Benefícios da utilização de bastões de caminhada durante a marcha em descida

INTRODUÇÃO: Tem vindo a aumentar a evidência que suporta a relação direta entre a prática de atividade física e a ausência de doença, nomeadamente no que concerne à prática de “caminhadas” (ACSM's, 2009). No entanto, existem alguns fatores que podem pôr em causa essa relação direta tornando, por exemplo, uma marcha em declive, numa potencial origem de lesões músculo-esqueléticas (Bohne & Abendroth-Smith, 2007; Schwameder, et al., 1999). Aos poucos, e apesar da pouca evidência existente, a utilização de bastões de caminhada começa a ser vista como uma estratégia para minimizar a sobrecarga articular subjacente, podendo ser vista como um novo instrumento de reabilitação e de melhoria da função/participação dos utilizadores, com o objetivo de alcançar vantagens biomecânicas e fisiológicas (Breyer, et al., 2010; Figard- Fabre, et al., 2010; Fritz, B., et al., 2011; Hartvigsen, et al., 2010; Kukkonen-Harjula, et al., 2007; Mannerkorpi, et al., 2010; Morso, et al., 2006; Oakley, et al., 2008; Sprod, et al., 2005; Wendlova, 2008). OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar o comportamento motor de sujeitos do sexo masculino com experiência na utilização de bastões de caminhada relativamente a aspetos cinemáticos, cinéticos e de atividade mioelétrica desenvolvidos durante a marcha em declive com e sem bastões, e desta forma poder perceber se existem benefícios na utilização deste auxiliar e identificá-los. METODOLOGIA: foram selecionados treze sujeitos do sexo masculino (idade: 37±8anos; peso: 75±12Kg; altura: 177±8cm) que utilizam bastões de caminhada, com alguma regularidade (frequência de prática média: 18±24horas/mês), há pelo menos um ano. Foi realizada a análise cinemática (membro inferior e tronco), cinética (componente vertical e antero-posterior) e eletromiográfica (dos músculos vasto lateral, gastrocnémio medial e lateral, tibial anterior, eretores da espinha e tricípite braquial lateral) da marcha em descida, com e sem bastões de caminhada, num plano inclinado com 15° de declive. Para isso foi construída uma rampa em madeira com 1,07m de altura, 1,22m de largura e 4,17m de comprimento. RESULTADOS: a utilização dos bastões de caminhada levou à diminuição da flexão plantar do tornozelo aquando do apoio final e da pré-oscilação; ao aumento da flexão do joelho na resposta à carga, no apoio final, na pré-oscilação e à diminuição da flexão do mesmo no apoio médio; ao aumento da flexão da anca no contato inicial e na resposta à carga. Da leitura dos resultados cinéticos, podemos observar que a utilização dos bastões de caminhada levou ao aumento médio do Tempo de Apoio, do Máximo Ativo, do Tempo de Desaceleração e do Impulso, e a uma diminuição média estatisticamente significativa do Máximo Passivo do Mínimo Passivo. É também possível verificar que a utilização dos bastões levou à diminuição da ativação mioelétrica do gastrocnémio lateral, do vasto lateral e do tibial anterior e ao aumento da ativação do tricípite braquial durante o período de pré-ativação de 120ms, à diminuição da ativação mioelétrica do gastrocnémio lateral e do tibial anterior e ao aumento da ativação do tricípite braquial durante a fase de apoio e durante o período de acomodação mioelétrica de 60ms, assim como à diminuição da ativação mioelétrica do gastrocnémio lateral e do tibial anterior e ao aumento da ativação do tricípite braquial e do eretor da espinha direito durante o tempo de travagem. CONCLUSÕES: os bastões de caminhada podem ser vistos como mais uma das ferramentas à disposição do fisioterapeuta em situações em que a redução de cargas articulares seja necessária, por exemplo em casos de OA do joelho e/ou anca, ou mesmo em situações de pós-lesão ou pós-operatório ligamentar, como sendo um método preventivo, uma vez que apesar dos bastões de caminhada trazerem um aumento do dispêndio energético por parte de cada utilizador, são de todo benéficos na redução da fadiga muscular dos membros inferiores durante uma descida, aumentando por isso a proteção das estruturas passivas. Estes benefícios dever-se-ão também às alterações posturais que se conseguem obter pela utilização dos bastões e às vantagens mecânicas por elas criadas.

