Time-dependent behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs

In this thesis is studied the long-term behaviour of steel reinforced slabs paying particular attention to the effects due to shrinkage and creep. Despite the universal popularity of using this kind of slabs for simply construction floors, the major world codes focus their attention in a design based on the ultimate limit state, restraining the exercise limit state to a simply verification after the design. For Australia, on the contrary, this is not true. In fact, since this country is not subjected to seismic effects, the main concern is related to the long-term behaviour of the structure. Even if there are a lot of studies about long-term effects of shrinkage and creep, up to date, there are not so many studies concerning the behaviour of slabs with a cracked cross section and how shrinkage and creep influence it. For this reason, a series of ten full scale reinforced slabs was prepared and monitored under laboratory conditions to investigate this behaviour. A wide range of situations is studied in order to cover as many cases as possible, as for example the use of a fog room able to reproduce an environment of 100% humidity. The results show how there is a huge difference in terms of deflections between the case of slabs which are subjected to both shrinkage and creep effects soon after the partial cracking of the cross section, and the case of slabs which have already experienced shrinkage effects for several weeks, when the section has not still cracked, and creep effects only after the cracking.

Steel and macro-synthetic self-compacting fibre reinforced concrete, experimental study on the long-term deformations

Experimental study on the long-term deformations of the fibre reinforced concrete. Steel and macro-synthetic fibers were used to evaluate the shrinkage, creep, mid-span deflection, cracking and rupture analysis of three different types of samples. At the end the main topics of ACI guidelines were analyzed in order to perform an overview of design.

New polymeric materials for vascular surgery

The dramatic impact that vascular diseases have on human life quality and expectancy nowadays is the reason why both medical and scientific communities put great effort in discovering new and effective ways to fight vascular pathologies. Among the many different treatments, endovascular surgery is a minimally-invasive technique that makes use of X-ray fluoroscopy to obtain real-time images of the patient during interventions. In this context radiopaque biomaterials, i.e. materials able to absorb X-ray radiation, play a fundamental role as they are employed both to enhance visibility of devices during interventions and to protect medical staff and patients from X-ray radiations. Organic-inorganic hybrids are materials that combine characteristics of organic polymers with those of inorganic metal oxides. These materials can be synthesized via the sol-gel process and can be easily applied as thin coatings on different kinds of substrates. Good radiopacity of organic-inorganic hybrids has been recently reported suggesting that these materials might find applications in medical fields where X-ray absorption and visibility is required. The present PhD thesis aimed at developing and characterizing new radiopaque organic-inorganic hybrid materials that can find application in the vascular surgery field as coatings for the improvement of medical devices traceability as well as for the production of X-ray shielding objects and garments. Novel organic-inorganic hybrids based on different polyesters (poly-lactic acid and poly-ε-caprolactone) and polycarbonate (poly-trimethylene carbonate) as the polymeric phase and on titanium oxide as the inorganic phase were synthesized. Study of the phase interactions in these materials allowed to demonstrate that Class II hybrids (where covalent bonds exists between the two phases) can be obtained starting from any kind of polyester or polycarbonate, without the need of polymer pre-functionalization, thanks to the occurrence of transesterification reactions operated by inorganic molecules on ester and carbonate moieties. Polyester based hybrids were successfully coated via dip coating on different kinds of textiles. Coated textiles showed improved radiopacity with respect to the plain fabric while remaining soft to the touch. The hybrid was able to coat single fibers of the yarn rather than coating the yarn as a whole. Openings between yarns were maintained and therefore fabric breathability was preserved. Such coatings are promising for the production of light-weight garments for X-ray protection of medical staff during interventional fluoroscopy, which will help preventing pathologies that stem from chronic X-ray exposure. A means to increase the protection capacity of hybrid-coated fabrics was also investigated and implemented in this thesis. By synthesizing the hybrid in the presence of a suspension of radiopaque tantalum nanoparticles, PDMS-titania hybrid materials with tunable radiopacity were developed and were successfully applied as coatings. A solution for enhancing medical device radiopacity was also successfully investigated. High metal radiopacity was associated with good mechanical and protective properties of organic-inorganic hybrids in the form of a double-layer coating. Tantalum was employed as the constituent of the first layer deposited on sample substrates by means of a sputtering technique. The second layer was composed of a hybrid whose constituents are well-known biocompatible organic and inorganic components, such as the two polymers PCL and PDMS, and titanium oxide, respectively. The metallic layer conferred to the substrate good X-ray visibility. A correlation between radiopacity and coating thickness derived during this study allows to tailor radiopacity simply by controlling the metal layer sputtering deposition time. The applied metal deposition technique also permits easy shaping of the radiopaque layer, allowing production of radiopaque markers for medical devices that can be unambiguously identified by surgeons during implantation and in subsequent radiological investigations. Synthesized PCL-titania and PDMS-titania hybrids strongly adhered to substrates and show good biocompatibility as highlighted by cytotoxicity tests. The PDMS-titania hybrid coating was also characterized by high flexibility that allows it to stand large substrate deformations without detaching nor cracking, thus being suitable for application on flexible medical devices.

