Influence of molten-state annealing on the phase structure and crystallization behaviour of high impact polypropylene copolymer

The phase structure evolution of high impact polypropylene copolymer (IPC) during molten-state annealing and its influence on crystallization behaviour were studied. An entirely different architecture of the IPC melt was observed after being annealed, and this architecture resulted in variations of the crystallization behaviour. In addition, it was found that the core-shell structure of the dispersed phase was completely destroyed and the sizes of the dispersed domains increased sharply after being annealed at 200 degrees C for 200 min. Through examination of the coarseness of the phase morphology using phase contrast microscopy (PCM), it was found that a co-continuous structure and an abnormal 'sea-island' structure generally appeared with an increase in annealing time. The original matrix PP component appeared as a dispersed phase, whereas the copolymer components formed a continuous 'sea-island' structure. This change is ascribed to the large tension induced by solidification at the phase interface and the great content difference between the components. When the temperature was reduced the structure reverted to its original form. With increasing annealing time, the spherulite profiles became more defined and the spherulite birefringence changed from vague to clear. Overall crystallization rates and nucleation densities decreased, but the spherulite radial growth rates remained almost constant, indicating that molten-state annealing mainly affects the nucleation ability of IPC, due to a coarsened microstructure and decreased interface area. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

THE ROLE OF GAS-PHASE OXIDATION AND COMBINATION DURING LASER DEPOSITION OF YBA2CU3O7-X IN AMBIENT OXYGEN

Spectroscopic absorption and emission measurements have been used to study laser deposition of YBCO films. They show that >95% of the monatomic Y and Ba initially ablated from the target undergo gas-phase chemical combination before film deposition. In contrast, considerable monatomic Cu persists into the deposition region. in this region, equilibrated gas temperatures are of the order of 2700 K. It is suggested that this high temperature facilitates film crystallization and epitaxial growth. The survival of monatomic Cu in the plume to the site of deposition is a manifestation of its endothermic reaction with O-2.

Magma Evolution in the Primitive, Intra-oceanic Tonga Arc: Petrogenesis of Basaltic Andesites at Tofua Volcano

Tofua volcano is situated midway along the Tonga oceanic arc and has undergone two phases of ignimbrite-forming activity. The eruptive products are almost entirely basaltic andesites (52 center dot 5-57 wt % SiO2) with the exception of a volumetrically minor pre-caldera dacite. The suite displays a strong tholeiitic trend with K2O <1 wt %. Phenocryst assemblages typically comprise plagioclase + clinopyroxene +/- orthopyroxene with microlites of Ti-magnetite. Olivine (Fo(83-88)) is rare and believed to be dominantly antecrystic. An increase in the extent and frequency of reverse zoning in phenocrysts, sieve-textured plagioclase and the occurrence of antecrystic phases in post-caldera lavas record a shift to dynamic conditions, allowing the interaction of magma batches that were previously distinct. Pyroxene thermobarometry suggests crystallization at 950-1200 degrees C and 0 center dot 8-1 center dot 8 kbar. Volatile measurements of glassy melt inclusions indicate a maximum H2O content of 4 center dot 16 wt % H2O, and CO2-H2O saturation curves indicate that crystallization occurred at two levels, at depths of 4-5 center dot 5 km and 1 center dot 5-2 center dot 5 km. Major and trace element models suggest that the compositions of the majority of the samples represent a differentiation trend whereby the dacite was produced by 65% fractional crystallization of the most primitive basaltic andesite. Trace element models suggest that the sub-arc mantle source is the residuum of depleted Indian mid-ocean ridge basalt mantle (IDMM-1% melt), whereas radiogenic isotope data imply addition of 0 center dot 2% average Tongan sediment melt and a fluid component derived from the subducted altered Pacific oceanic crust. A horizontal array on the U-Th equiline diagram and Ra excesses of up to 500% suggest fluid addition to the mantle wedge within the last few thousand years. Time-integrated (Ra-226/Th-230) vs Sr/Th and Ba/Th fractionation models imply differentiation timescales of up to 4500 years for the dacitic magma compositions at Tofua.

