DUNS ESCOTO E A VERDADE NAS COISAS: UM ESTUDO DE "QUESTÕES SOBRE A METAFÍSICA" VI, Q.3

No livro VI de suas "Questões sobre a Metafísica", João Duns Escoto desenvolve um complexo estudo sobre a verdade. Para tanto, ele distingue dois modos de verdade: a "verdade na coisa" e a "verdade no intelecto". Pretendo aqui me voltar para a primeira dessas duas noções, interpretando uma curta passagem daquela obra à luz de outros textos do Doutor Sutil – um procedimento sugerido por aquelas próprias questões.

ICT-alan tarvekartoitus 2011 : Yhteenveto työvoiman ja koulutuksen tarvetutkimuksen ja C&Q-osaamistarvekartoituksen haastatteluista

Kainuun ELY-keskus ja alueen TE-toimistot yhdessä Kainuun ammattiopiston kanssa kartoittivat kainuulaisten ICT-alan yritysten työvoima-, koulutus- ja osaamistarpeita sekä toimialan kehitysnäkymiä. Työvoiman ja koulutuksen tarvetutkimuksen (TKTT) haastatteluja tehtiin alkusyksyn 2011 aikana yhteensä 21 yrityksessä. Näistä 16 tehtiin samanaikaisesti C&Q-profession osaamistarvekartoitus. Kyselyjen tuloksia käsiteltiin lokakuussa järjestetyssä asiantuntijaraadissa. Haastatelluista yrityksistä näyttää löytyvän kasvuhalukkuutta. Paitsi että yritykset ilmoittivat olevansa kasvuhakuisia, niin 15 yritystä 21:stä arvioi henkilöstömääränsä kasvavan seuraavan vuoden aikana. Yritykset työllistivät haastatteluhetkellä yhteensä 715 henkeä. Niiden yhteenlasketun henkilöstömäärän arvioitiin seuraavan vuoden aikana kasvavan yhteensä 65 hengellä eli 9,1 %. Suomen talouden epävarmoista kehitysnäkymistä huolimatta kainuulaisten ICT-alan yritysten suhdanneodotukset vuodeksi eteenpäin olivat positiiviset. Tarkempia suunnitelmia rekrytoida uutta työvoimaa oli kymmenellä yrityksellä. Heti tai vuoden kuluessa oli tarvetta palkata yhteensä 28 henkilöä. Eniten oli tarvetta atk-suunnittelijoille, joko ohjelmoijiksi tai ohjelmistosuunnittelijoiksi. Yrityksissä oli lisäksi kysyntää alan insinööreille ja teknikoille ja myös myyntitehtäviin haettiin osaajia. Työvoiman tarve on kasvussa myös pidemmällä tähtäimellä. Kyselyn perusteella työvoiman saatavuudessa ICT-alalla ei ainakaan vielä näytä olevan suuria ongelmia. ICT-alan kehitys on nopeaa ja alalla on osattava soveltaa teknologiaa asiakkaiden monenlaisiin tarpeisiin. Alan ammattilaisten tärkeintä osaamista on oman alansa asiantuntijuus. Yritykset nostivat muiksi tärkeiksi kvalifikaatioiksi muun muassa toimialan teknisen kehityksen seuraamisen ja ajantasaisen osaamisen varmistamisen sekä ennakoivan ajattelu- ja toimintatavan. Nykyisen osaamisen lisäksi yritysten henkilökunnalla pitäisi olla enemmän vuorovaikutus-, viestintä- ja kommunikointitaitoja sekä asiakaspalveluun liittyviä taitoja. Muutoksia osaamistarpeisiin tuo esimerkiksi ohjelmistosuunnittelun ja sovellusten käytön siirtyminen mobiilialustoille ja ns. pilvipalveluihin. Yrityksillä oli monenlaisia koulutustarpeita nykyiselle henkilöstölle. Asiantuntijaraadissa eri tarpeet yhdistettiin seuraavanlaisiksi koulutuskokonaisuuksiksi: ohjelmointi ja projektiosaaminen, tuotanto ja kielikoulutus, myynti ja markkinointi, asiakastarpeiden kartoitus ja tuotekehitys sekä esimiesosaaminen. Alan yritysten yhteistyön tiivistäminen muun muassa IT-poolin kautta nähtiin edelleen tarpeellisena. Yhteistyöhön oppilaitosten kanssa esimerkiksi työharjoittelujen suhteen oltiin pääasiassa tyytyväisiä. Oppilaitoksista valmistuneilla nähtiin olevan perusvalmiudet kutakuinkin kohdallaan. Puutteita oli projektityöskentelyvalmiuksissa ja projektinhallintataidoissa, ohjelmistotekniikan prosessikokonaisuuksien hallinnassa, tietokantapalvelujen tekniikan suunnittelussa sekä tiimityöskentelytaidoissa.