Performance evaluation of low environmental impact asphalt concretes using the mechanistic empirical design method based on laboratory fatigue and permanent deformation models

The "sustainability" concept relates to the prolonging of human economic systems with as little detrimental impact on ecological systems as possible. Construction that exhibits good environmental stewardship and practices that conserve resources in a manner that allow growth and development to be sustained for the long-term without degrading the environment are indispensable in a developed society. Past, current and future advancements in asphalt as an environmentally sustainable paving material are especially important because the quantities of asphalt used annually in Europe as well as in the U.S. are large. The asphalt industry is still developing technological improvements that will reduce the environmental impact without affecting the final mechanical performance. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a type of asphalt mix requiring lower production temperatures compared to hot mix asphalt (HMA), while aiming to maintain the desired post construction properties of traditional HMA. Lowering the production temperature reduce the fuel usage and the production of emissions therefore and that improve conditions for workers and supports the sustainable development. Even the crumb-rubber modifier (CRM), with shredded automobile tires and used in the United States since the mid 1980s, has proven to be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional asphalt pavement. Furthermore, the use of waste tires is not only relevant in an environmental aspect but also for the engineering properties of asphalt [Pennisi E., 1992]. This research project is aimed to demonstrate the dual value of these Asphalt Mixes in regards to the environmental and mechanical performance and to suggest a low environmental impact design procedure. In fact, the use of eco-friendly materials is the first phase towards an eco-compatible design but it cannot be the only step. The eco-compatible approach should be extended also to the design method and material characterization because only with these phases is it possible to exploit the maximum potential properties of the used materials. Appropriate asphalt concrete characterization is essential and vital for realistic performance prediction of asphalt concrete pavements. Volumetric (Mix design) and mechanical (Permanent deformation and Fatigue performance) properties are important factors to consider. Moreover, an advanced and efficient design method is necessary in order to correctly use the material. A design method such as a Mechanistic-Empirical approach, consisting of a structural model capable of predicting the state of stresses and strains within the pavement structure under the different traffic and environmental conditions, was the application of choice. In particular this study focus on the CalME and its Incremental-Recursive (I-R) procedure, based on damage models for fatigue and permanent shear strain related to the surface cracking and to the rutting respectively. It works in increments of time and, using the output from one increment, recursively, as input to the next increment, predicts the pavement conditions in terms of layer moduli, fatigue cracking, rutting and roughness. This software procedure was adopted in order to verify the mechanical properties of the study mixes and the reciprocal relationship between surface layer and pavement structure in terms of fatigue and permanent deformation with defined traffic and environmental conditions. The asphalt mixes studied were used in a pavement structure as surface layer of 60 mm thickness. The performance of the pavement was compared to the performance of the same pavement structure where different kinds of asphalt concrete were used as surface layer. In comparison to a conventional asphalt concrete, three eco-friendly materials, two warm mix asphalt and a rubberized asphalt concrete, were analyzed. The First Two Chapters summarize the necessary steps aimed to satisfy the sustainable pavement design procedure. In Chapter I the problem of asphalt pavement eco-compatible design was introduced. The low environmental impact materials such as the Warm Mix Asphalt and the Rubberized Asphalt Concrete were described in detail. In addition the value of a rational asphalt pavement design method was discussed. Chapter II underlines the importance of a deep laboratory characterization based on appropriate materials selection and performance evaluation. In Chapter III, CalME is introduced trough a specific explanation of the different equipped design approaches and specifically explaining the I-R procedure. In Chapter IV, the experimental program is presented with a explanation of test laboratory devices adopted. The Fatigue and Rutting performances of the study mixes are shown respectively in Chapter V and VI. Through these laboratory test data the CalME I-R models parameters for Master Curve, fatigue damage and permanent shear strain were evaluated. Lastly, in Chapter VII, the results of the asphalt pavement structures simulations with different surface layers were reported. For each pavement structure, the total surface cracking, the total rutting, the fatigue damage and the rutting depth in each bound layer were analyzed.