Magma Evolution in the Primitive, Intra-oceanic Tonga Arc: Rapid Petrogenesis of Dacites at Fonualei Volcano

Fonualei is unusual amongst subaerial volcanoes in the Tonga arc because it has erupted dacitic vesicular lavas, tuffs and phreomagmatic deposits for the last 165 years. The total volume of dacite may approach 5 km(3) and overlies basal basaltic andesite and andesite lavas that are constrained to be less than a few millennia in age. All of the products are crystal-poor and formed from relatively low-viscosity magmas inferred to have had temperatures of 1100-1000 degrees C, 2-4 wt % H2O and oxygen fugacities 1-2 log units above the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer. Major and trace element data, along with Sr-Nd-Pb and U-Th-Ra isotope data, are used to assess competing models for the origin of the dacites. Positive correlations between Sc and Zr and Sr rule out evolution of the within-dacite compositional array by closed-system crystal fractionation of a single magma batch. An origin by partial melting of lower crustal amphibolites cannot reproduce these data trends or, arguably, any of the dacites either. Instead, we develop a model in which the dacites reflect mixing between two dacitic magmas, each the product of fractional crystallization of basaltic andesite magmas formed by different degrees of partial melting. Mixing was efficient because the two magmas had similar temperatures and viscosities. This is inferred to have occurred at shallow (2-6 km) depths beneath the volcano. U-Th-Ra disequilibria in the basaltic andesite and andesite indicate that the parental magmas had fluids added to their mantle source regions less than 8 kyr ago and that fractionation to the dacitic compositions took less than a few millennia. The 165 year eruption period for the dacites implies that mixing occurred on a similar timescale, possibly during ascent in conduits. The composition of the dacites renders them unsuitable candidates as contributors to average continental crust.

Purification of a multidrug resistance transporter for crystallization studies

Crystallization of integral membrane proteins is a challenging field and much effort has been invested in optimizing the overexpression and purification steps needed to obtain milligram amounts of pure, stable, monodisperse protein sample for crystallography studies. Our current work involves the structural and functional characterization of the Escherichia coli multidrug resistance transporter MdtM, a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). Here we present a protocol for isolation of MdtM to increase yields of recombinant protein to the milligram quantities necessary for pursuit of structural studies using X-ray crystallography. Purification of MdtM was enhanced by introduction of an elongated His-tag, followed by identification and subsequent removal of chaperonin contamination. For crystallization trials of MdtM, detergent screening using size exclusion chromatography determined that decylmaltoside (DM) was the shortest-chain detergent that maintained the protein in a stable, monodispersed state. Crystallization trials of MdtM performed using the hanging-drop diffusion method with commercially available crystallization screens yielded 3D protein crystals under several different conditions. We contend that the purification protocol described here may be employed for production of high-quality protein of other multidrug efflux members of the MFS, a ubiquitous, physiologically and clinically important class of membrane transporters.

An in situ ionic-liquid-assisted synthetic approach to iron fluoride/graphene hybrid nanostructures as superior cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

A tactful ionic-liquid (IL)-assisted approach to in situ synthesis of iron fluoride/graphene nanosheet (GNS) hybrid nanostructures is developed. To ensure uniform dispersion and tight anchoring of the iron fluoride on graphene, we employ an IL which serves not only as a green fluoride source for the crystallization of iron fluoride nanoparticles but also as a dispersant of GNSs. Owing to the electron transfer highways created between the nanoparticles and the GNSs, the iron fluoride/GNS hybrid cathodes exhibit a remarkable improvement in both capacity and rate performance (230 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 C and 74 mAh g^-1 at 40 C). The stable adhesion of iron fluoride nanoparticles on GNSs also introduces a significant improvement in long-term cyclic performance (115 mAh g^-1 after 250 cycles even at 10 C). The superior electrochemical performance of these iron fluoride/GNS hybrids as lithium ion battery cathodes is ascribed to the robust structure of the hybrid and the synergies between iron fluoride nanoparticles and graphene. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Oxygen isotope thermometry in carbonatites, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain

