Role of fibronectin in the adhesion of Acinetobacter baumannii to host cells.

Adhesion to host cells is an initial and important step in Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenesis. However, there is relatively little information on the mechanisms by which A. baumannii binds to and interacts with host cells. Adherence to extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin, affords pathogens with a mechanism to invade epithelial cells. Here, we found that A. baumannii adheres more avidly to immobilized fibronectin than to control protein. Free fibronectin used as a competitor resulted in dose-dependent decreased binding of A. baumannii to fibronectin. Three outer membrane preparations (OMPs) were identified as fibronectin binding proteins (FBPs): OMPA, TonB-dependent copper receptor, and 34 kDa OMP. Moreover, we demonstrated that fibronectin inhibition and neutralization by specific antibody prevented significantly the adhesion of A. baumannii to human lung epithelial cells (A549 cells). Similarly, A. baumannii OMPA neutralization by specific antibody decreased significantly the adhesion of A. baumannii to A549 cells. These data indicate that FBPs are key adhesins that mediate binding of A. baumannii to human lung epithelial cells through interaction with fibronectin on the surface of these host cells.

The infection of microvascular endothelial cells with ExoU-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa triggers the release of von Willebrand factor and platelet adhesion

An increased plasma concentration of von Willebrand factor (vWF) is detected in individuals with many infectious diseases and is accepted as a marker of endothelium activation and prothrombotic condition. To determine whether ExoU, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin with proinflammatory activity, enhances the release of vWF, microvascular endothelial cells were infected with the ExoU-producing PA103 P. aeruginosa strain or an exoU-deficient mutant. Significantly increased vWF concentrations were detected in conditioned medium and subendothelial extracellular matrix from cultures infected with the wild-type bacteria, as determined by enzyme-linked immunoassays. PA103-infected cells also released higher concentrations of procoagulant microparticles containing increased amounts of membrane-associated vWF, as determined by flow cytometric analyses of cell culture supernatants. Both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed that increased amounts of vWF were associated with cytoplasmic membranes from cells infected with the ExoU-producing bacteria. PA103-infected cultures exposed to platelet suspensions exhibited increased percentages of cells with platelet adhesion. Because no modulation of the vWF mRNA levels was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays in PA103-infected cells, ExoU is likely to have induced the release of vWF from cytoplasmic stores rather than vWF gene transcription. Such release is likely to modify the thromboresistance of microvascular endothelial cells.

Differential expression of the costimulatory molecules CD86, CD28, CD152 and PD-1 correlates with the host-parasite outcome in leprosy

Leprosy is a spectral disease exhibiting two polar sides, namely, lepromatous leprosy (LL) characterised by impaired T-cell responses and tuberculoid leprosy in which T-cell responses are strong. Proper T-cell activation requires signalling through costimulatory molecules expressed by antigen presenting cells and their ligands on T-cells. We studied the influence of costimulatory molecules on the immune responses of subjects along the leprosy spectrum. The expression of the costimulatory molecules was evaluated in in vitro-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of lepromatous and tuberculoid patients and healthy exposed individuals (contacts). We show that LL patients have defective monocyte CD86 expression, which likely contributes to the impairment of the antigen presentation process and to patients anergy. Accordingly, CD86 but not CD80 blockade inhibited the lymphoproliferative response to Mycobacterium leprae. Consistent with the LL anergy, there was reduced expression of the positive signalling costimulatory molecules CD28 and CD86 on the T-cells in these patients. In contrast, tuberculoid leprosy patients displayed increased expression of the negative signalling molecules CD152 and programmed death-1 (PD-1), which represents a probable means of modulating an exacerbated immune response and avoiding immunopathology. Notably, the contacts exhibited proper CD86 and CD28 expression but not exacerbated CD152 or PD-1 expression, suggesting that they tend to develop a balanced immunity without requiring immunosuppressive costimulatory signalling.