Chemical analysis and reactivity of biomass pyrolysis products. Application to the development of carbon-neutral biofuels and chemicals

In this dissertation the pyrolytic conversion of biomass into chemicals and fuels was investigated from the analytical point of view. The study was focused on the liquid (bio-oil) and solid (char) fractions obtainable from biomass pyrolysis. The drawbacks of Py-GC-MS described so far were partially solved by coupling different analytical configurations (Py-GC-MS, Py-GC-MIP-AED and off-line Py-SPE and Py-SPME-GC-MS with derivatization procedures). The application of different techniques allowed a satisfactory comparative analysis of pyrolysis products of different biomass and a high throughput screening on effect of 33 catalysts on biomass pyrolysis. As the results of the screening showed, the most interesting catalysts were those containing copper (able to reduce the high molecular weight fraction of bio-oil without large yield decrease) and H-ZSM-5 (able to entirely convert the bio-oil into “gasoline like” aromatic products). In order to establish the noxious compounds content of the liquid product, a clean-up step was included in the Py-SPE procedure. This allowed to investigate pollutants (PAHs) generation from pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. In fact, bio-oil from non-catalytic pyrolysis of biomass showed a moderate PAHs content, while the use of H-ZSM-5 catalyst for bio-oil up-grading determined an astonishing high production of PAHs (if compared to what observed in alkanes cracking), indicating an important concern in the substitution fossil fuel with bio-oil derived from biomass. Moreover, the analytical procedures developed in this thesis were directly applied for the detailed study of the most useful process scheme and up-grading route to chemical intermediates (anhydrosugars), transportation fuels or commodity chemicals (aromatic hydrocarbons). In the applied study, poplar and microalgae biomass were investigated and overall GHGs balance of pyrolysis of agricultural residues in Ravenna province was performed. A special attention was put on the comparison of the effect of bio-char different use (fuel or as soil conditioner) on the soil health and GHGs emissions.

Analisi del ciclo di vita di processi chimici industriali: applicazione alla sintesi di acrilonitrile mediante reazione di ammonossidazione

