Skill sorting, inter-industry skill wage premium, and production chains: evidence from India 1999-2000

This paper proposes a mechanism that links industry’s technological characteristics (i.e. quality of non-labor inputs, which is proxied by the length of industry production chains), industry-specific skill wage premium, and skill sorting across industries. It is hypothesized that high-skilled workers are sorted into industries where they can receive a higher skill wage premium, by working with better quality non-labor input. The quality of non-labor inputs is assumed to be worse in industries with longer production chains due to the increased involvement of low-skilled labor and poor infrastructure over the sequential production. By examining Indian wage and employment data for 1999-2000, empirical evidence to support this mechanism can be obtained: First, the skill wage premium is lower [higher] in industries with longer [shorter] production chains. Second, the skill wage premium is lower [higher] in industries with a higher [lower] proportion of low-skilled workers producing inputs outside their own industry. Third, the proportion of high-skilled workers is larger in industries with shorter production chains and lower ratio of low-skilled labor involved, i.e., a skill sorting trend can be observed.

Skill sorting and production chains : evidence from India

This study proposes a new mechanism that explains skill-sorting patterns and skill wage differentials across industries based on the length of the industry's production chain. A simple simultaneous production model shows that when the quality of intermediate inputs deteriorates rapidly along the production chains, high-skilled individuals choose to work in industries with shorter production chains because of higher returns to skill. I empirically confirm this skill-sorting pattern and these inter-industry skill wage differentials in India, where the quality of intermediate inputs is likely to degrade rapidly because of the high number of unskilled laborers, poor infrastructure, and less-advantaged technology. The results remain robust even when considering selection bias, alternative reasons for inter-industry skill wage differentials, and a different period. The results of this study have important implications when considering countries' industrial development patterns.

Negative skill sorting across production chains

Previous literature generally predicts that individuals with higher skills work in industries with longer production chains. However, the opposite skill-sorting pattern, a "negative skill-sorting" phenomenon, is also observed in reality. This paper proposes a possible mechanism by which both cases can happen and shows that negative skill sorting is more likely to occur when the quality of intermediate inputs degrade rapidly (or improves slowly) along the production chain. We empirically confirm our theoretical prediction by using country-industry panel data. The results are robust regardless of estimation method, control variables, and industry coverage. This study has important implications for understanding countries' comparative advantages and development patterns.

Development and Assessment of the Competence Creativity Applied to Technical Drawing

The results obtained after incorporating the competence “creativity” to the subject Technical Drawing of the first course of the Degree in Forestry, Technical University of Madrid, are presented in this study.At first, learning activities which could serve two functions at the same time -developing students’ creativity and developing other specific competences of the subject- were considered. Besides, changes in the assessment procedure were made and a method which analyzes two aspects of the assessment of the competence creativity was established. On the one hand, the products are evaluated by analyzing the outcomes obtained by students in the essays suggested and by establishing a parameter to assess the creativity expressed in those essays. On the other, an assessment of the student is directly carried out through a psychometric test which has been previously chosen by the team.Moreover, these results can be applied to similar or could be of general application

Application of Ultraintense Lasers to validate materials for laser fusion: production of ions and other relevant species

Justification of the need and demand of experimental facilities to test and validate materials for first wall in laser fusion reactors - Characteristics of the laser fusion products - Current ?possible? facilities for tests Ultraintense Lasers as ?complete? solution facility - Generation of ion pulses - Generation of X-ray pulses - Generation of other relevant particles (electrons, neutrons..)

The evolution of the brain, the human nature of cortical circuits and intellectual creativity

The tremendous expansion and the differentiation of the neocortex constitute two major events in the evolution of the mammalian brain. The increase in size and complexity of our brains opened the way to a spectacular development of cognitive and mental skills. This expansion during evolution facilitated the addition of microcircuits with a similar basic structure, which increased the complexity of the human brain and contributed to its uniqueness. However, fundamental differences even exist between distinct mammalian species. Here, we shall discuss the issue of our humanity from a neurobiological and historical perspective.