Análise da relação entre a activação electromiográfica do quadricípite e a posição articular da anca durante a extensão do joelho

Introdução: A avaliação da força muscular é um parâmetro importante para a área de atuação da Fisioterapia como meio de diagnóstico, prognostico, planeamento de tratamentos e avaliação das intervenções terapêuticas. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar qual a melhor posição da anca para que haja a produção do máximo momento de força muscular e a sua relação com o maior sinal electromiográfico. Participantes: A realização do presente estudo contou com a participação de 30 indivíduos saudáveis, correspondendo a 60 membros inferiores, de ambos os sexos com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 22 anos sem restrição quanto à prática ou não de atividade física. Metodologia: O protocolo experimental que decorreu no laboratório de fisioterapia da ESTeSC, constou na recolha de informação acerca de parâmetros eletromiográficos de três porções musculares do quadricípite e de picos de momento de força durante as contrações isométricas. A tarefa consistiu na extensão do joelho, numa posição fixa de 5º de flexão, com a anca posicionada em três ângulos clínicos de 25º, 55º e 85º de flexão contra uma resistência externa, oferecida pelo dinamómetro isocinético Biodex System 3. Resultados/Conclusão: Verificou-se que o quadricípite manifestou um maior momento de força na posição de 25º de flexão da anca. Observou-se que apenas a porção muscular do Reto Femoral foi influenciada pela variação da posição articular da anca, manifestando uma maior percentagem de sinal electromiográfico na posição de 25º de flexão da anca e que a relação eletromiográfica/força teve valores mais elevados na posição de 25º de flexão da anca.

Efeitos de um programa de enfermagem de reabilitação na aptidão funcional de idosos institucionalizados

A aptidão funcional é essencial à execução autónoma das atividades de vida diária. A aptidão funcional em idosos inclui vários componentes: força; treino aeróbico; flexibilidade; equilíbrio e composição corporal. Objetivos: Avaliar mudanças na aptidão funcional de idosos institucionalizados através de um programa de enfermagem de reabilitação baseado em exercício físico de moderada intensidade. Metodologia: Desenho pré-teste/pós-teste com grupo de controlo. O programa de intervenção incluiu 3 sessões semanais de 30 minutos cada, durante 6 meses. A aptidão funcional foi avaliada pela bateria de testes Functional Fitness Test (FFT) para idosos. O grupo de intervenção (GI) tinha 15 participantes e o grupo de controlo (GC) 10. Resultados: No GI (85,9 ± 6,1 anos) observámos um aumento significativo (p<0,05) da força de preensão manual; força de flexão do braço; mobilidade, agilidade/equilíbrio dinâmico e do equilíbrio unipodal. No GC (85,8 ± 4,6 anos) não se registaram alterações significativas em qualquer das componentes da aptidão funcional. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que os idosos do GI melhoraram a sua aptidão funcional.

Axial buckling load of partially encased columns under fire

Partially encased columns have significant fire resistant. However, it is not possible to assess the fire resistance of such members simply by considering the temperature of the steel. The presence of concrete increases the mass and thermal inertia of the member and the variation of temperature within the cross section, in both the steel and concrete components. The annex G of EN1994-1-2 allows to calculate the load carrying capacity of partially encased columns, for a specific fire rating time, considering the balanced summation method. New formulas will be used to calculate the plastic resistance to axial compression and the effective flexural stiffness. These two parameters are used to calculate the buckling resistance. The finite element method is used to compare the results of the elastic critical load for different fire ratings of 30 and 60 minutes. The buckling resistance is also calculated by the finite element method, using an incremental and iterative procedure. This buckling resistance is also compared with the simple calculation method, evaluating the design buckling curve that best fits the results.

Formulação e caracterização de matérias-primas para revestimento cerâmico Semi-Poroso com adição de chamote de telhas

The ceramics industry in Piauí is nowadays with 55 industries where 11 are in Teresina which is the mainstream of the state, producing 55 million shingles; in which 10 % is of this production is wasted being sometimes thrown on the margins of rivers, roads and highways provoking an environmental degradation. The main goal of this work is to verify the potential of producing semi porous ceramic using grog of shingles, on the first part of this work bodies-of-proof were produced from a basic formula of an industry, doping it with 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % in mass and in the second part of this work some bodies-of-proof were produced from a formula where one raw material was substituted by 50 % of grog and another substituting it all by grog, bodies-of-proof made of a basic formula previously announced was used for experiment control.The grog and the raw materials were characterized by: particle size analysis , thermal differential analysis, X ray diffraction , X ray fluorescence, an thermal gravimetric analysis and rational analyses. The bodies-of-proof were sintetisized in an industrial oven obeying the normal cycle adopted by an industry, with peak temperatures of 1135 oC and a fast burning cycle of 25 minutes having as energetic fuel liquefied petroleum gas . The pieces that were obtained by this were submersed in rehearsed physics of: water absorption of, apparent specific mass, apparent porosity, lineal retraction, rupture tension to the flexural and dilatometry; mineralogical analysis for X ray diffraction; and microstructural for electronic microscope of sweeping. For all the formulas with addition of grog, superior priorities to the requested by the requirements for semi porous and for the formula to F2-2,5 superior priorities to standard formulas which justifies the incorporation of the shingles in mass for the semi porous ceramic

