Assimilate partitioning in leaves of the raffinose-storing herb Lamium album L.: photosynthesis and carbon partitioning throughout the photoperiod

Lamium album accumulates starch, sucrose and raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFO) as the major products of photosynthesis. These products were measured in leaves throughout a sixteen-hour photoperiod and under various irradiance conditions. There was continuous accumulation of sucrose and starch. The rate of gas exchange was higher at 500 µEm² s-1 and 900 µEm²s-1 than at 300 µEm² s-1. The rate of photosynthesis did not decline over the sixteen-hour photoperiod, which suggested that there was no short-term feed back inhibition due to sucrose accumulation in this plant. When the products of photosynthesis were compared at the end of the photoperiod, only sucrose increased in abundance at high irradiance. The RFO pool in leaves was shown to contain raffinose, stachyose and verbascose; galactinol was also present. 14CO2 feeding demonstrated that roots and flowers were the major sinks. The middle leaves were major source leaves whilst young leaves acted as both sources and sinks.

Composição florística e estrutura do componente arbóreo de uma floresta altimontana no município de Camanducaia, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Investigou-se a composição florística e a estrutura fitossociológica em 0,75 ha de floresta altimontana, a 1.900 m s.n.m., localizada na divisa dos municípios de Camanducaia e Gonçalves, na Serra da Mantiqueira. Essa área situa-se no maior remanescente de mata da região, que abriga diversas nascentes de rios cujas águas abastecem várias cidades do sul de Minas Gerais e de São Paulo. O levantamento fitossociológico foi realizado em 15 parcelas de 5 × 100 m, onde todos os indivíduos com circunferência do tronco à altura do peito (ca. 1,30 m) > 15 cm foram registrados, tendo seus diâmetros medidos e alturas estimadas. O levantamento florístico registrou a presença de 66 espécies arbóreas pertencentes a 29 famílias, muitas delas típicas de formações florestais de altitude do sul e sudeste do Brasil, bem como uma espécie ameaçada de extinção, Dicksonia sellowiana (Dicksoniaceae). As famílias com maior riqueza em espécies foram Myrtaceae e Solanaceae. No levantamento fitossociológico foram amostrados 1.501 indivíduos distribuídos em 58 espécies e 29 famílias. A densidade total calculada foi de 2.001 indivíduos por hectare. As famílias mais importantes foram Myrtaceae, Lauraceae e Meliaceae. As espécies com maior IVI foram Ocotea lancifolia (42,88), Cabralea canjerana (29,53) e Psychotria velloziana (22,95). O índice de diversidade (H') foi de 2,9 (nats.ind.-1). A proteção deste remanescente é de fundamental importância para a conservação da biodiversidade da floresta atlântica de altitude e dos recursos hídricos da região sul de Minas Gerais.

Efeitos de borda sobre a comunidade de pteridófitas na Mata Atlântica da região de Una, sul da Bahia, Brasil

Uma das conseqüências da fragmentação de hábitats florestais melhor estudadas até o momento são os chamados efeitos de borda. Neste estudo, foi verificado como variam a riqueza e a abundância das pteridófitas quando são comparados interiores e bordas de áreas florestais, em Una, BA. Foram inventariadas todas as pteridófitas a até 1 m do solo, em 36 parcelas de 120 × 10 m (0,12 ha), estabelecidas em áreas de mata contínua (> 900 ha) e fragmentos de mata (< 100 ha), distribuídas na região entre três blocos amostrais de 5 × 5 km. Em cada uma das áreas, locaram-se as parcelas a 20, 40 e a mais de 100 m da divisa da mata com relação às áreas adjacentes. Os resultados mostram que não há variação na abundância entre as unidades consideradas. No entanto, a riqueza de samambaias é diferente entre blocos amostrais, indicando que as florestas de Una podem ser heterogêneas quanto aos aspectos ambientais. Além disso, a riqueza decai nas parcelas de borda mais próximas à matriz, em todos os blocos; a partir de uma distância aproximada de 20-30 m a riqueza é restabelecida, tornando-se similar à do interior da floresta. Também fica claro que os interiores de floresta constituem ambientes totalmente distintos daqueles de borda, no que se refere à comunidade de pteridófitas, de modo que, praticamente, não são afetados pelos efeitos de borda. Pôde-se concluir que os efeitos de borda sobre as pteridófitas penetram muito pouco no interior da floresta, mas deve-se ressaltar que a formação de novas bordas em larga escala pode vir a extinguir espécies florestais da região.