Crystallization temperatures of the oceanic carbonatites of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, have been determined from oxygen isotope fractionations between calcite, silicate minerals (feldspar, pyroxene, biotite, and zircon) and magnetite. The measured fractionations have been interpreted in the light of late stage interactions with meteoric and/or magmatic water. Cathodoluminescence characteristics were investigated for the carbonatite minerals in order to determine the extent of alteration and to select unaltered samples. Oxygen isotope fractionations of minerals of unaltered samples yield crystallization temperatures between 450 and 960degreesC (average 710degreesC). The highest temperature is obtained from pyroxene-calcite pairs. The above range is in agreement with other carbonatite thermometric Studies. This is the first study that provides oxygen isotope data coupled with a CL study on carbonatite-related zircon. The CL pictures revealed that the zircon is broken and altered in the carbonatites and in associated syenites. Regarding geological field evidences of syenite-carbonatite relationship and the close agreement of published zircon U/Pb and whole rock and biotite K/Ar and Ar-Ar age data, the most probable process is early zircon crystallization from the syenite magma and late-stage reworking during magma evolution and carbonatite segregation. The oxygen isotope fractionations between zircon and other carbonatite minerals (calcite and pyroxene) support the assumption that the zircon would correspond to the early crystallization of syenite-carbonatite magmas.

Mechanisms of inflammation in gout.

An acute attack of gout is a paradigm of acute sterile inflammation, as opposed to pyogenic inflammation. Recent studies suggest that the triggering of IL-1beta release from leucocytes lies at the heart of a cascade of processes that involves multiple cytokines and mediators. The NLRP3 inflammasome appears to have a specific role in this regard, but the biochemical events leading to its activation are still not well understood. We review the known mechanisms that underlie the inflammatory process triggered by urate crystals and suggest areas that require further research.

Evolution of an Archean greenstone belt in the Stormy Lake - Kawashegamuk Lake area (stratigraphy, structure and geochemistry) - Western Wabigoon Subprovince, Northwest Ontario /

330 km 2 of the easter-n part of the Archean Manitou Lakes - Stormy Lake metavolcanic - metasedimentary belt have been mapped and sampled. A large number of rocks ~.vere analyzed for the major and trace constituents including the rare-earth elements (REE). The Stormy Lake - Kawashegamuk Lake area may be subdivided into four major lithological groups of supracrustal rocks 1) A north-facing mafic assemblage, consisting of pillowed tholeiitic basalts and gabbro sills characterized by flat REE profiles, is exposed in the south part of the map area and belongs to a 8000 m thick homoclinal assemblage outside the map area. Felsic pyroclastic rocks believed to have been issued from a large central vent conformably overlie the tholeiites. 2) A dominantly epiclastic group facing to the north consists of terrestrial deposits interpreted to be an alluvial fan deposit ; a submarine facies is represented by turbiditic sediments. 3) The northeastern part of the study area consists of volcanic rocks belonging to two mafic - felsic cycles facing to the southuest ; andesitic flows with fractionated REE patterns make up a large part of the upper cycle, whereas the lower cycle has a stronger chemical polarity being represented by tholeiitic flows, with flat REE, which a r e succeeded by dacitic and rhyolitic pyroclasti cs. iii 4) A thick monotonous succession of tholeiitic pillmled basalt f lows and gabbro sills with flat REE represent the youngest supracrustal rocks. TIle entire belt underwent folding, faulting and granitic plutonism during a tectono-thermal event around 2700 Ma ago. Rocks exposed in the map area were subjected to regional greenschist facies metamorphism, but higher metamorphic grades are present near late granitic intrusions. Geochemical studies have been useful in 1) distinguishing the various rock units ; 2) relating volcanic and intrusive rocks 3) studying the significance of chemical changes due to post magmatic processes 4) determining the petrogenesis of the major volcanic rock types. In doing so, two major volcanic suites have been recognized : a) a tholeiitic suite, mostly represented by mafic rocks, was derived from partial melting of upper mantle material depleted in Ti, K and the light REE ; b) a calc-alkalic suite which evolved from partial melting of amphibolite in the lower crust. The more differentiated magma types have been produced by a multistage process involving partial melting and fractional crystallization to yield a continuum of compos i t i ons ranging from basaltic andesite to rhyolite. A model for the development of the eastern part of the Manitou Lakes - Stormy Lake belt has been proposed.