La green chemistry può essere definita come “l’utilizzo di una serie di principi che riducono o eliminano l’uso o la formazione di sostanze pericolose nella progettazione, produzione e applicazione di prodotti chimici”. . È in questo contesto che si inserisce la metodologia LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), come strumento di analisi e di valutazione. Lo scopo del presente lavoro di tesi è l’analisi degli impatti ambientali associati a processi chimici, ambito ancora poco sviluppato nella letteratura degli studi di LCA. Viene studiato e modellato il ciclo di vita (dall’ottenimento delle materie prime fino alla produzione del prodotto) della reazione di ammonossidazione per la produzione di acrilonitrile, valutando e comparando due alternative di processo: quella tradizionale, che utilizza propilene ( processo SOHIO), e le vie sintetiche che utilizzano propano, ad oggi poco sviluppate industrialmente. Sono stati pertanto creati sei scenari: due da propene (SOHIO FCC, con propene prodotto mediante Fluid Catalytic Cracking, e SOHIO Steam), e quattro da propano (ASAHI, MITSUBISHI, BP povero e ricco in propano). Nonostante la produzione dell’alcano abbia un impatto inferiore rispetto all’olefina, dovuto ai minori stadi di processo, dai risultati emerge che l’ammonossidazione di propano ha un impatto maggiore rispetto a quella del propene. Ciò è dovuto ai processi catalitici che utilizzano propano, che differiscono per composizione e prestazioni, rispetto a quelli da propene: essi risultano meno efficienti rispetto ai tradizionali, comportando maggiori consumi di reattivi in input . Dai risultati emerge che gli scenari da propano presentano maggiori impatti globali di quelli da propene per le categorie Cambiamento climatico, Formazione di materiale e Consumo di combustibili fossili. Invece per la categoria Consumo di metalli un impatto maggiore viene attribuito ai processi che utilizzano propene, per la maggior percentuale di metalli impiegata nel sistema catalitico, rispetto al supporto. L’analisi di contributo, eseguita per valutare quali sono le fasi più impattanti, conferma i risultati. Il maggior contributo per la categoria Consumo di combustibili fossili è ascrivibile ai processi di produzione del propano, dell’ammoniaca e del solfato di ammonio ( legato all’ammoniaca non reagita ). Stessi risultati si hanno per la categoria Cambiamento climatico, mentre per la categoria Formazione di materiale particolato, gli impatti maggiori sono dati dai processi di produzione del solfato di ammonio, del propano e dell’acido solforico (necessario per neutralizzare l’ammoniaca non reagita). Per la categoria Consumo di metalli, il contributo maggiore è dato dalla presenza del catalizzatore. È stata infine eseguita un’analisi di incertezza tramite il metodo Monte Carlo, verificando la riproducibilità dei risultati.

Fiber-reinforced ceramics for thermostructural applications, produced by polymer impregnation pyrolysis

Several CFCC (Continuous Fiber Composite Ceramics) production processes were tested, concluding that PIP (Polymer Impregnation, or Infiltration, Pyrolysis) and CBC (Chemically Bonded Ceramics) based procedures have interesting potential applications in the construction and transportation fields, thanks to low costs to get potentially useful thermomechanical performances. Among the different processes considered during the Doctorate (from the synthesis of new preceramic polymers, to the PIP production of SiC / SiC composites) the more promising results came from the PIP process with poly-siloxanes on basalt fabrics preforms. Low processing time and costs, together with fairly good thermomechanical properties were demonstrated, even after only one or two PIP steps in nitrogen flow. In alternative, pyrolysis in vacuum was also tested, a procedure still not discussed in literature, but which could originate an interesting reduction of production costs, with only a moderate detrimental effect on the mechanical properties. The resulting CFCC is a basalt / SiCO composite that can be applied for continuous operation up to 600°C, also in oxidant environment, as TG and XRD demonstrated. The failure upon loading is generally pseudo-plastic, being interlaminar delamination the most probable rupture mechanism. . The strength depends on several different factors (microstructure, polymer curing and subsequent ceramic phase evolution, fiber pull-out, fiber strength, fiber percentage) and can only be optimized empirically. In order to be open minded in selecting the best technology, also CBC (Chemically Bonded Ceramics) matrixes were considered during this Doctorate, making some preliminary investigations on fire-resistant phosphate cements. Our results on a commercial product evidenced some interesting thermomechanical capabilities, even after thermal treatments. However the experiments showed also phase change and possible cracking and deformations even on slow drying (at 130°C) and easy rehydration upon exposure to environmental humidity.

