984 resultados para X-rays: individual (SWIFT J195509.6 261406)


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Sugarcane spirit extracts of six different Brazilian woods for potential use in manufacturing aging casks were compared with similar extracts of five oak samples from different geographic origin and heat treatment regarding: (1) content of phenolics and copper; (2) radical reducing capacity and reactivity toward 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH center dot); and (3) effect on the rate of oxygen depletion rate in a peroxidating lipid model system. Total phenolic contents of the Brazilian wood extracts ranged from 0.65 (canela-sassafras) to 6.4 (jatoba) mmol(GAE) L(-1) and from 1.39 to 2.87 mmol(GAE) L(-1) for oak extracts. Flavonoids ranged from 1.54 x 10(-4) (ipe) to 6.5 x 10(-2) (oak) mmol(rutin) L(-1), and tannins from below the detection limit to 0.22 (jatoba) mmol(tannic acid) L(-1). Correlation was observed for the antioxidant capacity versus phenolics/flavonoids/tannins content, where oak extracts exhibit the highest radical scavenging capacity compared to Brazilian woods. Rate constant for radical scavenging by the extracts ranged from 4.9 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1)(canela-sassafras) to 9.7 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (oak). The oxygen consumption index showed the Brazilian woods amendoim and jatoba to be more efficient inhibitors than the oak extracts for lipid autoxidation initiated by metmyoglobin, despite that the oak extracts seem to be more efficient to scavenge DPPH center dot. No simple correlation with phenolics or copper content could be established, and a prooxidative tendency was observed for the extracts of canela-sassafras, castanheira, and louro-canela.

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No presente trabalho, estudou-se o efeito inibidor do silicato de sódio na corrosão de uma liga de AI-Mg-Si em meio arejado e desarejado, contendo quantidades variadas de Ion cloreto no pW = 10,O . Nos diferentes tipos de ensaios realizados, tais como, traçado de curvas de polarização, ensaios galvanostáticos e com par galvânico, utilizou-se corpos de prova anodizados ou polidos. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que 1 g/l de silicato de sódio neutro de composição Na2O : 3.3 SiO2, demonstrou total efeito inibidor da corrosão da liga de A1-Mg-Si, em solução contendo até 60 p.p.m. de NaC1. Em concentrações de 1060 p.p,m. e maiores de NaC1, o silicato mostrou apenas efeito retardador da corrosão, com diminuição da incidência de pites. A análise dos produtos de corrosão, formadas sobre a superficie dos pites, feita usando-se raio-X e espectroscopia de infravermelho, mostrou que esses produtos têm estrutura amorfa e contêm silicato e grupos hidroxila. Finalmente, medidas de capacitância da dupla camada, confirmaram a existência de uma película que se forma sobre a superfície da liga de alumínio, quando em solução de silicato.

