The impossible anamesis. Memory versus history in Hubert Aquin’s « Blackout »

Soon after joining the Canadian Confederation in 1867, the province of Quebec adopted the phrase « Je me souviens » ("As I recall") as its "national" motto, although many Québécois do not remember today what they were supposed to memorize, as collective subject, when their government voted this motion. My thesis is that contrary to other countries which have a strong sense of history based on a secular tradition, this process was more complicated in Quebec — as if a collective memory loss lied at the heart of it's history. Through a rereading of Hubert Aquin's cult novel, Trou de mémoire (in its English translation Blackout), first published in 1968, I try to illustrate this paradox and to emphasize the heuristic functions of memory blanks, gaps and lapses in certain postmodern narratives, after the historical breakdown of "the great narratives" (Lyotard). In this perspective, the example of Quebec, through the voice of one of its more gifted yet controversial novelist, can be seen as emblematic of what happens when the mnemonic impossibility of rewriting history opens up new possibilities for writing fiction.

Hubert Aquin ou le voile coupable

L'expression obscure, hennétique ou le culte du mystère verbal dénote, à proprement parler, une volonté de "cacher quelque chose". Ce besoin de cacher (qui se différencie toujours du goût ou de la mode littéraire) manifeste que l'auteur est coupable. L'obscuration esthétique (et le clair-obscur même) expriment une culpabilité secrète, profonde ou diffuse. [...]

Introduction : Hubert Aquin et les médias

Hubert Aquin est sans aucun doute une des figures les plus importantes du paysage culturel québécois. Ses écrits romanesques, novellistiques, et essayistiques, abondamment diffusés grâce à l’Édition critique de l’oeuvre d’Hubert Aquin (ÉDAQ), ont fait l’objet d’innombrables études qui ont contribué à la reconnaissance et à la consécration de l’auteur. Il en va cependant autrement pour les radiothéâtres, les téléthéâtres, et les films scénarisés, réalisés et produits par Aquin. Pour la plupart inédits, ils ont rarement été pris en considération par la critique aquinienne [...]

Los períodos de abundancia de préstamos extranjeros privados destinados al sector público de los países de América Latina, 1822-2013

La hipótesis central que animó la presente investigación es la siguiente: "Los periodos de abundancia de préstamos extranjeros privados, destinados al sector público de la mayoría de los países de América latina, han condicionado la política de los gobiernos de estos países en los diferentes periodos comprendidos entre 1822 y 2013". Se parte de un capítulo en donde se exponen conceptos básicos que reflejan los procesos que ocurren en el escenario mundial del sistema capitalista y que influyen decisivamente en la propensión a otorgar y recibir préstamos de la banca internacional. En el capítulo se examina el sistema tecno-económico y de hegemonía mundial existente, el papel primordial de la Gran Bretaña en el siglo XIX y el de los Estados Unidos en el XX y hasta el presente, ellos han constituido la parte principal del sistema bancario que ha otorgado préstamos a la región latinoamericana en los periodos antes indicados. Se detectaron cuatro periodos de concentración de préstamos que constituyeron el objeto de estudio:  El primer periodo va de 1822 a 1827.  El segundo, de 1870 a 1893.  El tercero, de 1921 a 1932.  El cuarto, de 1971 hasta el presente. Para el primer periodo los países receptores más importantes por orden de importancia fueron Gran Colombia, México y Brasil. Para el segundo periodo (1870-1893) tenemos que los principales receptores fueron Argentina, Brasil y Perú, no comprobándose la hipótesis en los casos de Venezuela y México. Para este último, dicha situación se debió a los fuertes problemas que dejó la intervención francesa y la moratoria del pago de la deuda, la renegociación final pudo darse tan sólo en 1888. Para el tercer periodo (1921-1932), con el recambio de principal prestatario de la Gran Bretaña a los Estados Unidos, los principales receptores fueron Brasil, Argentina y Chile. La hipótesis central no se comprobó nuevamente para México, debido a las consecuencias de la revolución mexicana y de la pugna alrededor del pago de impuestos por las empresas transnacionales extranjeras...

F... pour faux : Hubert Aquin à l'écran

D'acteur à réalisateur, de scénariste à producteur, Hubert Aquin a transporté à l'écran la même pratique du faux par laquelle il s'était illustré comme romancier. Cet essai retrace brièvement la carrière médiatique de l'auteur, en insistant sur quelques jalons qui permettent d'éclairer la logique de l'imposture qui est au coeur de son oeuvre. En établissant un parallèle entre le dernier roman publié d'Aquin, Neige noire, et le dernier film complété par Orson Welles, F for Fake, il s'agit moins d'arguer en faveur d'une influence du cinéaste américain sur le romancier québécois, que de montrer en quoi la figure géniale du faussaire lie ces deux grands auteurs.

Hubert Aquin ou le voile coupable

L'expression obscure, hennétique ou le culte du mystère verbal dénote, à proprement parler, une volonté de "cacher quelque chose". Ce besoin de cacher (qui se différencie toujours du goût ou de la mode littéraire) manifeste que l'auteur est coupable. L'obscuration esthétique (et le clair-obscur même) expriment une culpabilité secrète, profonde ou diffuse. [...]

Introduction : Hubert Aquin et les médias

Hubert Aquin est sans aucun doute une des figures les plus importantes du paysage culturel québécois. Ses écrits romanesques, novellistiques, et essayistiques, abondamment diffusés grâce à l’Édition critique de l’oeuvre d’Hubert Aquin (ÉDAQ), ont fait l’objet d’innombrables études qui ont contribué à la reconnaissance et à la consécration de l’auteur. Il en va cependant autrement pour les radiothéâtres, les téléthéâtres, et les films scénarisés, réalisés et produits par Aquin. Pour la plupart inédits, ils ont rarement été pris en considération par la critique aquinienne [...]