Molecular plating of thin lanthanide layers with improved material properties for nuclear applications

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Experimente beschrieben, die zu einem vertieften Verständnis fundamentaler Prozesse bei der elektrochemischen Herstellung von Dünnschichten, sog. Targets, für kernphysikalische und -chemische Studien führten. Targets wurden mittels 'Molecular Plating' (MP) hergestellt, indem eine Elektrodeposition aus organischem Medium in der Regel bei konstantem Strom in Zwei-Elektroden-Zellen. Die Resultate erlaubten, optimierte Herstellungs-bedingungen zu ermitteln, welche die Produktion deutlich verbesserter Targets erlaubten. MP bei konstantem Strom ist ein massentransportkontrollierter Prozess. Der angelegte Strom wird durch einen konstanten Fluss elektroaktiver Spezies zur Kathode – auf der die Schicht wächst – und Anode aufrechterhalten. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass das Zellenpotential des Elektrodepositionsystems immer durch den Ohm'schen Spannungsabfall auf Grund des Widerstandes der verwendeten Lösung dominiert wurde. Dies erlaubte die Herleitung einer Beziehung zwischen dem Zellenpotential und der Konzentration der elektroaktiven Spezies. Die Beziehung erlaubt die Erklärung des gemessenen zeitlichen Verlaufs des Zellenpotentials während der Abscheidung als Funktion der Elektrolytkonzentration. Dies dient als Basis, auf der nun ein umfassenderes Bild der Prozesse, die für die charakteristischen Minima im Potentialverlauf einer Abscheidung verantwortlich sind, gewonnen werden kann. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Minima mit der fast vollständigen Entfernung (durch Abscheidung) der aus einem gelösten Salz erzeugten Nd-Ionen korrespondieren. Die abgeschiedene Spezies wurde als Nd3+ identifiziert, vermutlich als Carboxylat, Oxid oder Hydroxid, was auf Grund der hohen negative Werte des Standardredoxpotentials der Lanthanide verständlich erscheint. Von den vorliegenden elektroaktiven Spezies tragen die Nd3+ Ionen nur zu knapp 20% zum Gesamtstrom bei. Durch Elektrolyse tragen auch die Lösungsmittelkomponenten zu diese Strom bei. Die Gegenwart von elektrolysiertem Lösungsmittel wurde in Analysen der Dünnschichten bestätigt. Diese waren immer mit chemi- und physisorbierten Lösungsmittelmolekülen bedeckt. Die Analyse der Dünnschichten zeigte, dass die Oberflächen von einem furchenartiges Netz durchzogen waren, und dass diese während des Trocknen der Schichten nach dem MP entstanden. Ob die Schichten an Luft oder in inerter Atmosphäre trockneten, hatte keinen Einfluss. Es wurden Experimente mit mehreren Lösungsmitteln durchgeführt, die sich deutlich in ihren physikalischen Eigenschaften, v.a. dem Siedepunkt, unterschieden. Furchenfreie Dünnschichten konnten insbesondere bei MP in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) erzeugt werden. Die Verwendung von DMF in Kombination mit einer Abscheidung auf sehr glatten Substraten erlaubte die Produktion von sehr homogenen, glatten und defektfreien Schichten. Diese waren vermutlich geringeren inneren Spannungen während des Trocknens ausgesetzt, als Schichten auf raueren Substraten oder solche, die aus flüchtigeren Lösungsmitteln hergestellt wurden. Die Oberflächenrauigkeit des Substrats und das gewählte Lösungsmittel wurden so als Schlüsselfaktoren für die Produktion hochqualitativer Schichten identifiziert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit MP eine sehr effiziente Methode zur Herstellung homogener Schichten mit exzellenter Ausbeute ist. In weiteren Experimenten mit dem primordialen Alpha-Emitter 147Sm als Modellisotop wurde die Eignung solcher Schichten als Alpha-Quelle untersucht. Sowohl die Energieauflösung als auch der Anteil der Alpha-Teilchen, die den Detektor erreichten, waren von den Quelleneigenschaften abhängig. Die Effekte wurden verschiedenen Variablen der Dünnschicht zugeordnet, welche die Alpha-Spektren beeinflussten. Dominant war die Wahl des Lösungsmittels und die Rauigkeit des Substrats. Dies beeinflusste Schichtdicke und -morphologie sowie die Art des Schichtwachstums und veränderte die Detektionseffizienz in Alpha-Messungen bis zu 15%. Nur homogene, ebene Schichten, die aus DMF auf glatten Substraten abgeschieden wurden, eignen sich optimal als Alpha-Quelle. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse erlauben die optimierte Herstellung nuklearer Targets durch MP. Künftige Anwendungen beinhalten insbesondere die Herstellung von Targets für neutroneninduzierte Spaltexperimente und untergrundarmeAlpha-Messungen sehr kleiner Aktivitäten.