Automatic segmentation of relevant textures in agricultural images

One important issue emerging strongly in agriculture is related with the automatization of tasks, where the optical sensors play an important role. They provide images that must be conveniently processed. The most relevantimage processing procedures require the identification of green plants, in our experiments they come from barley and corn crops including weeds, so that some types of action can be carried out, including site-specific treatments with chemical products or mechanical manipulations. Also the identification of textures belonging to the soil could be useful to know some variables, such as humidity, smoothness or any others. Finally, from the point of view of the autonomous robot navigation, where the robot is equipped with the imaging system, some times it is convenient to know not only the soil information and the plants growing in the soil but also additional information supplied by global references based on specific areas. This implies that the images to be processed contain textures of three main types to be identified: green plants, soil and sky if any. This paper proposes a new automatic approach for segmenting these main textures and also to refine the identification of sub-textures inside the main ones. Concerning the green identification, we propose a new approach that exploits the performance of existing strategies by combining them. The combination takes into account the relevance of the information provided by each strategy based on the intensity variability. This makes an important contribution. The combination of thresholding approaches, for segmenting the soil and the sky, makes the second contribution; finally the adjusting of the supervised fuzzy clustering approach for identifying sub-textures automatically, makes the third finding. The performance of the method allows to verify its viability for automatic tasks in agriculture based on image processing

Measuring the influence of Cooperative Learning and Project Based Learning on problem solvin skill.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects obtained after applying two active learning methodologies (cooperative learning and project based learning) to the achievement of the competence problem solving. This study was carried out at the Technical University of Madrid, where these methodologies were applied to two Operating Systems courses. The first hypothesis tested was whether the implementation of active learning methodologies favours the achievement of ?problem solving?. The second hypothesis was focused on testing if students with higher rates in problem solving competence obtain better results in their academic performance. The results indicated that active learning methodologies do not produce any significant change in the generic competence ?problem solving? during the period analysed. Concerning this, we consider that students should work with these methodologies for a longer period, besides having a specific training. Nevertheless, a close correlation between problem solving self appraisal and academic performance has been detected.

Identifying the semantics of eligibility criteria of clinical trials based on relevant medical ontologies

An important objective of the INTEGRATE project1 is to build tools that support the efficient execution of post-genomic multi-centric clinical trials in breast cancer, which includes the automatic assessment of the eligibility of patients for available trials. The population suited to be enrolled in a trial is described by a set of free-text eligibility criteria that are both syntactically and semantically complex. At the same time, the assessment of the eligibility of a patient for a trial requires the (machineprocessable) understanding of the semantics of the eligibility criteria in order to further evaluate if the patient data available for example in the hospital EHR satisfies these criteria. This paper presents an analysis of the semantics of the clinical trial eligibility criteria based on relevant medical ontologies in the clinical research domain: SNOMED-CT, LOINC, MedDRA. We detect subsets of these widely-adopted ontologies that characterize the semantics of the eligibility criteria of trials in various clinical domains and compare these sets. Next, we evaluate the occurrence frequency of the concepts in the concrete case of breast cancer (which is our first application domain) in order to provide meaningful priorities for the task of binding/mapping these ontology concepts to the actual patient data. We further assess the effort required to extend our approach to new domains in terms of additional semantic mappings that need to be developed.

Building the qualification and a skill development program within the ENEN-III European Project

The ENEN III project covers the structuring, organization, coordination and implementation of training schemes in cooperation with local, national and international training organizations, to provide training to professionals active in nuclear organizations or their contractors and sub-contractors. The training schemes provide a portfolio of courses, training sessions, seminars, and workshops for continuous learning for upgrading knowledge and developing skills. The training schemes allow individuals to acquire qualifications and skills, as required by the specific positions in the nuclear sector which will be documented in a training passport. The essence of such passport is to be recognized within the EU by the whole nuclear sector which provides mobility to the individual looking for employment and an EU wide recruitment field for the nuclear employers.