Fibronectin modulates thymocyte-thymic epithelial cell interactions following Trypanosoma cruzi infection

Developing thymocytes interact with thymic epithelial cells (TECs) through cell-cell interactions, TEC-derived secretory moieties and extracellular matrix (ECM)-mediated interactions. These physiological interactions are crucial for normal thymocyte differentiation, but can be disrupted in pathological situations. Indeed, there is severe thymic atrophy in animals acutely infected with Trypanosoma cruzi due to CD4+CD8+ thymocyte depletion secondary to caspase-mediated apoptosis, together with changes in ECM deposition and thymocyte migration. We studied an in vitro model of TEC infection by T. cruzi and found that infected TEC cultures show a reduced number of cells, which was likely associated with decreased proliferative capacity, but not with increased cell death, as demonstrated by bromodeoxyuridine and annexin-V labelling. The infected TEC cultures exhibited increased expression of fibronectin (FN), laminin (LM) and type IV collagen. Importantly, treatment with FN increased the relative number of infected cells, whereas treatment with anti-FN or anti-LM antibodies resulted in lower infection rates. Consistent with these data, we observed increased thymocyte adhesion to infected TEC cultures. Overall, these results suggest that ECM molecules, particularly FN, facilitate infection of the thymic epithelium and that the consequent enhancement of ECM expression might be associated with changes in TEC-thymocyte interactions.

Influence of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis14-3-3 and gp43 proteins on the induction of apoptosis in A549 epithelial cells

The fungal strain Paracoccidioides brasiliensisremains viable inside of epithelial cells and can induce apoptosis in this population. However, until now, the molecules that participate in this process remained unknown. Thus, this study evaluated the contribution of two P. brasiliensismolecules, the 14-3-3 and glycoprotein of 43 kDa proteins, which had been previously described as extracellular matrix adhesins and apoptosis inductors in human pneumocytes. Accordingly, epithelial cells were treated with these molecules for different periods of time and the expression of the apoptosis regulating-proteins Bak, Bax, Bcl-2, p53 and caspases were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling, flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Our results demonstrated that treatment with these molecules induces apoptosis signalling in pulmonary epithelial cells, showing the same pattern of programmed cell-death as that observed during infection with P. brasiliensis. Thus, we could conclude that P. brasiliensisuses these molecules as virulence factors that participate not only in the fungal adhesion process to host cells, but also in other important cellular mechanisms such as apoptosis.

SwissTargetPrediction: a web server for target prediction of bioactive small molecules.

Bioactive small molecules, such as drugs or metabolites, bind to proteins or other macro-molecular targets to modulate their activity, which in turn results in the observed phenotypic effects. For this reason, mapping the targets of bioactive small molecules is a key step toward unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying their bioactivity and predicting potential side effects or cross-reactivity. Recently, large datasets of protein-small molecule interactions have become available, providing a unique source of information for the development of knowledge-based approaches to computationally identify new targets for uncharacterized molecules or secondary targets for known molecules. Here, we introduce SwissTargetPrediction, a web server to accurately predict the targets of bioactive molecules based on a combination of 2D and 3D similarity measures with known ligands. Predictions can be carried out in five different organisms, and mapping predictions by homology within and between different species is enabled for close paralogs and orthologs. SwissTargetPrediction is accessible free of charge and without login requirement at http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch.

Effective stiffening of DNA due to nematic ordering causes DNA molecules packed in phage capsids to preferentially form torus knots.

Observation that DNA molecules in bacteriophage capsids preferentially form torus type of knots provided a sensitive gauge to evaluate various models of DNA arrangement in phage heads. Only models resulting in a preponderance of torus knots could be considered as close to reality. Recent studies revealed that experimentally observed enrichment of torus knots can be qualitatively reproduced in numerical simulations that include a potential inducing nematic arrangement of tightly packed DNA molecules within phage capsids. Here, we investigate what aspects of the nematic arrangement are crucial for inducing formation of torus knots. Our results indicate that the effective stiffening of DNA by the nematic arrangement not only promotes knotting in general but is also the decisive factor in promoting formation of DNA torus knots in phage capsids.