Sviluppo di nuovi combustibili mediante pirolisi catalitica di biomassa

Questa tesi ha riguardato lo studio di potenziali combustibili dalla pirolisi catalitica di varie tipologie di biomasse. Durante l’attività di laboratorio sono state condotte pirolisi intermedie e con zeolite di campioni di Arthrospira platensis (microalghe), residui della pesca, Ulva lactuca (macroalghe) e segatura di pino (Pinus sylvestris). Il cracking termico è stato condotto a 460 °C, con un reattore pirolitico da banco, e i vapori sono condensati in trappole fredde al termine del sistema. Nella pirolisi catalitica, i vapori prodotti nelle stesse condizioni sperimentali attraversano uno strato di catalizzatore (H-ZSM-5) dove subiscono il cracking. L’obiettivo principale di questo studio è la valutazione del processo di upgrading dei vapori di pirolisi per ottenere bio-oli arricchiti in idrocarburi. Dalle prove di pirolisi, catalitica e non, sono state raccolte frazioni solide e liquide, di cui sono state determinate le rese: biochar (solido), frazione liquida organica e acquosa e, nel caso delle pirolisi catalitiche, coke e una frazione volatile solubile in eptano. Delle frazioni organiche ed eptanica è stata caratterizzata la composizione elementare e mediante analisi GC-MS. Per le biomasse di partenza sono state effettuate analisi elementari, prossimali e degli acidi grassi totali. I risultati mostrano differenze sostanziali tra le frazioni organiche delle pirolisi e pirolisi catalitiche. Microalghe, macroalghe e residui della pesca contengono proteine che producono oli ricchi in composti azotati, mentre la segatura di pino produce oli ricchi in composti ossigenati derivati dalla lignina. In seguito al cracking catalitico si ha una diminuzione dei composti azotati e ossigenati e gli oli sono costituiti per la maggior parte da idrocarburi aromatici. L’olio da cracking catalitico ha una composizione simile a quella dei combustibili tradizionali, ma una migliore qualità di composizione del bio-olio comporta rese più basse. Il processo può presentare potenzialità solo per la trasformazione di biomasse di scarto.

Numerical evaluation of material model and thickness effect on LSP induced residual stresses

Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is a technological process used to improve mechanical properties in metallic components. When a short and intense laser pulse irradiates a metallic surface, high pressure plasma is generated on the treated surface; elasto-plastic waves, then, propagate inside the target and create plastic strain. This surface treatment induces a deep compressive residual stresses field on the treated area and through the thickness; such compressive residual stress is expected to increase the fatigue resistance, and reduce the detrimental effects of corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.