Assessing Creativity In Engineering Students: A Comparative Between Degrees and Sudents In First And Last Year

An online open access test (CREAX self-assessment) has been used in this work so that students from degrees in engineering in the Universidad Polite¿cnica of Madrid (UPM) could self-assess their creative competence after several classroom activities. Different groups from the first year course have been statistically compared using data from their assessment. These first year students had different professors in the subject ?Technical Drawing? and belonged to several degrees in the UPM. They were as well compared regarding sex and a group of first year students was also compared to another last year group of the degree so as to observe possible differences in the achievement of this competence. Only one difference was detected concerning sex in one of the degrees. Among degrees, the higher marks obtained by students who had done specific exercises for the development of creativity in class is highlighted. Finally, a significantly high mark was observed in students during their last year of degree with respect to first year students. The tool CREAX has become very useful in the assessment of this competence in the UPM degrees in which it has been implemented.

BEM-ESTAR NO TRABALHO: O IMPACTO DOS VALORES ORGANIZACIONAIS, PERCEPÇÃO DE SUPORTE ORGANIZACIONAL E PERCEPÇÕES DE JUSTIÇA

A complexidade crescente no ambiente de trabalho tem exigido capacidade de adaptação dos empregados, com papéis exigindo maior flexibilidade e criatividade para superar os desafios que se apresentam. Ciclos de vida de produtos cada vez menores num mercado muito agressivo têm acarretado enormes pressões nos empregados, com efeitos colaterais na saúde, como estresse e doenças psicossomáticas. O tratamento de doenças, embora relevante para minimizar o sofrimento humano, não tem sido suficiente para dar respostas desejadas neste ambiente de trabalho numa concepção de saúde que abranja o bem-estar e que permita aos empregados enfrentar melhor os desafios que se apresentam. O campo da psicologia positiva, voltada ao estudo dos fatores que propiciam o florescimento das pessoas, permite às organizações, gestores e empregados ampliar o leque de alternativas possíveis para melhorar a saúde das pessoas, com reflexos positivos para as organizações. O objetivo deste estudo visou a confirmar se os valores organizacionais, percepção de suporte organizacional e percepções de justiça (distributiva e de procedimentos) são antecedentes de bem-estar no trabalho, um construto composto das variáveis de satisfação no trabalho, envolvimento com o trabalho, e comprometimento organizacional afetivo. A amostra envolveu 404 trabalhadores atuando em empresas na região da Grande São Paulo, sendo 209 do sexo masculino e 193 do sexo feminino. Dividiu-se a amostra a partir de dois agrupamentos de empresas, o setor financeiro (compreendendo uma empresa com 243 respondentes) e o setor não financeiro (compreendendo 13 empresas com um total de 161 respondentes). Como instrumento para coleta de dados utilizou-se de um questionário composto de sete escalas, abrangendo as três variáveis de bem-estar no trabalho e as quatro variáveis independentes estudadas como seus antecedentes. Os resultados deste estudo, nos dois setores estudados, confirmaram que a percepção de suporte organizacional e a percepção de justiça distributiva acarretam maior satisfação no trabalho. A justiça de procedimentos também mostrou capacidade preditiva de satisfação no trabalho para o setor financeiro. O valor organizacional autonomia confirmou-se como antecedente de envolvimento com o trabalho nos dois setores. O valor organizacional realização e a percepção de justiça de procedimentos posicionaram-se como antecedentes de comprometimento organizacional afetivo para os setores não financeiro e financeiro, respectivamente. O valor organizacional preocupação com a coletividade e a percepção de suporte organizacional mostraram capacidade preditiva de comprometimento organizacional afetivo para os setores financeiro e não financeiro, respectivamente. Os resultados revelam que se promove o bem-estar no trabalho quando, nas organizações, se adotam políticas e práticas que dêem suporte e tratamento digno aos empregados, reforçando valores organizacionais que promovam um ambiente propício à inovação e à criatividade, com maior autonomia, onde os gestores valorizam a competência e o sucesso dos trabalhadores, e onde se predomina a honestidade e a sinceridade nas relações entre as pessoas e a organização. Os empregados tenderão a desenvolver transações típicas das trocas sociais, investindo seus esforços para a organização, com base na confiança e na lealdade.