Influência do teor de calcário no comportamento físico, mecânico e microestrutural de cerâmicas estruturais

There are ores of clay in Piauí State that are used for red structural ceramics, which are naturally contaminated with calcareous vein. This is one thing that impedes its exploration in an adequate way, especially for tile production. The present work aims at verifying the influence of the calcareous contents in the technological structural ceramics area, seeking to determine a maximum permissible calcareous proportion/contents in the ceramic mass using the patterns of the local industry production. For the consecution of this paper, it was characterized the clay and calcareous material by FRX, DRX, TGA and DTA. It was also configurated by extrusion and burnt in the temperatures of 850°C, 900°C, 950°C and 1000°C pieces of the corpus with 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% of calcareous proportion. After that, it was carried out technological samples of linear retraction, water absortion, apparent porosity, specific apparent mass and mechanic resistance. The results showed the possibility of using calcareous in the ceramic mass and in some cases the technological properties got better

Desenvolvimento de cerâmica vermelha utilizando rejeitos da construção civil

The Industry of the Civil Construction has been one of the sectors that most contribute to the pollution of the environment, due to the great amount of residues generated by the construction, demolition and the extraction of raw material. As a way of minimizing the environmental impacts generated by this industry, some governmental organizations have elaborated laws and measures about the disposal of residues from the building construction (CONAMA - resolution 307). This work has as objective the reutilization of residues compound of sand, concrete, cement, red bricks and blocks of cement and mortar for the production of red ceramic, with the objective of minimizing costs and environmental impacts. The investigated samples contained 0% to 50% of residues in weight, and they were sintered at temperatures of 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C and 1150°C. After the sinterization, the samples were submitted to tests of absorption of water, linear retraction, resistance to bending, apparent porosity, specific density, XRD and SEM. Satisfactory results were obtained in all studied compositions, with the possible incorporation of up to 50% of residues in ceramic mass without great losses in the mechanical strength, giving better results to the incorporation of 30% of residues in the fabrication of ceramic parts, such as roofing tiles, bricks masonry and pierced bricks

Influência do lodo de ETE na massa para fabricação de cerâmica vermelha

The WTP produce many kinds of residue on your treatment stages, but the sludge is the more problematic from the final disposition point view. The actual rate of residue production deriving from technological evolution and the crescent population needs prevents the subtle equilibrium generation between consumption and recycling/reuse, creating problems of pollution resulting from inappropriate management of residues. Thus, is necessary achieve a new equilibrium between the grow from raw materials and energy and the residue generation. This equilibrium should be achieved by technical and economic feasibility of environmental supported models through recycling and reuse. The red ceramic industry stand out in residue absorption question as raw material due their clay mass heterogeneity, constituted by clay minerals and non-clay minerals with wide mineralogical variation, allowing residue inclusion which act like plastic or non-plastic materials, contributing to retain heavy metals contained in residues in the vitreous mass formed during the burning of the ceramic bodies. This work propose the study of the influence of incorporation of 25 wt.% sludge from wastewater treatment plant, according preliminary results, in the mass to produce ceramic bodies. The raw materials was characterized through chemical composition analyses by XRF, mineralogical analyses by XRD, thermal analyses by TG and DTA, Atterberg limits and thermodilatometry. Subsequently was composed the mass with 75 wt.% of clay and 25 wt.% of dried wastewater sludge from UFRN WWTP. Samples with 6,0 x 2,0 x 0,5 cm was produced with unidirectional compacting under pressure of 20MPa and burned in temperatures between 950 and 1,200ºC. After fired, the ceramic bodies have been submitted to physical and mechanical analyses through the measure of firing shrinkage, water absorption, density, apparent porosity and flexural strength; crystallographic analyses through XRD and microstructure analyses by SEM. The technological properties obtained was satisfactory to production of roof tiles with 25 wt.% at 1,200 ºC, but the production of others products at lower temperatures was not feasible

Estudo da adição de polímero superabsorvente e de nano partículas de sílica para melhorar propriedades de concretos de alta resistência

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.