Fisionomia e estrutura de uma floresta estacional montana do maciço da Borborema, Pernambuco - Brasil

Foi caracterizada a fisionomia e a estrutura do componente arbóreo de um fragmento de floresta estacional montana situado a 900 m de altitude. A área de estudo (8º11'144" -8º12'27" S e 36º23'730" -36º24'638" W) apresenta solos profundos e precipitação média anual de 948 mm ano-1. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos vivos ou mortos, ainda em pé, com diâmetro a altura do peito > 5 cm, em 50 parcelas contíguas de 10 x 20 m, e tomadas as seguintes medidas: altura total, diâmetro do caule e área de cobertura da copa. As espécies foram classificadas quanto ao tamanho foliar, deciduidade e composição do limbo. Um total de 62 espécies (um taxon não identificado) foi amostrado. Densidade total, área basal total, altura e diâmetro médios e máximos dos indivíduos vivos foram 1.553 ind ha-1, 39 m² ha-1, 10,3 e 30 m e 14,2 e 105,0 cm, respectivamente. Cerca de 50% dos indivíduos vivos ocorreram abaixo de 10 m de altura. A distribuição das áreas basais e cobertura de copa por classe de altura indicou dois intervalos de concentração: 7-13 e 19-22 m. A área representa uma floresta estacional montana de transição entre as florestas ombrófilas e estacionais. A maioria das espécies é perenifólia e apresenta folhas simples e micrófilas (Casearia sylvestris Sw., Guapira nitida (Schmidt) Lundell, Marlierea clausseniana (O. Berg) Kiaersk., Ocotea aff. elegans Mez, Plinia sp., entre outras), ocupando o dossel da floresta juntamente com espécies notófilas (Amaioua cf. guianensis Aubl. e Roupala paulensis Sleumer) e mesófilas (Fabaceae sp. e Inga marginata Willd., entre outras). Entre as emergentes predominam espécies com folhas caducifólias e compostas, como Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne e Eriotheca crenulaticalyx A. Robyns.

Optimized Fast-FISH with a-satellite probes: acceleration by microwave activation

It has been shown for several DNA probes that the recently introduced Fast-FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is well suited for quantitative microscopy. For highly repetitive DNA probes the hybridization (renaturation) time and the number of subsequent washing steps were reduced considerably by omitting denaturing chemical agents (e.g., formamide). The appropriate hybridization temperature and time allow a clear discrimination between major and minor binding sites by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. The well-defined physical conditions for hybridization permit automatization of the procedure, e.g., by a programmable thermal cycler. Here, we present optimized conditions for a commercially available X-specific a-satellite probe. Highly fluorescent major binding sites were obtained for 74oC hybridization temperature and 60 min hybridization time. They were clearly discriminated from some low fluorescent minor binding sites on metaphase chromosomes as well as in interphase cell nuclei. On average, a total of 3.43 ± 1.59 binding sites were measured in metaphase spreads, and 2.69 ± 1.00 in interphase nuclei. Microwave activation for denaturation and hybridization was tested to accelerate the procedure. The slides with the target material and the hybridization buffer were placed in a standard microwave oven. After denaturation for 20 s at 900 W, hybridization was performed for 4 min at 90 W. The suitability of a microwave oven for Fast-FISH was confirmed by the application to a chromosome 1-specific a-satellite probe. In this case, denaturation was performed at 630 W for 60 s and hybridization at 90 W for 5 min. In all cases, the results were analyzed quantitatively and compared to the results obtained by Fast-FISH. The major binding sites were clearly discriminated by their brightness

Morphometry and acetylcholinesterase activity of the myenteric plexus of the wild mouse Calomys callosus