BEM-ESTAR NO TRABALHO: O IMPACTO DOS VALORES ORGANIZACIONAIS, PERCEPÇÃO DE SUPORTE ORGANIZACIONAL E PERCEPÇÕES DE JUSTIÇA

A complexidade crescente no ambiente de trabalho tem exigido capacidade de adaptação dos empregados, com papéis exigindo maior flexibilidade e criatividade para superar os desafios que se apresentam. Ciclos de vida de produtos cada vez menores num mercado muito agressivo têm acarretado enormes pressões nos empregados, com efeitos colaterais na saúde, como estresse e doenças psicossomáticas. O tratamento de doenças, embora relevante para minimizar o sofrimento humano, não tem sido suficiente para dar respostas desejadas neste ambiente de trabalho numa concepção de saúde que abranja o bem-estar e que permita aos empregados enfrentar melhor os desafios que se apresentam. O campo da psicologia positiva, voltada ao estudo dos fatores que propiciam o florescimento das pessoas, permite às organizações, gestores e empregados ampliar o leque de alternativas possíveis para melhorar a saúde das pessoas, com reflexos positivos para as organizações. O objetivo deste estudo visou a confirmar se os valores organizacionais, percepção de suporte organizacional e percepções de justiça (distributiva e de procedimentos) são antecedentes de bem-estar no trabalho, um construto composto das variáveis de satisfação no trabalho, envolvimento com o trabalho, e comprometimento organizacional afetivo. A amostra envolveu 404 trabalhadores atuando em empresas na região da Grande São Paulo, sendo 209 do sexo masculino e 193 do sexo feminino. Dividiu-se a amostra a partir de dois agrupamentos de empresas, o setor financeiro (compreendendo uma empresa com 243 respondentes) e o setor não financeiro (compreendendo 13 empresas com um total de 161 respondentes). Como instrumento para coleta de dados utilizou-se de um questionário composto de sete escalas, abrangendo as três variáveis de bem-estar no trabalho e as quatro variáveis independentes estudadas como seus antecedentes. Os resultados deste estudo, nos dois setores estudados, confirmaram que a percepção de suporte organizacional e a percepção de justiça distributiva acarretam maior satisfação no trabalho. A justiça de procedimentos também mostrou capacidade preditiva de satisfação no trabalho para o setor financeiro. O valor organizacional autonomia confirmou-se como antecedente de envolvimento com o trabalho nos dois setores. O valor organizacional realização e a percepção de justiça de procedimentos posicionaram-se como antecedentes de comprometimento organizacional afetivo para os setores não financeiro e financeiro, respectivamente. O valor organizacional preocupação com a coletividade e a percepção de suporte organizacional mostraram capacidade preditiva de comprometimento organizacional afetivo para os setores financeiro e não financeiro, respectivamente. Os resultados revelam que se promove o bem-estar no trabalho quando, nas organizações, se adotam políticas e práticas que dêem suporte e tratamento digno aos empregados, reforçando valores organizacionais que promovam um ambiente propício à inovação e à criatividade, com maior autonomia, onde os gestores valorizam a competência e o sucesso dos trabalhadores, e onde se predomina a honestidade e a sinceridade nas relações entre as pessoas e a organização. Os empregados tenderão a desenvolver transações típicas das trocas sociais, investindo seus esforços para a organização, com base na confiança e na lealdade.

Are pharmacological randomised controlled clinical trials relevant to real-life asthma populations? : A protocol for an UNLOCK study from the IPCRG

Funding The IPCRG provided funding for this research project as an UNLOCK Group study for which the funding was obtained through an unrestricted grant by Novartis AG, Basel, Switzerland. Novartis has no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. This study will include data from the Optimum Patient Care Research Database and is undertaken in collaboration with Optimum Patient Care and the Respiratory Effectiveness Group.

In situ investigation of rapid subsurface flow : Identification of relevant spatial structures beyond heterogeneity

Non peer reviewed