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O trabalho consta do estudo do meio físico geotécnico do município de Porto Alegre visando a identificação e caracterização de unidades geotécnias, formadas por associações de solos com características físico-morfológicas e origem semelhantes. As unidades geotécnicas são definidas por um estudo de escritório baseado em levantamentos geológicos, pedológicos, topográficos e geográficos e também com o auxílio de fotografias aéreas, acompanhado de uma investigação de campo com a amostragem de perfis das diferentes unidades estimadas. Uma carta com a ocorrência das unidades geotécnicas e com a representação das estruturas geológicas de maior importância geotécina é construída. Destaque é dado ás unidades geotécnicas de solos subtropicais oriundos dos granitos, gnaisses e migmatitos. E executada uma avaliação das características físicas (mineralogia, granulometria, plasticidade, e índices físicos) e propriedades geotécnicas (compressibilidade, colapsividade e resistência ao cisalhamento) dos solos dos principais horizontes de perfis típicos destas unidades. São utilizados ensaios de caracterização, análises mineralógicas de rochas por lâminas delgadas, análises mineralógicas de argilas por meio de difratograma de raio X, ensaios de compressão confinada e ensaios de cisalhamento direto. Os resultados são apresentados em função dos principais horizontes de solos das unidades geotécnicas , são eles horizontes saprolíticos, formados por solo residual que ainda apresentam minerais primários e vestígios estruturais da rocha de origem e horizontes superficiais muitas das vezes laterizados. A análise foi feita à luz dos processos de formação e dos decorrentes fatores que determinam o comportamento geotécnico destes solos de intemperismo subtropical.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros farmacocinéticos da talidomida em pacientes com tumores sólidos refratários incluídos em estudo de fase II em nossa Instituição. Foram incluídos 14 pacientes, sendo 5 com diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de reto, 4 com adenocarcinoma de cólon, 4 com melanoma e 1 com adenocarcinoma de pâncreas. Todos os pacientes foram previamente tratados, 14 com cirurgia, 11 com quimioterapia, 5 com radioterapia e 1 com imunoterapia. Os pacientes foram inicialmente tratados com talidomida 200 mg/dia, com um aumento de dose de 200mg a cada duas semanas, até atingir a dose máxima de 800 mg/dia. Treze pacientes atingiram o nível de 400mg/dia, 9 pacientes os níveis de 600mg/dia e apenas 5 pacientes atingiram 800mg/dia. A farmacocinética foi caracterizada em oito pacientes no nível de dose de 200 mg/dia. Todos os 14 pacientes incluídos foram avaliados quanto ao perfil de toxicidade e resposta antitumoral. A talidomida foi bem tolerada, sendo os principais efeitos colaterais a sonolência, a tontura, a xerostomia e a constipação. Não foram observadas respostas tumorais objetivas. Para avaliar os parâmetros farmacocinéticos da talidomida foram coletadas amostras de sangue imediatamente antes da administração da droga, 1h, 2h, 2,5h, 3h, 3,5h, 4h, 5h, 7h e 24h após a administração da primeira dose de talidomida de 200mg. A determinação das concentrações e parâmetros farmacocinéticos da talidomida nestas amostras foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta performance. A curva de decaimento das concentrações plasmáticas obedeceu a um modelo farmacocinético monocompartimental. A média dos principais parâmetros farmacocinéticos estudados foi: Cmax 1,48 ± 0,56μg/ml, Tmax 4,4± 0,5h, ASC 17,7±8,4μg x h/mL e t½ 6,5±3,0 hs. O autor pode concluir que os parâmetros farmacocinéticos da talidomida estudados nestes pacientes foram semelhantes àqueles descritos anteriormente em voluntários sadios, pacientes com HIV, hanseníase ou adenocarcinoma de próstata.

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Apresentamos mecanismos de formação e de degradação térmica de filmes fi- nos (espessura da ordem de 10 nm) de diferentes dielétricos sobre substrato de silício monocristalino. Tendo em vista a aplicação dessas estruturas em MOSFETs (transistores de efeito de campo metal-óxido-semicondutor), estudamos o consagrado óxido de silício (SiO2), os atuais substitutos oxinitretos de silício (SiOxNy) e o possível substituto futuro óxido de alumínio (Al2O3). Nossos resultados experimentais baseiam-se em técnicas preparativas de substituição isotópica e de caracterização física com feixes de íons (análise com reações nucleares) ou raios- X (espectroscopia de fotoelétrons). Observamos que: (a) átomos de silício não apresentam difusão de longo alcance (além de ~ 2 nm) durante o crescimento de SiO2 por oxidação térmica do silício em O2; (b) nitretação hipertérmica é capaz de produzir filmes finos de oxinitreto de silício com até dez vezes mais nitrogênio que o resultante do processamento térmico usual, sendo que esse nitrogênio tende a se acumular na interface SiOxNy/Si; e (c) átomos de oxigênio, alumínio e silício migram e promovem reações químicas durante o recozimento térmico de estruturas Al2O3/SiO2/Si em presença de O2. Desenvolvemos um modelo de difusão-reação que poderá vir a permitir o estabelecimento de condições ótimas de processamento térmico para filmes finos de Al2O3 sobre silício a serem empregados na fabricação de MOSFETs.