Estudo da zircônia reforçado com alumina

Ceramics materials have good properties including chemical stability, high hardness and wear resistance. Moreover, due to its fragility, can suffer failure under relatively low levels of tension. Actually zirconia is the material of choice in metal free dental prostheses used in dentistry due its inertia in physiological environment, good bending strength, hardness and fracture toughness. The alumina and mixed tungsten and titanium carbides additions, acting as reinforcement elements in the zirconia matrix, have as their main objective the improvement of mechanical properties of this material. In this work, samples of zirconia, zirconia with 30% wt of alumina and zirconia with 30% wt mixed carbides were analyzed. The samples were sintered by uniaxial hot pressing on 30 MPa pressure, for 1 hour in an argon atmosphere. They were physically characterized by porosity and density measurements, and mechanically by 3-points bending strength and Vickers microhardness. The X-ray diffraction was used for the phase identifications and microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of mixed carbides as reinforcement elements in zirconia matrix provides improvements in all properties analyzed in this work. The alumina addition has dropped the zirconia strength, although it caused improvement in other properties

Caracterização termo-mecânica de interconectores metálicos recobertos com filmes de LaCrO3

The cells unitaria of the solid oxide fuel cell are separated by means of interconnects, which serve as electrical contact between the cells. Lanthanum Chromite (LaCrO3) has been the most common material used as interconnect in solid oxide fuel cells. Reducing the operating temperature around 800 º C of cells to solid oxide fuel make possibilite the use of metallic interconnects as an alternative to ceramic LaCrO3. Metallic interconnects have advantages over ceramic interconnects such as high thermal conductivity, electricity, good ductility, low cost, good physical and mechanical properties. In this work evaluate the thermo-mechanical properties of the metallic substrate and coated metallic substrate with the ceramic LaCrO3 film via spray-pyrolysis, in order to demonstrate the feasibility of using this material as a component of a fuel cell solid oxide. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, oxidation behavior, mechanical strength, optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X-ray diffraction proved the formation phase of the LaCrO3 on the metallic substrate and the identification of the phases formed after the oxidative test and mechanical strength at high temperature. The oxidation behavior showed the increased oxidation resistance of the coated metallic substrate. It was noted that the mechanical resistance to bending of the coated metallic substrate only increases at room temperature. The optical microscopy (OM) has provided an assessment of both the metallic substrate and the LaCrO3 film deposited on the metal substrate that, in comparison with the micrographs obtained from SEM. The SEM one proved the formation of Cr2O3 layer on the metallic substrate and stability of LaCrO3 film after oxidative test, it can also observe the displacement of the ceramic LaCrO3 film after of mechanical testing and mapping of the main elements as chromium, manganese, oxygen, lanthanum in samples after the thermo-mechanical tests.

Estruturas cerâmicas a base de zircônia e alumina utilizadas na confecção de infra - estruturas para coroas e pontes fixas

The continuous advances in ceramic systems for crowns and bridges infrastructure getting researchers and manufacturers looking for a material that has good mechanical properties and aesthetic. The purpose of this study was to verify in which composition and sintering temperature the ceramic system for infrastructure composed of alumina and zirconia would have the best mechanical properties. With this objective we made in UFRN laboratories 45 test bodies in the form of rectangular bars with the following dimensions: 30mm x 8mm x 3mm, where we separated by the sintering temperature: 1200°C, 1300ºC and 1400ºC, and by comp osition: 33% Zirconia + 67% Alumina; 50% Zirconia + 50% Alumina and 25% Zirconia + 75% Alumina, these test bodies were not infiltrated with glass. Also, were made nine test bodies by a technical from a laboratory with a commercial ceramic system: in the Ceram Zircônia (Vita - Zahnfabrik) with the following dimensions: 20mm x 10mm x 0.5mm, these test bodies following all recommendations of the manufacturer and were infiltrated with glass. Were realized optical and electronic microscopy analyses, hardness testing, resistance to bending in three points, porosity and bulk density. After analysis of the results we verified that with the increasing of sintering temperature, increased the value of resistance to bending, but with the same temperature there was no significant difference between the different compositions, samples made with the commercial ceramic that were infiltrated, presented a resistance to bending six times greater than the samples sintered to 1400°C and which have not been infiltra ted. There was no significant difference between the values of apparent porosity for the samples made in UFRN laboratories, but the samples of commercial ceramic obtained 0% in porosity apparent value. In tests of Rockwell Hardness there is an increase in the value of Hardness, with the increase of sintering temperature for the samples not infiltrated. Samples infiltrated showed similar values as the samples sintered in 1400°C. There was no significant difference between the values of apparent density among samples manufactured in UFRN laboratories and samples made with a commercial ceramic

Adição de cascalho de perfuração da bacia potiguar em argilas para uso em materiais cerâmicos: influência da concentração e temperatura de queima.