Kaivannaisalan tarvekartoitus 2012 : Yhteenveto työvoiman ja koulutuksen tarvetutkimuksen ja C&Q-osaamistarvekartoituksen haastatteluista

Kainuun ELY-keskus ja alueen TE-toimistot kartoittivat yhdessä Kainuun ammattiopiston ja Kajaanin ammattikorkeakoulun kanssa kaivannaisalalla toimivien yritysten työvoima-, koulutus- ja osaamistarpeita sekä alan kehitysnäkymiä. Alkuvuodesta 2012 tehtyjen haastattelujen kohteena olivat kaivos- ja luonnonkiviteollisuuden yritykset sekä kaivosteollisuuden urakoitsijat. Työvoiman ja koulutuksen tarvekartoitusta (TKTT) varten haastateltiin 22 yritystä, joista osassa tehtiin samanaikaisesti C&Q-osaamistarvekartoitus. Kainuussa on viime vuosina koettu kaivosbuumi. Kaivannaistoiminnan liikevaihto ja henkilöstön määrä ovat kasvaneet voimakkaasti. Haastatellut yritykset arvioivat alan suhdannetilanteen ja näkymät vuodeksi eteenpäin valoisiksi. Yrityksissä on kasvuhalukkuutta ja 12 yritystä 22:sta arvioikin henkilöstömääränsä kasvavan seuraavan vuoden aikana. Yritykset työllistivät haastatteluhetkellä Kainuun toimipaikoissa 888 henkilöä ja niiden yhteenlasketun henkilöstömäärän arvioitiin seuraavan vuoden aikana kasvavan yhteensä 139 hengellä eli 15,7 %. Työvoimantarve yrityksissä on kasvussa myös pidemmällä tähtäimellä. Yritykset ilmoittivat tarkemmin yhteensä 100 henkilön lisäystarpeesta heti tai vuoden kuluessa. Eniten kysyntää oli kenttäoperaattoreille, koneenasentajille, maarakennuskoneiden kuljettajille ja muovihitsaajille. Myös eri alojen insinöörejä ja teknikkoja haettiin työnjohto- ja asiantuntijatehtäviin. Työvoiman saatavuudessa on kaivosalalla jonkin verran ongelmia. Tässä selvityksessä yleisimmäksi rekrytointion¬gelman syyksi nousi työnhakijoiden riittämätön työkokemus. Keskeisimpänä muutoksena kaivosalalla on teknologian kehittyminen, mikä näkyy muun muassa tietotekniikan lisääntymisenä työkoneissa. Työssä vaaditaan nykyisin tietoteknisiä taitoja ja kunnossapito-osaamista. Työnantajat nostivat tärkeiksi osaamisvaatimuksiksi myös monia työntekijöiden henkilökohtaisiin ominaisuuksiin ja asenteisiin liittyviä tekijöitä, kuten joustavuuden työorganisaation tarpeista lähtien sekä oma-aloitteisuuden ja itsenäisen otteen työhön. Tulevaisuudessa arvioidaan tarvittavan nykyistä enemmän ympäristöosaamista sekä maarakennukseen ja maanmittaukseen liittyvää osaamista. Yritysten nykyiselle henkilöstölle ilmeni koulutustarpeita muun muassa sähköalan, panostajan sekä työnjohto- ja esimieskoulutuksiin. Yrityksissä oli myös tarpeita erilaisille korttikoulutuksille ja muille lyhytkoulutuksille.