Selective inhibition of CTL activation by a dipalmitoyl-phospholipid that prevents the recruitment of signaling molecules to lipid rafts.

Antigen-specific T-cell activation implicates a redistribution of plasma membrane-bound molecules in lipid rafts, such as the coreceptors CD8 and CD4, the Src kinases Lek and Fyn, and the linker for activation of T cells (LAT), that results in the formation of signaling complexes. These molecules partition in lipid rafts because of palmitoylation of cytoplasmic, membrane proximal cysteines, which is essential for their functional integrity in T-cell activation. Here, we show that exogenous dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), but not the related unsaturated dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), partitions in lipid rafts. DPPE inhibits activation of CD8(+) T lymphocytes by sensitized syngeneic antigen-presenting cells or specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) peptide tetramers, as indicated by esterase release and intracellular calcium mobilization. Cytotoxic, T lymphocyte (CTL)-target cell conjugate formation is not affected by DPPE, indicating that engagement of the T-cell receptor by its cognate ligand is intact in lipid-treated cells. In contrast to other agents known to block raft-dependent signaling, DPPE efficiently inhibits the MHC peptide-induced recruitment of palmitoylated signaling molecules to lipid rafts and CTL activation without affecting cell viability or lipid raft integrity.

The HVEM network: new directions in targeting novel costimulatory/co-inhibitory molecules for cancer therapy.

The regulation of the immune system is controlled by many cell surface receptors. A prominent representative is the 'molecular switch' HVEM (herpes virus entry mediator) that can activate either proinflammatory or inhibitory signaling pathways. HVEM ligands belong to two distinct families: the TNF-related cytokines LIGHT and lymphotoxin-α, and the Ig-related membrane proteins BTLA and CD160. HVEM and its ligands have been involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, but recent reports indicate that this network may also be involved in tumor progression and resistance to immune response. Here we summarize the recent advances made regarding the knowledge on HVEM and its ligands in cancer cells, and their potential roles in tumor progression and escape to immune responses. Blockade or enhancement of these pathways may help improving cancer therapy.

Thy-1-mediated cell-cell contact induces astrocyte migration through the engagement of αVβ3 integrin and syndecan-4.

Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix proteins occurs through interactions with integrins that bind to Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptides, and syndecan-4, which recognizes the heparin-binding domain of other proteins. Both receptors trigger signaling pathways, including those that activate RhoGTPases such as RhoA and Rac1. This sequence of events modulates cell adhesion to the ECM and cell migration. Using a neuron-astrocyte model, we have reported that the neuronal protein Thy-1 engages αVβ3 integrin and syndecan-4 to induce RhoA activation and strong astrocyte adhesion to their underlying substrate. Thus, because cell-cell interactions and strong cell attachment to the matrix are considered antagonistic to cell migration, we hypothesized that Thy-1 stimulation of astrocytes should preclude cell migration. Here, we studied the effect of Thy-1 expressing neurons on astrocyte polarization and migration using a wound-healing assay and immunofluorescence analysis. Signaling molecules involved were studied by affinity precipitation, western blotting and the usage of specific antibodies. Intriguingly, Thy-1 interaction with its two receptors was found to increase astrocyte polarization and migration. The latter events required interactions of these receptors with both the RGD-like sequence and the heparin-binding domain of Thy-1. Additionally, prolonged Thy-1-receptor interactions inhibited RhoA activation while activating FAK, PI3K and Rac1. Therefore, sustained engagement of integrin and syndecan-4 with the neuronal surface protein Thy-1 induces astrocyte migration. Interestingly we identify here, a cell-cell interaction that despite initially inducing strong cell attachment, favors cell migration upon persistent stimulation by engaging the same signaling receptors and molecules as those utilized by the extracellular matrix proteins to stimulate cell movement.

The neuronal adhesion protein D2 in differentiating aggregates of brain cells.