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Objetivo: Estudar a concordância no diagnóstico radiológico da doença respiratória aguda baixa (DRAB) em crianças. Métodos: Sessenta radiogramas do tórax de crianças menores de cinco anos foram avaliados, individualmente, por três médicos: um radiologista pediátrico (RP), um pneumologista pediatra (PP) e 1 pediatra experiente no atendimento de sala de emergências (PE). Todas as crianças tinham procurado atendimento por apresentar um quadro agudo de infecção respiratória com aparente participação pulmonar. Os avaliadores desconheciam os diagnósticos originais, mas receberam uma ficha padrão com dados clínicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes no momento da consulta inicial. Variáveis: Agrupadas em cinco categorias: a) qualidade técnica do filme; b) localização da alteração; c) padrões radiográficos; d) outras alterações radiográficas; e) diagnóstico. Análise Estatística: Para estudar a concordância entre as três duplas posíveis de observadores, utilizou-se a estatística de Kappa, aceitándo-se os valores ajustados para viés de prevalência (PABAK). Resultados: Os valores Kappa totais de cada dupla de observadores (RP x PP, RP x PE e PP x PE) foram 0.41, 0.43, e 0.39 respectivamente, o que representa em média, uma concordância interobservadores moderada (0.41). Outras variáveis: “qualidade técnica” teve uma concordância regular (0.30); com “localização”, foi moderada (0.48); com “padrões radiográficos” foi regular (0.29); com “outras alterações radiográficas” foi moderada (0,43); e com “diagnóstico”, regular (0.33). Quanto à concordância global intraobservadores, a mesma foi moderada (0.54), com valores menores dos descritos na literatura. Conclusões: A variabilidade interobservadores é inerente à interpretação dos achados radiológicos, e determinar o diagnóstico exato da DRAB nas crianças tem seus desafíos. Nossos resultados foram similares aos descritos na literatura.

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In this work have been studied the preparation, characterization and kinetic study of decomposition of the polymerizing agent used in the synthesis under non-isothermal condition ceramics PrMO3 of general formula (M = Co and Ni). These materials were obtained starting from the respective metal nitrates, as a cations source, and making use of gelatin as polymerizing agent. The powders were calcined at temperatures of 500°C, 700°C and 900°C and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG / DTG/ DTA), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The perovskite phase was detected in all the X-rays patterns. In the infrared spectroscopy observed the oxide formation as the calcination temperature increases with the appearance of the band metal - oxygen. The images of SEM revealed uniform distribution for the PrCoO3 and particles agglomerated as consequence of particle size for PrNiO3. From the data of thermal analysis, the kinetics of decomposition of organic matter was employed using the kinetics methods called Model Free Kinetics and Flynn and Wall, in the heating ratios 10, 20 and 30° C.min-1 between room temperature and 700°C. Finally, been obtained the values of activation energy for the region of greatest decomposition of organic matter in samples that were determined by the degree of conversion (α)

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Oxide type spinel AB2O4 presents structure adjusted for application in the automobile industry. The spinel of cobalt has many practical applications had its excellent physical and chemical properties such as catalyst in hydrocarbon oxidation reaction. The CeO2 has been used in many of these processes because it assigns to a material with excellent thermal resistance and mechanics, high capacity of oxygen stockage (OSC) among others properties. This work deals with the synthesis, characterization and catalytic application of spinel of cobalt and CeO2 with fluorita structure, obtained for method of Pechini and method of Gel-Combustion. The process of Pechini, the puff was obtained at 300 ºC for 2 h in air. In the process of Gel-Combustion the approximately at 350 ºC material was prepared and burnt for Pyrolysis, both had been calcined at 500 ºC, 700 ºC, 900 ºC and 1050 ºC for 2 h in air. The materials of the calcinations had been characterized by TG/DTA, electronic microscopy of sweepings (MEV), spectroscopy of absorption in the infra-red ray (FTIR) and diffraction of X-rays (DRX). The obtained material reaches the phase oxide at 450 oC for Pechini method and 500 °C for combustion method. The samples were submitted catalytic reaction of n-hexane on superficies of materials. The reactor function in molar ration of 0, 85 mol.h-1.g-1 and temperature of system was 450 °C. The sample obtained for Pechini and support in alumine of superficial area of 178,63 m2.g-1 calcined at 700 ºC, give results of catalytic conversions of 39 % and the sample obtained for method of gel-combustion and support in alumina of 150 mesh calcined at 500 ºC result 13 % of conversion. Both method were selective specie C1

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Ceramic filters are cellular structures that can be produced by various techniques, among which we highlight the replication method, or method of polymeric sponge. This method consists of impregnating polymeric foam with ceramic slurry, followed by heat treatment, where will occur decomposition of organic material and the sinter of the ceramic material, resulting in a ceramic whose structure is a replica of the impregnated sponge. Ceramic filters have specific properties that make this type of material very versatile, used in various technological applications such as filters for molten metals and burners, make these materials attractive candidates for high temperature applications. In this work we studied the systems Al2O3-LZSA ceramic filters processed in the laboratory, and commercial Al2O3-SiC ceramics filters, both obtained by the replica method, this work proposes the thermal and mechanical characterization. The sponge used in the processing of filters made in the laboratory was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. The ceramic filters were characterized by compressive strength, flexural strength at high temperatures, thermal shock, permeability and physical characterization (density and porosity) and microstructural (MEV and X-rays). From the results obtained, the analysis was made of the mechanical behavior of these materials, comparing the model proposed by Gibson and Ashby model and modified the effective area and the tension adjusted, where the modified model adapted itself better to the experimental results, representing better the mechanical behavior of ceramic filters obtained by the replica method

