différents: comme se maintien de la organisation social liée aux activités agricoles; en face l’infiltration d’un autre mode de vie dû à sa transformation en espace résidentiel pour classes aux revenus élevés qui, peut-être, influencées par un modèle culturel importé, préfèrent une localisation qui puisée leus offrir à  la fois les avantages de vivre dans un espace rural avec ceux de la ville, lieu de travail suffisamment proche dont elles continuent à pouvoir utiliser ses services. Ce modèle culturel doit être considère en fonction du processus de métropolitain apparu dan le pays. L’urbanisation de l’espace rural, dans une stratégie globale de structuration de l’espace peut se considérer comme un mécanisme de sélection et d’appropriation des meilleurs sites de l’expansion urbaine future.  Dans cette perspective, il est intéressant de constater qu’il existe déjà, de la part certains secteurs sociaux, un projet d’organisation de l’espace métropolitain futur. Le foncier est considéré comme un secteur refuge pour les capitaux nationaux d’où l’intérêt de la spéculation pour ces zones. En effet, ce placement, plus sûr, malgré un plus faible taux de récupération du capital, est préfère à d’ autres- comme l’investissement industriel- plus rentables, mais plus risqués, surtout en temps de crise. L’urbanisation de l’espace rural s’accompagne d’une modification des structures productives : moins d’agriculture et évolution de l’emploi vers le tertiaire liée à la présence de nouveaux résidents. Du point de vue social, cette situation se traduit par une très nette ségrégation spatiale. D’un côte, un group socio-économique aux revenus élèves représentant  la société de consommation ; de l’autre, les ruraux au style de vie plus traditionnel. Il en résulte une certaine tension entre les deux groupes.