The myenteric plexus of the digestive tract of the wild mouse Calomys callosus was examined using a histochemical method that selectively stains nerve cells, and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical technique in whole-mount preparations. Neuronal density was 1,500 ± 116 neurons/cm2 (mean ± SEM) in the esophagus, 8,900 ± 1,518 in the stomach, 9,000 ± 711 in the jejunum and 13,100 ± 2,089 in the colon. The difference in neuronal density between the esophagus and other regions was statistically significant. The neuron profile area ranged from 45 to 1,100 µm2. The difference in nerve cell size between the jejunum and other regions was statistically significant. AChE-positive nerve fibers were distributed within the myenteric plexus which is formed by a primary meshwork of large nerve bundles and a secondary meshwork of finer nerve bundles. Most of the nerve cells displayed AChE activity in the cytoplasm of different reaction intensities. These results are important in order to understand the changes occurring in the myenteric plexus in experimental Chagas' disease

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation reduces rat frontal cortex acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) activity

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation induces several behavioral changes. Among these, a decrease in yawning behavior produced by low doses of cholinergic agonists is observed which indicates a change in brain cholinergic neurotransmission after REM sleep deprivation. Acetylcholinesterase (Achase) controls acetylcholine (Ach) availability in the synaptic cleft. Therefore, altered Achase activity may lead to a change in Ach availability at the receptor level which, in turn, may result in modification of cholinergic neurotransmission. To determine if REM sleep deprivation would change the activity of Achase, male Wistar rats, 3 months old, weighing 250-300 g, were deprived of REM sleep for 96 h by the flower-pot technique (N = 12). Two additional groups, a home-cage control (N = 6) and a large platform control (N = 6), were also used. Achase was measured in the frontal cortex using two different methods to obtain the enzyme activity. One method consisted of the obtention of total (900 g supernatant), membrane-bound (100,000 g pellet) and soluble (100,000 g supernatant) Achase, and the other method consisted of the obtention of a fraction (40,000 g pellet) enriched in synaptic membrane-bound enzyme. In both preparations, REM sleep deprivation induced a significant decrease in rat frontal cortex Achase activity when compared to both home-cage and large platform controls. REM sleep deprivation induced a significant decrease of 16% in the membrane-bound Achase activity (nmol thiocholine formed min-1 mg protein-1) in the 100,000 g pellet enzyme preparation (home-cage group 152.1 ± 5.7, large platform group 152.7 ± 24.9 and REM sleep-deprived group 127.9 ± 13.8). There was no difference in the soluble enzyme activity. REM sleep deprivation also induced a significant decrease of 20% in the enriched synaptic membrane-bound Achase activity (home-cage group 126.4 ± 21.5, large platform group 127.8 ± 20.4, REM sleep-deprived group 102.8 ± 14.2). Our results suggest that REM sleep deprivation changes Ach availability at the level of its receptors through a decrease in Achase activity

Extracellular ATP in the lymphohematopoietic system: P2Z purinoceptors and membrane permeabilization

The effects of extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides on many organs and systems have been recognized for almost 50 years. The effects of extracellular ATP (ATPo), UTPo, ADPo, and other agonists are mediated by P2 purinoceptors. One of the most dramatic effects of ATPo is the permeabilization of plasma membranes to low molecular mass solutes of up to 900 Da. This effect is evident in several cells of the lymphohematopoietic system and is supposed to be mediated by P2Z, an ATP4--activated purinoceptor. Here, we review some basic information concerning P2 purinoceptors and focus our attention on P2Z-associated phenomena displayed by macrophages. Using fluorescent dye uptake, measurement of free intracellular Ca2+ concentration and electrophysiological recordings, we elucidate some of the events that follow the application of ATP to the extracellular surface of macrophages. We propose a regulatory mechanism for the P2Z-associated permeabilization pore. The presence of P2 purinoceptors in cells of the lymphohematopoietic system makes them potential candidates to mediate immunoregulatory events

A brain microdialysis study on 5-HT release in freely moving rat lines selectively bred for differential 5-HT1A receptor function