One of waste produced on large scale during the well drilling is the gravel drilling. There are techniques for the treatment of the same, but there isn t consensus on what are the best in terms of economic and environmental. One alternative for disposal of this waste and objective of this paper is the incorporation and immobilization of gravel clay matrix to assess their technological properties. The Raw Materials used were characterized by the following techniques: Chemical Analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), mineralogical analysis by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Grain Size Analysis (FA) and Thermal Analysis by Thermogravimetry (TG) and thermodiferential (DTA). After characterizing, samples were formulated in the following percentages: 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100% (weight) of gravel drilling, then the pieces were pressed, dried (110 ° C) and sintered at temperatures of 850, 950 and 1050 ° C. After sintering, samples were tested for water absorption, linear shrinkage, flexural strength, porosity, density, XRD and test color. The results concluded that the incorporation of gravel drilling is a viable possibility for solid masonry bricks and ceramic blocks manufacture at concentrations and firing temperature described here. Residue incorporation reduces an environmental problem, the cost of raw materials for manufacture of ceramic products

Aproveitamento de resíduos minerais na formulação de argamassas para a construção civil

Current environmental concerns include the excessive consumption and inefficient use of non-renewable natural resources. The construction industry is considered one of the largest consumers of natural raw materials, significantly contributing to the environmental degradation of the planet. The use of calcareous quarry (RPPC) and porcelain tile polishing residues (RPP) as partial replacements of the cement in mortars is an interesting alternative to minimize the exploration of considerably large amounts of natural resources. The present study aimed at investigating the properties of fresh and hardened mortars produced using residues to replace cement. The residues used were fully characterized to determine their specific mass, unitary mass, particle size distribution and morphology, and composition. The performance of the mortars was compared to that of reference compositions, prepared without residues. A total of 18 compositions were prepared, 16 using residues and 2 reference ones. The mortars were prepared using Portland CP II F 32 cement, CH I hydrated lime, river sand and tap water. The compositions of the mortars were 1:1:6 and 1:0.5:4.5 (vol%), and water to cement ratios of 1.87 and 1.45 were used, respectively. The mortars in the fresh state were evaluated by consistency index, water retention, density of mass and incorporated air content tests. In their hardened state, the mortars were evaluated by apparent mass density, modulus of elasticity, flexural tensile strength, compressive strength and water absorption by capillarity. The mortars were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence. Finally, they were classified according to NBR 13281 standards. The mortars prepared using residues partially replacing the cement exhibited lower modulus of elasticity compared to the reference compositions, thus improving the performance in their intended use. On the downside, the water absorption by capillarity was affected by the presence of residues and both the tensile and compressive strength were reduced. However, from the overall standpoint, the replacement of cement by calcareous quarry or porcelain tile polishing residues did not result in significant changes in the properties of the mortars. Therefore, compositions containing these residues can be used in the construction industry

Avaliação da potencialidade dos resíduos de gesso de revestimento incorporados em formulações de massas cerâmicas

In building, during the implementation process of major or even minor works, there is a considerable waste of plaster in the steps of coating, making it is a negative factor because of the loss of these processes constructive remains incorporated into buildings, as component, whose final dimensions are higher than those projected. Another negative factor is the disposal of waste gypsum in inappropriate places, thus contributing to the degradation of environmental quality, due to the leaching of this waste and may trigger the formation of sulfuric acid. Therefore, based on this picture, processing and reuse of waste coating, combined with the ceramics industry, which is a strong potential in the reuse of certain types of waste, promote mutual benefits. Thus the overall objective of this work is to conduct a search with scientific and technological aspects, to determine the effect of the incorporation of the residue of plaster for coating, from the building, the formulation of bodies for red ceramic. The residue of plaster coating was collected and characterized. They were also selected raw materials of two ceramic poles of the state of Rio Grande do Norte and formulations have been made with the intention of obtaining those with the best physical and mechanical properties, the residue was added the percentage of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%, in the best formulation of ceramic industry 1 and, according the properties analyses, 5%, 10% and 15% as the best results of ceramic industry 2. The samples were sintered at temperatures of 850 ºC, 950 °C and 1050 °C, the heating rate of 5 ºC / min with isotherm of two hours. They were submitted to testing technology, such as lineal shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent density and bending resistence. The residue incorporation best results in the formulations of mass in red ceramic, were observed between the temperatures of 850 ºC and 950 ºC, in those formulations that have illite clays and medium plastic in their composition, in the range of 0% to 15% residue incorporated