Pirolisi catalitica di microalghe con zeoliti

L’aumento delle concentrazioni del diossido di carbonio in atmosfera dovuto alla combustione dei combustibili fossili è una fonte di grande preoccupazione a causa del suo impatto sul clima globale. La biomassa è l’unica fonte rinnovabile a poter essere convertita in combustibili e, tra i metodi di conversione, la pirolisi produce un liquido (bio-olio) che presenta potenzialità come combustibile. Le alghe sono una biomassa di interesse, ma il bio-olio che si ottiene è caratterizzato da composti contenenti ossigeno, zolfo e azoto che ne riducono la qualità. Tali elementi possono essere eliminati attraverso la scissione (cracking) con zeoliti con la produzione di idrocarburi. L’obiettivo dello studio è stato quello di valutare le caratteristiche del cracking catalitico di tre microalghe: Arthrospira platensis, Botryococcus braunii e Desmodesmus communis per la produzione di idrocarburi. Le biomasse sono state pirolizzate a 500 °C e i vapori prodotti termicamente sono stati fatti passare nella zeolite dove subiscono il cracking. Sono state utilizzate due zeolite a diversa acidità: un pellet H-ZSM5 (SiO2/Al2O3=38) e un monolite a base di HZSM5 (SiO2/Al2O3=80) e sepiolite. Dal cracking si ottengono sei frazioni pirolitiche: char, coke, fase acquosa, bio-olio, frazione volatile e gas non condensabili. Le frazioni sono state caratterizzate tramite analisi elementari e molecolari e dai dati ottenuti sono stati calcolati i bilanci di N, C e del potere calorifico. Per tutte le alghe si ottiene un bio-olio con un elevato contenuto di carbonio e fortemente deossigenato, ma le rese sono relativamente basse. I prodotti che contengono una maggior frazione del carbonio della biomassa iniziale sono il char ed il coke, seguiti dalla fase organica e dai gas. La distribuzione dell’azoto è simile ma con una maggiore frazione nella fase acquosa. Entrambi i catalizzatori agiscono migliorando la qualità del bio-olio tramite la riduzione dei composti azotati ed ossigenati e formando idrocarburi monoaromatici, tipici delle benzine, e poliaromatici. Il monolite, con zeolite meno acida, produce una maggior frazione di bio-olio caratterizzato, però, da una minor percentuale di composti aromatici. Si ritiene che l’aumento delle rese del bio-olio e la valorizzazione dei sottoprodotti (biochar, fase acquosa) siano indispensabili per la sostenibilità del processo.

Caratterizzazione flessionale del rinforzo di pavimentazioni bituminose con interstrati sintetici

Uno degli aspetti fondamentali della circolazione stradale è rappresentato dalla conservazione della qualità, in termini di comfort e sicurezza trasmessa all’utente, della sovrastruttura stradale. L’obiettivo della manutenzione stradale è di garantire un livello soddisfacente delle caratteristiche funzionali lungo tutto l’arco della vita utile dell’infrastruttura. Le ridotte disponibilità economiche di enti ed amministrazioni pubbliche, spingono i ricercatori ed i tecnici del settore ad individuare soluzioni tecniche e progettuali, in grado di coniugare economicità e durabilità degli interventi. Negli ultimi decenni, si è cercato di studiare l’effetto prodotto dall’eventuale inserimento di un interstrato di rinforzo all’interno della sovrastruttura. Lo studio, sviluppato e descritto nel presente documento, ha l’obiettivo di migliorare la comprensione dell’effettivo contributo che i materiali di rinforzo possono produrre all’interno degli strati legati di una pavimentazione flessibile. Gli obiettivi dell’indagine sperimentale, descritta nel presente documento, possono essere sintetizzati in tre punti fondamentali: - caratterizzazione flessionale di pavimentazioni bituminose con interstrati sintetici, in particolare lo scopo dell’indagine verte a quantificare il miglioramento del comportamento meccanico della pavimentazione dotata di rinforzo; - analisi del comportamento a fessurazione della pavimentazione, rinforzata e non, con particolare attenzione nei confronti del reflective cracking; - valutazione del collegamento tra i due strati bituminosi in presenza di interstrato sintetico. Per raggiungere tali obiettivi sono state eseguite due serie di prove di flessione su 3 punti (3PB) e prove di taglio Leutner.