Breeding for high and low hypothermic responses to systemic administration of a serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonist (8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, 8-OH-DPAT) has resulted in high DPAT-sensitive (HDS) and low DPAT-sensitive (LDS) lines of rats, respectively. These lines also differ in several behavioral measures associated with stress. In the present microdialysis study we observed that basal 5-HT concentrations in the prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus did not differ significantly between HDS and LDS rats. Thus, behavioral differences between the HDS and LDS lines might not be attributed to differences in basal 5-HT release. However, both lines had lower basal levels of 5-HT release than their randomly bred control group (random DPAT-sensitive, RDS) in the prefrontal cortex (mean ± SEM, pg/20 µl, was 3.0 ± 0.4 for LDS, 3.8 ± 0.3 for HDS and 6.4 ± 0.6 for RDS; F(2,59) = 5.8, P<0.005). The administration of (±)-fenfluramine (10 mg/kg) induced a greater increase in hippocampal 5-HT levels in HDS rats (500%) as compared with LDS (248%) or RDS (243%) rats (P<0.0001). There were no significant differences in the prefrontal cortex among lines, with a fenfluramine-induced 5-HT increase of about 900% in the three groups. This differential response to fenfluramine may be due to functional alterations of hippocampal 5-HT reuptake sites in the HDS line.

Functional dyspepsia: relationship between clinical subgroups and Helicobacter pylori status in Western Turkey

The etiology of functional dyspepsia is not known. The objective of the present study was to determine the characteristics of functional dyspepsia in Western Turkey. We divided 900 patients with functional dyspepsia into three subgroups according to symptoms: ulcer-like (UL), 321 (35.6%), motility disorder-like (ML), 281 (31.2%), and the combination (C) of these symptoms, 298 (33.1%). All patients were submitted to endoscopic evaluation, with two biopsies taken from the cardia and corpus, and four from the antrum of the stomach. All biopsy samples were studied for Helicobacter pylori (Hp) density, chronic inflammation, activity, intestinal metaplasia, atrophy, and the presence of lymphoid aggregates by histological examination. One antral biopsy was used for the rapid urease test. Tissue cagA status was determined by PCR from an antral biopsy specimen by a random sampling method. We also determined the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and gastrin by the same method. Data were analyzed statistically by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and by analysis of variance. Hp and cagA positivity was significantly higher in the UL subgroup than in the others. The patients in the ML subgroup had the lowest Hp and cagA positivity and Hp density. The ML subgroup also showed the lowest level of Hp-induced inflammation among all subgroups. The serum levels of TNF-alpha and gastrin did not reveal any difference between groups. Our findings show a poor association of Hp with the ML subgroup of functional dyspepsia, but a stronger association with the UL and C subgroups.

Persistent organic pollutants in sediments and fish from Lake Victoria, Uganda

This thesis describes the occurrence and sources of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the northern watershed of Lake Victoria. Sediments and fish were collected from three highly polluted embayments (i.e. Murchison Bay, Napoleon Gulf and Thurston Bay) of the lake. The analysis for PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs was done using a high resolution mass spectrometer coupled to a gas chromatograph (GC), and a GC equipped with an electron capture detector was used for HCHs. Total (Σ) PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in sediments ranged from 3.19 to 478, 313 to 4325 and 60.8 to 179 pg g-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. The highest concentrations of pollutants were found at sites close to industrial areas and wastewater discharge points. The maximum concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and HCHs in fish muscle homogenates were 49, 779, 495 and 45,900 pg g-1 wet weight (ww), respectively. The concentrations of the pollutants in Nile perch (Lates niloticus) were significantly greater than those in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), possibly due to differences in trophic level and dietary feeding habits among fish species. World Health Organization-toxic equivalency quotient (WHO2005-TEQ) values in the sediments were up to 4.24 pg g-1 dw for PCDD/Fs and 0.55 pg TEQ g-1 dw for the 12 dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs). 23.1% of the samples from the Napoleon Gulf were above the interim sediment quality guideline value of 0.85 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 dw set by the Canadian Council for Ministers of the Environment. The WHO2005-TEQs in fish were 0.001-0.16 pg g-1 for PCDD/Fs and 0.001-0.31 pg g-1 ww for dl- PCBs. The TEQ values were within a permissible level of 3.5 pg g−1 ww recommended by the European Commission. Based on the Commission set TEQs and minimum risk level criteria formulated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the consumption of fish from Lake Victoria gives no indication of health risks associated to PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that anthropogenic activities such as agricultural straw open burning, medical waste incinerators and municipal solid waste combustors were the major sources of PCDD/Fs in the watershed of Lake Victoria. The ratios of α-/γ-HCH varied from 0.89 to 1.68 suggesting that the highest HCH residues mainly came from earlier usage and fresh γ-HCH (lindane). In the present study, the concentration of POPs in fish were not significantly related to those in sediments, and the biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) concept was found to be a poor predictor of the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of environmental pollutants.