Porous silicon optical filters in gas sensing applications

In this thesis, the gas sensing properties of porous silicon-based thin-film optical filters are explored. The effects of surface chemistry on the adsorption and desorption of various gases are studied in detail. Special emphasis is placed on investigating thermal carbonization as a stabilization method for optical sensing applications. Moreover, the possibility of utilizing the increased electrical conductivity of thermally carbonized porous silicon for implementing a multiparametric gas sensor, which would enable simultaneous monitoring of electrical and optical parameters, is investigated. In addition, different porous silicon-based optical filter-structures are prepared, and their properties in sensing applications are evaluated and compared. First and foremost, thermal carbonization is established as a viable method to stabilize porous silicon optical filters for chemical sensing applications. Furthermore, a multiparametric sensor, which can be used for increasing selectivity in gas sensing, is also demonstrated. Methods to improve spectral quality in multistopband mesoporous silicon rugate filters are studied, and structural effects to gas sorption kinetics are evaluated. Finally, the stability of thermally carbonized optical filters in basic environments is found to be superior in comparison to other surface chemistries currently available for porous silicon. The results presented in this thesis are of particular interest for developing novel reliable sensing systems based on porous silicon, e.g., label-free optical biosensors.

Conventional and nonconventional Kramers-Kronig analysis in optical spectroscopy

This Master’s Thesis is dedicated to the investigation and testing conventional and nonconventional Kramers-Kronig relations on simulated and experimentally measured spectra. It is done for both linear and nonlinear optical spectral data. Big part of attention is paid to the new method of obtaining complex refractive index from a transmittance spectrum without direct information of the sample thickness. The latter method is coupled with terahertz tome-domain spectroscopy and Kramers-Kronig analysis applied for testing the validity of complex refractive index. In this research precision of data inversion is evaluated by root-mean square error. Testing of methods is made over different spectral range and implementation of this methods in future is considered.

Leaf optical properties of two liana species Canavalia parviflora Benth. and Gouania virgata Reissk in different light conditions

Lianas are plants that depend on support to reach some appreciable height, and they represent an important structural component of tropical forests. Although they predominate in clearings and gaps, some species survive in the understory. Changes in irradiance between these environments can affect leaf morphology and absorption of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). We had examined the effects of different light regimes on leaf optical properties, chlorophyll content, specific leaf area, and leaf surface morphology in young seedlings of Canavalia parviflora Benth. (Fabaceae) and Gouania virgata Reissk (Rhamnaceae). The seedlings were distributed on workbenches covered by different layers of neutral shade netting, thus creating three levels of light intensity corresponding to about 40%, 10% and 1.5% of solar irradiance. Plants growing in full sun were used as a control. Both species exhibited an increase in reflectance in full sun and alterations in leaf morphology. Reduction in irradiance induced an increase in absorptance (decrease in reflectance and transmittance) in C. parviflora leaves in the green due to higher chlorophyll content. In G. virgata the spectral leaf changes were less observable. However, the efficiency of absorption was more pronounced in G. virgata than in C. parviflora leaves under 40%, 10% and 1.5% photon flux density (PFD). The greater efficiency of absorption in G. virgata was due to a larger specific leaf area (SLA) under these conditions. The adjustments in leaf optical properties can aid these species in overall carbon gain under limited light conditions.