Conceptual blending and the mapping of the inner recesses of the mind in Virginia Woolf's The Waves

Cette étude offre une lecture de The Waves de Virginia Woolf en tant qu’une représentation fictive des “formes exactes de la pensée.” Elle établit le lien entre le récit de The Waves et l’expérience personnelle de l’auteur avec “les voix” qui hantaient son esprit, en raison de sa maladie maniaco-dépressive. La présente étude propose également une analyse du roman inspirée par la théorie de la “fusion conceptuelle:” cette approche narrative a pour but de (1) souligner “la fusion” de l’imagination, des émotions, et de la perception qui constitue l’essence du récit de The Waves, (2) mettre l’accent sur les “configurations mentales” subtilement développées par/entre les voix du récit, en vue de diminuer le semblant de la désorganisation et de l’éparpillement des pensées généré par la représentation de la conscience, (3) permettre au lecteur d’accéder à la configuration subjective et identitaire des différentes voix du récit en traçant l’éventail de leurs pensées “fusionnées.” L’argument de cette dissertation est subdivisé en trois chapitres: le premier chapitre emploie la théorie de la fusion conceptuelle afin de souligner les processus mentaux menant à la création de “moments de vision.” Il décrit la manière dont la fusion des pensées intérieures et de la perception dans les “moments de vision” pourrait servir de tremplin à la configuration subjective des voix du récit. La deuxième section interprète l’ensemble des voix du roman en tant qu’une “société de soi-mêmes.” À l’aide de la théorie de la fusion conceptuelle, elle met l’accent sur les formes de pensée entrelacées entre les différentes voix du récit, ce qui permet aux protagonistes de développer une identité interrelationnelle, placée au plein centre des différentes subjectivités. Le troisième chapitre trace les processus mentaux permettant aux différentes voix du roman de développer une forme de subjectivité cohérente et intégrée. Dans ce chapitre, l’idée de la fusion des différents aspects de l’identité proposée par Fauconnier et Turner est employée pour décrire l’intégration des éléments de la subjectivité des protagonistes en une seule configuration identitaire. D’ailleurs, ce chapitre propose une interprétation du triste suicide de Rhoda qui met en relief son inaptitude à intégrer les fragments de sa subjectivité en une identité cohérente et “fusionnée.”

Étude structuro-fonctionnelle de SecP43 et caractérisation de ses interactions avec SepSecS et l’ARNtSec in vitro

Selenoproteins are proteins containing selenium in the form of the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine. Selenocysteine (Sec) is directly synthesized onto its cognate tRNA (tRNA[Ser]Sec or tRNASec) and inserted into selenoproteins co-translationally with the help of various cis- and trans-acting factors. Among those factors, SecP43 has been reported to possibly play an essential role in the methylation at the 2’-hydroxylribosyl moiety in the wobble position (Um34) of Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec and consequently reduce the expression of glutathione peroxidase 1. SecP43 also called tRNASec-associated protein has also been reported to interact in with SepSecS and tRNASec in vivo and the targeted removal of one of these proteins affected the binding of the other to the Sec-tRNASec. The initial aim of the project was to solve the structure of SecP43 by means of x-ray crystallography. Secondly, we were interested in characterizing the interaction of the latter with some of the components of the selenocysteine insertion machinery. These factors are SepSecS and tRNASec. We were able to optimize the expression and the purification of soluble form of the human homologue of SecP43 and of SepSecS by using an adapted auto-induction protocol. This was a major challenge considering that full length SecP43 has not been expressed and purify to date. We did not succeed in crystallizing SecP43. Our failure to crystallize SecP43 is probably due to the fact that it is a partially folded protein as we were able to demonstrate by SAXS (Small Angle X-ray Scattering). The SecP43 envelope calculated by SAXS displayed a rod-shape like structure. In order to enhance the stability of SecP43 required for crystallization, binding affinity studies were conducted to characterize the interaction between SecP43, tRNASec and SepSecS. We did not detect an interaction between SecP43 and tRNASec by using EMSA (Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay) and gel filtration. We also could not detect an interaction between SecP43 and SepSecS using a cross-linking assay. In contrast, the tRNASec/SepSecS interaction was demonstrated by EMSA and the addition of SecP43 seemed to reduce the binding affinity. Therefore, SecP43 might induce a conformational change in SepSecS in the presence of tRNASec.