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Extractivism mineral is considered an activity highly degrading, due to the large volume of material that he moves in the form of ore and residues. The vast majority of mining companies do not show any technology or economically viable application that will allow the recycling of mineral residue, these being launched in areas receiving located the "open skies" degrade the environment. In Rio Grande do Norte to the production of ceramic red restricts their activities to the production of products such as: solid bricks, ceramic blocks, tiles, among others. Seeking to unite experiences and technical information that favor sustainable development, with important benefits to the construction sector and civil society in general, the present work studies the incorporation of the residue of scheelite in ceramic matrix kaolinitic, coming from the municipality of Boa Saúde - RN, in percentage of 5 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30% 40% and 50 %, by evaluating its microstructure, physical properties and formulation. The raw materials were characterized through the trials of X ray fluorescence, Diffraction of X rays, Differential Thermal Analysis and Termogravimetric Analysis. The samples were formed and fired at temperatures of 850o, 900o, 1000o, 1050o, 1100o, 1150o and 1200 oC, with isotherm of 1 hour and heating rate of 10 oC/min. Assays were performed technological of loss to fire, Water Absorption, Apparent Porosity, Apparent Density, Mass Loss in Fire and Bending Resistance; in addition to the Scanning Electron Microscopy, analyzing their physical and mechanical properties. The use of residue of scheelite in ceramic mass kaolinitic provided a final product with technological properties that meet the technical standards for the production of bricks and roofing tiles, with the percentage of 20% of waste that showed the best results

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With the increasing of demand for natural gas and the consequent growth of the pipeline networks, besides the importance of transport and transfer of oil products by pipeline, and when it comes to product quality and integrity of the pipeline there is an important role regarding to the monitoring internal corrosion of the pipe. This study aims to assess corrosion in three pipeline that operate with different products, using gravimetric techniques and electrical resistance. Chemical analysis of residues originated in the pipeline helps to identify the mechanism corrosive process. The internal monitoring of the corrosion in the pipelines was carried out between 2009 and 2010 using coupon weight loss and electrical resistance probe. Physico-chemical techniques of diffraction and fluorescence X-rays were used to characterize the products of corrosion of the pipelines. The corrosion rate by weight loss was analyzed for every pipeline, only those ones that has revealed corrosive attack were analyzed located corrosion rate. The corrosion potential was classified as low to pipeline gas and ranged from low to severe for oil pipelines and the pipeline derivatives. Corrosion products were identified as iron carbonate, iron oxide and iron sulfide

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Foram analisadas 40 amostras de salmouras empregadas na salga por submersão de queijos tipo mussarela, em uma indústria de laticínios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, com o objetivo de se conhecer a variação das características físico-químicas e microbiológicas durante o período de sua utilização. Os valores médios do pH, concentração de cloreto de sódio e de proteínas solúveis, desde o preparo da salmoura até o 21° dia de utilização, variaram de 7,21 a 5,76, 27,1 a 24,5 e de zero a 0,126 mg/ml, respectivamente. Por outro lado, os valores médios das contagens de microrganismos mesófilos e do número mais provável de coliformes totais e de origem fecal variaram de 5,8 x 10 UFC/ml a 6,9 x 10(4) UFC/ml, zero a 1,6 x 10(5)/100ml e zero a 1,1 x 10(5)/100ml, respectivamente. Além disso, os valores médios das contagens de bolores e leveduras e de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, variaram de 0,4 x 10 UFC/ml a 2,0 x 10³ UFC/ml e de zero a 1,3 x 10 UFC/ml, respectivamente. Os resultados encontrados sugerem a existência de condições higiênicas inadequadas durante o preparo e utilização das salmouras, de modo a representar uma importante fonte de contaminação para os queijos. em decorrência deste fato, existe a possibilidade do comprometimento da qualidade dos queijos, de modo a representar risco potencial à população consumidora.