The D2-protein is a high molecular weight protein involved in interneuronal adhesion. The concentration of D2-protein was measured both in aggregates of fetal rat telencephalic cells cultured in a chemically defined medium and in developing forebrain. Both the concentration of the D2-protein and the degree of sialylation were changed in the cultures in parallel with the corresponding values obtained from postnatal forebrain. In the cultures the highest specific concentration of D2-protein was observed after 12 days in culture. This value was 2.7 times higher than the average value of adult rat forebrain. Antibodies to D2-protein have previously been shown to inhibit fasciculation of neuritic fibers extending from cultured explants of sympathetic ganglia. We investigated the effect of such antibodies on the differentiation of aggregating telencephalic cells. By adding surplus antibodies to the cultures from day 11 to day 16 we were able to decrease the specific concentration of D2-protein on the neurons by 53% measured at day 19. The decrease was not compensated fully even after further 10 days in the culture. Although the concentration of D2-protein was decreased during the period of synaptogenesis no change was found in the specific concentration of a marker of mature synapses, the D3-protein. Thus, in this culture system synaptogenesis could proceed to an unimpaired extent in the presence of a decreased concentration of a putatively involved adhesion molecule. However, the specific concentration of two markers of myelination, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and myelin basic protein, were both increased, suggesting an antibody-induced stimulation of myelination in the cultured aggregates.

A systematic and feasible method for computing nuclear contributions to electrical properties of polyatomic molecules

An analytic method to evaluate nuclear contributions to electrical properties of polyatomic molecules is presented. Such contributions control changes induced by an electric field on equilibrium geometry (nuclear relaxation contribution) and vibrational motion (vibrational contribution) of a molecular system. Expressions to compute the nuclear contributions have been derived from a power series expansion of the potential energy. These contributions to the electrical properties are given in terms of energy derivatives with respect to normal coordinates, electric field intensity or both. Only one calculation of such derivatives at the field-free equilibrium geometry is required. To show the useful efficiency of the analytical evaluation of electrical properties (the so-called AEEP method), results for calculations on water and pyridine at the SCF/TZ2P and the MP2/TZ2P levels of theory are reported. The results obtained are compared with previous theoretical calculations and with experimental values

Régulation du processus métastatique tumoral par l'oxyde nitrique (NO), le TGF-β el les cellules de l'hôte