Globalization and the collective action of the socially excluded in France : At the heart of the margins?

In this article, we consider the changing relationships between French ‘have-not’ movements (the unemployed, the homeless, undocumented persons) and the main organizations involved in the alter-globalization field from 1995 to 2005. We demonstrate how the building of the global space of protest in France was punctuated by two moments. The first corresponds to the gradual convergence of social actors around the issue of globalization, translated into a renewal of activists’ discourses, the development of multiple scales of mobilizations and a functional division of tasks among actors. The second moment corresponds more to the crystallization of divisions among them. These divisions are articulated around different conceptions of what the struggle's aims should be (a fight against liberalism or an alternative experiment) and differences regarding the sense of belonging to the global space of protest (transnational networks or national territory). The history of convergence placed the have-nots at the heart of alter-globalist mobilizations, whereas the history of divergence translated into a ‘decentering’ of the place of the have-nots within this space. Their progressive marginalization also reveals the transformations of struggles against globalization in France.

Carbon nanotubes induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

We have investigated the crystallization characteristics of melt compounded nanocomposites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed that SWNTs at weight fractions as low as 0.03 wt% enhance the rate of crystallization in PET, as the cooling nanocomposite melt crystallizes at a temperature 10 °C higher as compared to neat PET. Isothermal crystallization studies also revealed that SWNTs significantly accelerate the crystallization process. WAXD showed oriented crystallization of PET induced by oriented SWNTs in a randomized PET melt, indicating the role of SWNTs as nucleating sites.

Polymer Nanocomposites: Crystallization, Reinforcement and Conductivity through SWNTs

The current research investigates the possibility of using single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as filler in polymers to impart several properties to the matrix polymer. SWNTs in a polymer matrix like poly(ethylene terephthalate) induce nucleation in its melt crystallization, provide effective reinforcement and impart electrical conductivity. We adopt a simple melt compounding technique for incorporating the nanotubes into the polymer matrix. For attaining a better dispersion of the filler, an ultrasound assisted dissolution-evaporation method has also been tried. The resulting enhancement in the materials properties indicates an improved disentanglement of the nanotube ropes, which in turn provides effective matrix-filler interaction. PET-SWNT nanocomposite fibers prepared through melt spinning followed by subsequent drawing are also found to have significantly higher mechanical propertiesas compared to pristine PET fiber.SWNTs also find applications in composites based on elastomers such as natural rubber as they can impart electrical conductivity with simultaneous improvement in the mechanical properties.

On the crystallization kinetics and micro-structural transformations of Fe40Ni38B18Mo4 alloys

Activation energy for crystallization (Ec) is a pertinent parameter that decides the application potential of many metallic glasses and is proportional to the crystallization temperature. Higher crystallization temperatures are desirable for soft magnetic applications, while lower values for data storage purposes. In this investigation, from the heating rate dependence of peak crystallization temperature Tp, the Ec values have been evaluated by three different methods for metglas 2826 MB (Fe40Ni38B18Mo4) accurately. The Ec values are correlated with the morphological changes, and the structural evolution associated with annealing temperatures is discussed.