Producción indígena y mercado urbano a finales del período colonial. La provisión de alimentos a la ciudad de Guatemala. 1787- 1822

ResumenEstudia el proceso de reestructuración de la oferta de alimentos a la ciudad de Guatemala, con el fin de evaluar el impacto del auge añilero en el hinterland de la ciudad de Guatemala. También analiza la diferenciación social del campesino indígena al interior de los pueblos a finales del periodo colonial.AbstractThe purpose of this study of the restructuring of food supply to Guatemala City is to asses the impact of the indigo boom on the hinterland of that city. The author also discusses social differentiation of Indian peasant within their town toward the end to the colonial period.

Cheaper Faster Drug Development Validated By The Repositioning Of Drugs Against Neglected Tropical Diseases.

There is an urgent need to make drug discovery cheaper and faster. This will enable the development of treatments for diseases currently neglected for economic reasons, such as tropical and orphan diseases, and generally increase the supply of new drugs. Here, we report the Robot Scientist 'Eve' designed to make drug discovery more economical. A Robot Scientist is a laboratory automation system that uses artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to discover scientific knowledge through cycles of experimentation. Eve integrates and automates library-screening, hit-confirmation, and lead generation through cycles of quantitative structure activity relationship learning and testing. Using econometric modelling we demonstrate that the use of AI to select compounds economically outperforms standard drug screening. For further efficiency Eve uses a standardized form of assay to compute Boolean functions of compound properties. These assays can be quickly and cheaply engineered using synthetic biology, enabling more targets to be assayed for a given budget. Eve has repositioned several drugs against specific targets in parasites that cause tropical diseases. One validated discovery is that the anti-cancer compound TNP-470 is a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase from the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium vivax.

Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism for the zebrafish, Danio rerio, reared under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and exposed to acute hypoxia during development

In order to verify the influence of chronic and acute ambient oxygen levels from egg to adult stage of the zebrafish, in vivo oxygen consumption (MO2), critical tensions of oxygen (Pcrit), heart rate (fH) and total body lactate concentration (Lc) were determined for Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) raised at 28 °C under normoxic (7.5 mgO2.L-1 or 80 mm.Hg-1) and hypoxic conditions (4.3 mgO2.L-1) and exposed to acute hypoxia during different developmental stages. Our findings confirmed that very early stages do not respond effectively to ambient acute hypoxia. However, after the stage corresponding to the age of 30 days, D. rerio was able to respond to acute hypoxia through effective physiological mechanisms involving aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Such responses were more efficient for the fishes reared under hypoxia which showed that D. rerio survival capability increased during acclimation to mild hypoxia. Measurements of body mass and length showed that moderate hypoxia did not affect growth significantly until the fish reached the stage of 60 days. Moreover, a growth delay was verified for the hypoxic-reared animals. Also, the D. rerio eggs-to-larvae survival varied from 87.7 to 62.4% in animals reared under normoxia and mild hypoxia, respectively. However, the surviving animals raised under moderated hypoxia showed a better aptitude to regulate aerobic and anaerobic capacities when exposed to acute hypoxia.

Measurement of ethylene production during banana ripening

Introduction. This protocol aims at measuring fruit ethylene production during ripening. It can be used to compare ethylene production between different banana varieties or to compare ethylene production between fruit produced in different pedo-climatic conditions. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material, time required and expected results are presented. Materials and methods. This part describes the required laboratory materials and the three steps necessary for calculating the amount of ethylene produced during banana postharvest ripening. Possible troubleshooting is considered.

Extraction and purification of total RNA from banana tissues (small scale)

Introduction. This protocol aims at preparing total RNA for gene expression analysis by Northern blots, RT-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR; cDNA isolation by RTPCR; and cDNA library construction. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material, time required for obtaining total RNA and expected results are presented. Materials and methods. This part describes the required materials and the 27 steps necessary for preparing RNA from peel and pulp fruit tissue: preparation of plant tissue powder, preparation of the complete RNA extraction buffer and isolation of RNA from ground banana fruit tissue. Results. Extraction of total RNA by the method described makes it possible to achieve electrophoresis under denatured conditions and in vitro reverse transcription. An example for Northern blot analysis is illustrated.

Biochemical characterization of pulp of banana fruit: measurement of soluble sugars, organic acids, free ACC and in vitro ACC oxidase

Introduction. We present some protocols aiming at partially characterizing banana fruit quality through measurement of some key biochemical parameters. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material, time required and expected results are presented. Materials and methods. This part describes the required laboratory materials and the steps necessary for achieving four protocols making it possible to measure sugar, organic acids and free ACC contents, and in vitro ACC oxidase activity. Results. Standard results obtained by using the protocols described are presented in the figures.

Measurement of banana green life

Introduction. This protocol aims at measuring the storage life potential of banana fruit, and at determining the physiological age of fruit. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material, time required and expected results are presented. Materials and methods. This part describes the required laboratory materials and the five steps necessary for calculating the banana green life duration, which corresponds to the number of days between the fruit harvest and climacteric crisis. Results. The measurement of O-2 and CO2 concentrations allows one to detect the climacteric peak which marks the end of the banana green life.

Mechanical characterisation of banana fruits

Introduction. This protocol aims at measuring the mechanical characteristics of bananas, especially peel and fruit hardness, and pulp firmness; it can also allow the mechanical characterisation of green or ripening fruit of different pedo-climatic origins and/or varieties. Materials and methods. This part describes the required laboratory materials and the three steps necessary for the measurement of the mechanical characteristics of bananas. Results. The data allow the drawing of a curve characterising the firmness of the fruit (slope), hardness of the peel (peak) and hardness of the pulp (plateau).