Fracture in teeth—a diagnostic for inferring bite force and tooth function

Teeth are brittle and highly susceptible to cracking. We propose that observations of such cracking can be used as a diagnostic tool for predicting bite force and inferring tooth function in living and fossil mammals. Laboratory tests on model tooth structures and extracted human teeth in simulated biting identify the principal fracture modes in enamel. Examination of museum specimens reveals the presence of similar fractures in a wide range of vertebrates, suggesting that cracks extended during ingestion or mastication. The use of ‘fracture mechanics’ from materials engineering provides elegant relations for quantifying critical bite forces in terms of characteristic tooth size and enamel thickness. The role of enamel microstructure in determining how cracks initiate and propagate within the enamel (and beyond) is discussed. The picture emerges of teeth as damage-tolerant structures, full of internal weaknesses and defects and yet able to contain the expansion of seemingly precarious cracks and fissures within the enamel shell. How the findings impact on dietary pressures forms an undercurrent of the study.

Application of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) as a thin-bonded overlay for concrete bridge decks

As transportation infrastructure across the globe approaches the end of its service life, new innovative materials and applications are needed to sustainably repair and prevent damage to these structures. Bridge structures in the United States in particular are at risk as a large percentage will be reaching their design service lives in the coming decades. Superstructure deterioration occurs due to a variety of factors, but a major contributor comes in the form of deteriorating concrete bridge decks. Within a concrete bridge deck system, deterioration mechanisms can include spalling, delaminations, scaling from unsuitable material selection, freeze-thaw damage, and corrosion of reinforcing steel due to infiltration of chloride ions and moisture. This thesis presents findings pertaining to the feasibility of using UHPC as a thin-bonded overlay on concrete bridge decks, specifically in precast bridge deck applications where construction duration and traffic interruption can be minimized, as well as in cast-in-place field applications. UHPC has several properties that make it a desirable material for this application. These properties include post-cracking tensile capacity, high compressive strength, high resistance to environmental and chemical attack, negligible permeability, negligible dry shrinkage when thermally cured, and the ability to self consolidate. The compatibility of this bridge deck overlay system was determined to minimize overlay thickness and dead load without sacrificing bond integrity or lose of protective capabilities. A parametric analysis was conducted using a 3D finite element model of a simply supported bridge under HS-20 truck and overload. Experimental tests were conducted to determine the net effect of UHPC volume change due to restrained shrinkage and tensile creep relaxation. The combined effects from numerical models and test results were then considered in determining the optimum overlay thickness for cast-in-place and precast applications.

Development of specifications for the superpave simple performance tests

This study describes the development and establishment of a proposed Simple Performance Test (SPT) specification in order to contribute to the asphalt materials technology in the state of Michigan. The properties and characteristic of materials, performance testing of specimens, and field analyses are used in developing draft SPT specifications. These advanced and more effective specifications should significantly improve the qualities of designed and constructed hot mix asphalt (HMA) leading to improvement in pavement life in Michigan. The objectives of this study include the following: 1) using the SPT, conduct a laboratory study to measure the parameters including the dynamic modulus terms (E*/sinϕ and E*) and the flow number (Fn) for typical Michigan HMA mixtures, 2) correlate the results of the laboratory study to field performance as they relate to flexible pavement performance (rutting, fatigue, and low temperature cracking), and 3) make recommendations for the SPT criteria at specific traffic levels (e.g. E3, E10, E30), including recommendations for a draft test specification for use in Michigan. The specification criteria of dynamic modulus were developed based upon field rutting performance and contractor warranty criteria.