RESUME Nous avons étudié le rôle de deux molécules, le Transfon-ning Growth Factor (TGF-β) et l'oxyde nitrique (NO), dans le processus métastatique. Deux clones tumoraux ont été sélectionnés à partir d'un carcinome du côlon pour leur différence de potentiel tumorigénique dans des rats syngéniques. La croissance tumorale du clone progressif PROb a été corrélée à sa capacité à sécréter le TGF-β actif Cependant, la transfection du clone régressif REGb, sécrétant du TGF-β latent, par une vecteur codant pour le TGF-β bio-actif n'a pas permis d'induire le développement tumoral. Les deux clones tumoraux présentent des activités des protéases MMP-2, APN et DPPIV identiques et qui ne semblent pas modifiées par le TGF-β. L'interaction des cellules tumorales avec l'endothélium et l'activité de la NO synthase (iNOS) responsable de la synthèse de NO sont impliqués dans la progression de nombreux cancers. Le clone PROb, mais pas le clone REGb, inhibe l'activation de la iNOS des cellules endothéliales par sa sécrétion de TGF-β actif Les deux clones montrent cependant des propriétés d'adhésion identiques aux cellules endothéliales et sont capables d'inhiber par contact cellulaire direct l'activation de la iNOS endothéliale. Ceci suggère que ces contacts directs pourraient créer un micro-environnement favorable à la conversion du TGF-β latent en TGF-β actif ou à d'autres interactions moléculaires pouvant réguler l'activation endothéliale. Par ailleurs, les deux clones activent des macrophages du système nerveux central, organe où ils ne forment pas de métastases, mais pas les macrophages circulants, illustrant des mécanismes différentiels et spécifiques dans l'activation de différents types de cellules immunitaires. Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle du NO dans la dissémination métastatique, deux clones cellulaires différant par le taux d'activité de la iNOS ont été sélectionnés à partir de la lignée murine parentale de carcinome du sein EMT-6. Bien que le NO soit un inhibiteur potentiel de la prolifération cellulaire, les deux clones montrent des propriétés prolifératives identiques in vitro. Les cellules EMT-6H qui produisent peu de NO in vitro forment de nombreux nodules tumoraux pulmonaires in vivo corrélés à une mortalité significative des souris syngéniques injectées. Les cellules EMT-6J qui présentent une expression élevée de iNOS et de NO induisent de rares nodules tumoraux pulmonaires et peu de mortalité. Dans ce modèle, l'expression tumorale de NO semble donc défavoriser la croissance tumorale. Les deux clones cellulaires ont des propriétés identiques d'adhésion et de prolifération mesurées in vitro sur des cellules endothéliales primaires isolées de différents organes et in vivo par une colocalisation identique dans les poumons de souris syngéniques 48h après leur injection. Les cellules EMT-6H présentent une activité MMP-2 plus élevée alors que les activités des protéases APN et DPPIV sont identiques dans les deux clones cellulaires. Le TGF-β soluble ainsi que les fibroblastes primaires bloquent la prolifération des deux clones cellulaires. Cependant, l'activation préalable des fibroblastes par du TGF-β restaure partiellement la prolifération du clone EMT-6H mais pas celle du clone EMT-6J. Ces résultats montrent que le rôle de molécules telles que le TGF-β et le NO tumoral dans la progression tumorale doit être considéré dans un contexte d'interactions des cellules tumorales avec les différentes types cellulaires de l'hôte: en particulier, notre travail souligne que les macrophages et les fibroblastes sont déterminants dans la progression métastatique des carcinomes du côlon ou du sein. RESUME DESTINE A UN LARGE PUBLIC Les métastases tumorales, disséminées et intraitables par chirurgie, représentent un problème majeur dans le traitement clinique du cancer. Elles sont dues à des cellules tumorales qui ont migré de leur site tumoral primaire, circulé et survécu dans le système vasculaire de l'hôte, échappé au système immunitaire, adhéré à et survécu sur l'endothélium des vaisseaux, et envahi le tissu sous-jacent où elles ont proliféré. Cette capacité à former des métastases implique de nombreux facteurs dont certains ont été identifiés mais dont le rôle reste controversé dans les différentes études. Nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de l'oxyde nitrique (NO) et du facteur de croissance et de transformation cellulaire TGF-β. Dans les carcinomes du sein, l'expression des enzymes responsables de la synthèse de NO a été corrélée avec l'invasion tumorale mais aussi avec un pronostic favorable selon les études. Deux clones cellulaires ont été isolés à partir de la tumeur mammaire EMT-6 chez la souris. Le clone EMT-6H sécrète peu de NO et forme de nombreuses tumeurs dans les poumons des souris *entraînant leur décès. Le clone EMT-6J sécrète beaucoup de NO et ne se développe que peu dans les poumons. Dans ce modèle expérimental, le NO semble donc défavoriser la croissance tumorale. L'analyse des interactions avec les cellules de l'hôte rencontrées lors de la formation de métastases pulmonaires a montré que les deux clones cellulaires adhérent et prolifèrent de manière similaire sur les cellules endothéliales tapissant l'intérieur