Efeito de tipo de óleo adicionado à dieta, sobre o teor de colesterol em partes da carcaça de frangos de corte de acordo com sexo e linhagem

Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar níveis de energia metabolizável normalmente utilizado nas rações de frangos de corte, obtidos pela inclusão de óleos vegetais (soja, canola e palma) e seus efeitos sobre o teor de colesterol da pele e músculos da coxa e peito, levando-se em consideração a linhagem e sexo. Foram utilizados 2.400 pintos de 1 dia, das linhagens comerciais Hubbard e Avian Farms, em igual quantidade de machos e fêmeas. As aves receberam uma ração inicial e outra final, com níveis de energia metabolizável de 3.050 e 3.150 kcal, respectivamente, obtidos pela inclusão de óleos vegetais, fornecedores de ácidos graxos, inclusive "w-3". Como ração controle, foi utilizada uma à base de milho e soja, sem a inclusão de óleos, com níveis de energia metabolizável de 2.900 e 3.000 kcal, respectivamente. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em um arranjo fatorial de tratamentos, sendo que as diferenças significativas entre tratamentos foram detectadas pelo teste de DMS. Houve efeito significativo devido à inclusão de óleos quanto aos teores de colesterol nas partes das carcaças estudadas.

Influência da embalagem de atmosfera modificada e do tratamento com cálcio na cinética de degradação de ácido ascórbico e perda de massa em goiabas (Psidium guajava L.)

Goiabas de mesa (var. Pedro Sato) no estádio verde maturo foram armazenadas a 8°C (85-95% UR) por 49 dias. Uma parte das amostras foi tratada com solução de cloreto de cálcio 2% (p/v) e o restante permaneceu sem tratamento. Posteriormente, foram embaladas individualmente em dois tipos de embalagem de atmosfera modificada (CryovacÒ PD-900 e CryovacÒ PD-961). Goiabas sem embalagem e não tratadas com cálcio, mantidas à mesma temperatura de 8°C serviram como controle. Foram realizadas análises de perda de massa, acidez titulável, teores de sólidos solúveis totais e ácido ascórbico. Os frutos embalados apresentaram taxas de perda de massa menores que os sem embalagem (p<0,05). Os frutos tratados com cálcio não apresentaram diferença na taxa de degradação de ácido ascórbico em relação aos não tratados e os frutos embalados com PD-900 apresentaram retenção de ácido ascórbico maior. Após 4 semanas, as goiabas sem embalagem apresentaram-se impróprias para consumo, devido ao murchamento e ataque de fungos, enquanto que as embaladas estavam em bom estado. Após a sexta semana, apenas os frutos embalados com PD-900 sem tratamento com cálcio estavam próprios para consumo. A embalagem de atmosfera modificada reduziu a perda de massa e ácido ascórbico e prolongou a vida-de-prateleira do produto. O emprego de cálcio não afetou as características analisadas.