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Measuring higher order optical aberrations of the human eye: techniques and applications

In the present paper we discuss the development of "wave-front", an instrument for determining the lower and higher optical aberrations of the human eye. We also discuss the advantages that such instrumentation and techniques might bring to the ophthalmology professional of the 21st century. By shining a small light spot on the retina of subjects and observing the light that is reflected back from within the eye, we are able to quantitatively determine the amount of lower order aberrations (astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia) and higher order aberrations (coma, spherical aberration, etc.). We have measured artificial eyes with calibrated ametropia ranging from +5 to -5 D, with and without 2 D astigmatism with axis at 45º and 90º. We used a device known as the Hartmann-Shack (HS) sensor, originally developed for measuring the optical aberrations of optical instruments and general refracting surfaces in astronomical telescopes. The HS sensor sends information to a computer software for decomposition of wave-front aberrations into a set of Zernike polynomials. These polynomials have special mathematical properties and are more suitable in this case than the traditional Seidel polynomials. We have demonstrated that this technique is more precise than conventional autorefraction, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 0.1 µm for a 4-mm diameter pupil. In terms of dioptric power this represents an RMSE error of less than 0.04 D and 5º for the axis. This precision is sufficient for customized corneal ablations, among other applications.

Optical spectroscopy of organic material based on C60

The structure and optical properties of thin films based on C60 materials are studied. Reproducible vacuum method of thin fullerene films production with Cd impurity on Si, glass and mica surfaces is developed. Surface morphology of the films are investigated by AFM and SEM methods. The ab initio quantum - chemical calculations of the geometry, total energy and excited energy states of complex fullerene- cadmium telluride supramolecules are performed. Photoluminescence spectra of composite thin films based on C60 before and after X-ray irradiation were measured. The intensity of additional peaks is defined as the charge composition due to the type of substrate. These results are interpreted as an appearance of the dipole-allowed transitions in the fullerene excited singlet states spectrum cause of an interference with cadmium telluride. X-ray irradiated films were investigated, and additional peaks in photoluminescence spectra were detected. These peaks appear as a result of molecular complexes formation from C60CdTe mixture and dimerization of the films. Density functional B3LYP quantum-chemical calculations for C60CdTe, molecular complexes, (C60)2 and C120O dimers were performed to elucidate some experimental results.

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Brain tissue segmentation using q-entropy in multiple sclerosis magnetic resonance images

The loss of brain volume has been used as a marker of tissue destruction and can be used as an index of the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. In the present study, we tested a new method for tissue segmentation based on pixel intensity threshold using generalized Tsallis entropy to determine a statistical segmentation parameter for each single class of brain tissue. We compared the performance of this method using a range of different q parameters and found a different optimal q parameter for white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. Our results support the conclusion that the differences in structural correlations and scale invariant similarities present in each tissue class can be accessed by generalized Tsallis entropy, obtaining the intensity limits for these tissue class separations. In order to test this method, we used it for analysis of brain magnetic resonance images of 43 patients and 10 healthy controls matched for gender and age. The values found for the entropic q index were 0.2 for cerebrospinal fluid, 0.1 for white matter and 1.5 for gray matter. With this algorithm, we could detect an annual loss of 0.98% for the patients, in agreement with literature data. Thus, we can conclude that the entropy of Tsallis adds advantages to the process of automatic target segmentation of tissue classes, which had not been demonstrated previously.

Optical coherence tomography imaging of the basal ganglia: feasibility and brief review

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising medical imaging technique that uses light to capture real-time cross-sectional images from biological tissues in micrometer resolution. Commercially available optical coherence tomography systems are employed in diverse applications, including art conservation and diagnostic medicine, notably in cardiology and ophthalmology. Application of this technology in the brain may enable distinction between white matter and gray matter, and obtainment of detailed images from within the encephalon. We present, herein, the in vivo implementation of OCT imaging in the rat brain striatum. For this, two male 60-day-old rats (Rattus norvegicus, Albinus variation, Wistar) were stereotactically implanted with guide cannulas into the striatum to guide a 2.7-French diameter high-definition OCT imaging catheter (Dragonfly™, St. Jude Medical, USA). Obtained images were compared with corresponding histologically stained sections to collect imaging samples. A brief analysis of OCT technology and its current applications is also reported, as well as intra-cerebral OCT feasibility on brain mapping during neurosurgical procedures.