des vaisseaux sanguins. L'arrêt des cellules tumorales dans les poumons ne permet donc pas d'expliquer la différence de croissance tumorale. Cependant, le clone agressif EMT-6H présente une activité élevée d'une protéase (MMP-2) qui lui permettrait par la suite d'envahir le tissu pulmonaire. Par ailleurs, l'activation des fibroblastes du tissu pulmonaire par le TGF-β, une molécule observée dans des conditions inflammatoires, permet au clone agressif EMT-6H de proliférer mais inhibe la croissance du clone EMT-6J. Dans un modèle expérimental de carcinome du côlon, le TGF-β est considéré favorable à la croissance tumorale. Isolées à partir de la même tumeur initiale, deux lignées de cellules ont des comportements opposés lorsqu'elles sont injectées sous la peau des rats. La capacité de la lignée PROb à former des tumeurs a été corrélée à la sécrétion de TGF-β actif L'introduction du gène codant pour le TGF-β actif dans la lignée REGb, qui ne sécrète pas de TGF-β actif et ne forme pas de tumeurs chez le rat, ne restaure pas leur potentiel tumorigénique. Dans ce modèle, l'expression de TGF-β actif ne semble donc pas suffisante à la croissance tumorale. Les interactions avec différents types cellulaires de l'hôte ont été étudiées. Les deux lignées tumorales adhérent de manière similaire sur les cellules endothéliales et sont capables d'inhiber leur activation, un mécanisme qui pourrait participer à la destruction. Les deux lignées activent les cellules immunitaires du système nerveux central, un organe où elles ne forment pas de métastase. Ces résultats suggèrent que la sélection des cellules métastatiques ne s'effectue pas sur l'endothélium des vaisseaux sanguins mais à des étapes ultérieures dans le micro- environnement cellulaire du nouvel organe colonisé. SUMMARY Metastasis results from the migration of tumor cells from their primary tumor, circulation through the bloodstream, attachment to the endothelium, and invasion of the surrounding tissue where they create a microenvironnement favoring their growth. This multistep process implies various cellular interactions and molecules. Among those, we were interested in the role of the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) and the nitric oxide (NO). Two cell lines were isolated from a rat colon tumor and assessed for their metastatic potential in vivo. The PROb cell line that expresses active TGF-β formed subcutaneous tumors in rats while the REGb cell line that expresses only latent TGF-β did not. Transfection of REGb cells with a plasmid encoding for the active form of TGF-β failed to restore their metastatic ability. Thus TGF-β secretion is not sufficient to induce colon carcinoma progression. Activities of various proteases such as APN, DPPIV and MMP were similar in both cell lines and were not regulated by TGF-β. Interactions with the endothelium as well as NO synthase activity (iNOS) and local NO concentrations are believed to be crucial steps in cancer metastasis. Coculture of the two clones with endothelial cells inhibited the cytokine-triggered activation of the iNOS enzyme in primary rat endothelial cells but only PROb cells were capable of increasing the expression of IL-6, a protumoral interleukin that may participate in the impairment of the anti-tumoral immune response of the host. Both cell lines exhibited potential to activate microglial cells but not bone marrow-derived macrophages, pointing to a differential regulation of specialized immune cells. To better understand the conflicting role of NO in breast cancer progression, two cell clones were selected from the murine tumorigenic cell line EMT-6 based on their iNOS activity and NO secretion. Although NO has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, the two cell clones exhibited similar proliferation rates in vitro. The EMT-6H cells expressed little NO and grew actively in the lungs of syngenic mice, leading to their death. Opposite results were observed with the EMT-6J cells. In these in vivo conditions, NO seems to impair tumor growth. Both clones exhibited similar in vitro adhesive properties to primary endothelial cells isolated from various mouse organs and similar localization in the lungs of mice 48 hours after injection. Sustained metalloproteinase MMP-2 activity was detected in the tumorigenic EMT-6H clone, but not in the EMT-6J cells while other proteases such as APN and DPPIV showed no difference. These results suggested that the two clones differed in invasion steps following adhesion to the endothelium and that NO did not participate in previous steps. Consistent with this, both soluble TGF-β and supernatants of cultures of mouse primary lung fibroblasts inhibited the growth of the two clones. However, previous activation of these fibroblasts with TGF-β restored the growth of the tumorigenic EMT-6H cells, but not of EMT-6J cells. Altogether, these results indicate that the role of a given molecule, such as NO or TGF-β, must be considered in a context of interaction of tumor cells with host cells. They further imply that interaction of tumor cells with specialized immune cells and with stromal cells of the colonized organ, rather than with the endothelium, are critical in regulating metastasis.