Influência de diferentes embalagens de atmosfera modificada sobre a aceitação de uvas finas de mesa var. Itália mantidas sob refrigeração

Foi feito um estudo sobre o comportamento de uvas finas de mesa (Vitis vinifera L.) var. Itália frente à armazenagem refrigerada e à utilização de embalagem, para aumentar a vida-de-prateleira. Cachos da uva no estádio verde maduro foram embalados individualmente em três diferentes filmes plásticos (Cryovac® PD-900; Cryovac® PD-955 e Cryovac® PD-961EZ ) de alta permeabilidade ao oxigênio e ao gás carbônico e armazenados a 1ºC (85-95% UR) por 63 dias e a 25ºC (80-90% UR) por 21 dias; frutas sem embalagem serviram de controle. Ao longo da armazenagem foram realizadas análises sensoriais de aceitação quanto ao sabor e aparência, utilizando escala hedônica não estruturada de 9cm e 30 provadores por sessão. Foram realizadas também análises do teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e vitamina C ao longo da armazenagem. As frutas embaladas apresentaram taxas de perda de massa 28 vezes menores que as controle, mas não foi observada diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre as diferentes embalagens. A combinação de armazenagem a 1°C com o filme PD-955 prolongou a vida de prateleira das uvas por 63 dias contra 11 a 21 dias do controle. Nas uvas embaladas, o fim da vida-de-prateleira foi determinado por deterioração microbiológica e no controle pela perda de massa, que causou o enrugamento, perda de turgidez das bagas e ressecamento dos engaços e pedicelos.

Valtatie 3 Tampere-Vaasa : Palvelutasolähtöinen kehityskäytäväselvitys

Valtatie 3 Tampere-Vaasa kehityskäytäväselvitys on Liikenneviraston liikennepoliittiseen selontekoon liittyvä yhteysvälin liikenneselvitys. Valtatie 3 on yksi Suomen tärkeimmistä ja vilkkaimmista päätieyhteyksistä sekä osa kansainvälistä Euroopan laajuista kattavaa verkkoa (TEN-T ja E12) Tampereelta Vaasaan. Tarkasteluosuuden pituus on 230 km. Tampereen, Seinäjoen ja Vaasan välisissä kuljetuksissa tavaraliikenne keskittyy valtatielle 3. Yhteysvälin päissä, Tampereen ja Vaasan kaupunkiseuduilla liikennemäärät ovat suuria 9 000 - 16 900 ajon./vrk. Tarkastelujakson keskiosissa liikenne on hieman vähäisempää, mutta esimerkiksi Parkanon pohjoispuolella korostuu raskaan liikenteen suuret määrät. Yhteysvälin haasteina ovat ennen kaikkea turvallisten ohitusmahdollisuuksien puute, kuljetusten hallittavuus, puutteet matka-ajassa ja sen ennakoitavuudessa sekä joukkoliikenteenyhteys puutteet, joita 1.vaiheen kehittämistoimenpiteillä on pyritty parantamaan. Toimenpiteet on muodostettu palvelutasoanalyysin ja kehittämisvaihtoehtojen kustannustehokkuus- ja vaikuttavuusarvioiden perusteella. Työssä tutkittiin ja vertailtiin neljää vaihtoehtoista koria, joista suositusehdotus muodostettiin yhteistyössä Pirkanmaan ja Etelä-Pohjanmaan ELY-keskusten, Liikenneviraston ja alueen maakuntaliittojen kesken. Valtatietä 3 parannetaan pääosin nykyisellä paikallaan kaksikaistaisena, mutta tie on tavoitetilassa 4-kaistainen Tampereelta Hämeenkyröön ja Vaasasta Laihialle. Merkittävin parannushanke on Hämeenkyrön ohitustie, jossa valtatie on 4-kaistainen ja ohittaa nykyisen ongelmallisen Hämeenkyrön taajamaosuuden. 1.vaiheen hankepaketti sisältää myös useita ohituskaistahankkeita, sekä pienempiä liittymä ja liikenneturvallisuushankkeita, jotka on katsottu kustannustehokkaiksi. Valtatien 3 ensimmäisen vaiheen hankkeiden kustannusarvio on 158 miljoonaa euroa. Hanke on taloudellisesti kannattava ja sen hyöty-kustannussuhde on 1,3. Hankkeen suunnitelmavalmius on hyvä. Useita tiesuunnitelmia on hyväksytty tai valmiina hyväksymiskäsittelyyn.