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The types of products manufactured calcium silicate blocks are very diversified in its characteristics. They include accessory bricks, blocks, products in dense material, with or without reinforcements of hardware, great units in cellular material, and thermal insulating products. The elements calcium silicate are of great use in the prefabricated construction, being formed for dense masses and hardened by autoclaving. This work has for objective develop formulations that make possible the obtaining of calcium silicate blocks with characteristics that correspond the specifications technical, in the State of the Rio Grande of the North, in finality of obtaining technical viability for use in the civil construction. The work studied the availability raw materials from convenient for the production of calcium silicate blocks, and the effect of variations of the productive process on the developed products. The studied raw materials were: the quartz sand from the city of São Gonçalo do Amarante/RN, and two lime, a hydrated lime and a pure lime from the city of Governador Dix-Sept Rosado/RN. The raw materials collected were submitted a testes to particle size distribution, fluorescence of X rays, diffraction of X rays. Then were produced 8 formulations and made body-of-test by uniaxial pressing at 36 MPa, and cured for 7 hours at about 18 kgf/cm2 pressing and temperature of approximately 180 °C. The cure technological properties evaluated were: lineal shrinkage, apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption, modulus of rupture flexural (3 points), resistance compression, phase analysis (XRD) and micromorphological analysis (SEM). From the results presented the technological properties, was possible say that utilization of hydrated lime becomes more viable its utilization in mass limestone silica, for manufacture of calcium silicate blocks

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Composites based on PEEK + PTFE + CARBON FIBER + Graphite (G_CFRP) has increased application in the top industries, as Aerospace, Aeronautical, Petroleum, Biomedical, Mechanical and Electronics Engineering challenges. A commercially available G_CFRP was warmed up to three different levels of thermal energy to identify the main damage mechanisms and some evidences for their intrinsic transitions. An experimental test rig for systematize a heat flux was developed in this dissertation, based on the Joule Effect. It was built using an isothermal container, an internal heat source and a real-time measurement system for test a sample by time. A standard conical-cylindrical tip was inserted into a soldering iron, commercially available and identified by three different levels of nominal electrical power, 40W (manufacturer A), 40W (manufacturer B), 100W and 150W, selected after screening tests: these power levels for the heat source, after one hour of heating and one hour of cooling in situ, carried out three different zones of degradation in the composite surface. The bench was instrumented with twelve thermocouples, a wattmeter and a video camera. The twelve specimens tested suffered different degradation mechanisms, analyzed by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and TG (Thermogravimetry) techniques, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Rays (EDX) Analysis. Before and after each testing, it was measured the hardness of the sample by HRM (Hardness Rockwell M). Excellent correlations (R2=1) were obtained in the plots of the evaporated area after one hour of heating and one hour of cooling in situ versus (1) the respective power of heat source and (2) the central temperature of the sample. However, as resulting of the differential degradation of G_CFRP and their anisotropy, confirmed by their variable thermal properties, viscoelastic and plastic properties, there were both linear and non-linear behaviour between the temperature field and Rockwell M hardness measured in the radial and circumferential directions of the samples. Some morphological features of the damaged zones are presented and discussed, as, for example, the crazing and skeletonization mechanism of G_CFRP

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Thermoelectric Refrigerators (TEC Thermoelectric Cooling) are solid-state heat pumps used in applications where stabilization of temperature cycles or cooling below the room temperature are required. TEC are based on thermoelectric devices, and these in turn, are based on the Peltier effect, which is the production of a difference in temperature when an electric current is applied to a junction formed by two non-similar materials. This is one of the three thermoelectric effects and is a typical semiconductor junction phenomenon. The thermoelectric efficiency, known as Z thermoelectric or merit figure is a parameter that measures the quality of a thermoelectric device. It depends directly on electrical conductivity and inversely on the thermal conductivity. Therefore, good thermoelectric devices have typically high values of electrical conductivity and low values of thermal conductivity. One of the most common materials in the composition of thermoelectric devices is the semiconductor bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and its alloys. Peltier plates made up by crystals of semiconductor P-type and N-type are commercially available for various applications in thermoelectric systems. In this work, we characterize the electrical properties of bismuth telluride through conductivity/resistivity of the material, and X-rays power diffraction and magnetoresistance measurements. The results were compared with values taken from specific literature. Moreover, two techniques of material preparation, and applications in refrigerators, are discussed