Survey on ochratoxin A in Brazilian green coffee destined for exports

The presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in foods has led some countries to establish regulatory limits. Although coffee is not a major source of OTA in human consumption, the European Community (EC) may establish limits in the near future, with possible economic impact on producing countries. This study measured the OTA content with HPLC in 37 samples of Brazilian green coffee exclusive destined to the export market and also verified a possible relation between coffee defects and OTA content. The results showed an OTA concentration ranging from < 0.16ng/g (detection limit) to 6.24ng/g (average of 3.20ng/g) for 37 samples. Of the five samples observed for defects, toxin content of sound beans ranged from 0.22 to 0.80ng/g (average 0.46ng/g) and of defective beans from 0.42 to 17.46 (average 4.52ng/g). Morphological differences among sound and defective beans showed no susceptibility for mould invasion under optical microscopy observation. One black bean depicted the presence of mould and spores on observation under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). According to this investigation, Brazilian green coffee for export complies with most limits in place.

Photon Upconverting Nanophosphors: Unique Reporters for Optical Biosensing

Upconversion photoluminescence is a unique property of mostly certain inorganic materials, which are capable of converting low-energy infrared radiation into a higher-energy emission at visible wavelengths. This anti-Stokes shift enables luminescence detection without autofluorescence, which makes the upconverting materials a highly suitable reporter technology for optical biosensing applications. Furthermore, they exhibit long luminescence lifetime with narrow bandwidths also at the optical window of biomaterials enabling luminescence measurements in challenging sample matrices, such as whole blood. The aim of this thesis was to study the unique properties and the applicability of nano-sized upconverting phosphors (UCNPs) as reporters in biosensing applications. To render the inorganic nanophosphors water-dispersible and biocompatible, they were subjected to a series of surface modifications starting with silica-encapsulation and ending with a bioconjugation step with an analyte-recognizing biomolecule. The paramagnetism of the lanthanide dopants in the nanophosphors was exploited to develop a highly selective separation method for the UCNP-bioconjugates based on the magnetic selectivity of the high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) system. The applicability of the nano-sized UCNPs as reporters in challenging sample matrices was demonstrated in two homogeneous sensing applications based on upconversion resonance energy transfer (UC-RET). A chemosensor for intracellular pH was developed exploiting UC-RET between the UCNP and a fluorogenic pH-sensitive dye with strongly increasing fluorescence intensity in decreasing pH. The pH-independent emission of the UCNPs at 550 nm was used for referencing. The applicability of the pH-nanosensor for intracellular pH measurement was tested in HeLa cells, and the acidic pH of endosomes could be detected with a confocal fluorescence microscope. Furthermore, a competitive UC-RET-based assay for red blood cell folic acid was developed for the measurement of folate directly from a whole blood sample. The optically transparent window of biomaterials was used in both the excitation and the measurement of the UC-RET sensitized emission of a near-infrared acceptor dye to minimize sample absorption, and the anti-Stokes detection completely eliminated the Stokes-shifted autofluorescence. The upconversion photoluminescence efficiency is known to be dependent on crystallite size, because the increasing surface-to-volume ratio of nano-sized UCNPs renders them more susceptible to quenching effects of the environment than their bulk counterpart. Water is known to efficiently quench the luminescence of lanthanide dopants. In this thesis, the quenching mechanism of water was studied using luminescence decay measurements. Water was found to quench the luminescence of UCNPs by increasing the non-radiative relaxation of the excited state of Yb3+ sensitizer ion, which had a very strong quenching effect on upconversion luminescence intensity.