899 resultados para United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992 : Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)


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La presente investigación diagnóstica busca analizar las dinámicas de cooperación al desarrollo entre la Unión Europea y Colombia para el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, específicamente el Objetivo 7 que busca garantizar la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente.

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Este artículo busca evaluar la sostenibilidad de un proyecto de desarrollo alternativo realizado por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas Contra la Droga y el Delito en Colombia (UNODC) una vez que esta institución se retiró de la zona de implementación del proyecto. El proyecto analizado se llevó a cabo en 30 municipios entre los años 1997 y 2003. Para determinar si este proyecto fue sostenible, se realizó una breve introducción al tema de la evaluación de proyectos de inversión pública, se delimitó el concepto de desarrollo y se contextualizó el concepto de desarrollo alternativo en Colombia. En el estudio empírico se escogieron cinco indicadores para evaluar la sostenibilidad del proyecto: número de familias asociadas, número de hectáreas erradicadas, ingresos de la organización campesina, cantidad de producción lícita y número de hectáreas sembradas. Estos indicadores fueron contrastados entre el año 2003 – fecha de finalización del proyecto – y el año 2006 para determinar su comportamiento en el mediano plazo, luego de 3 años de haber finalizado las actividades de UNODC en el proyecto. Se encontró finalmente, con base en la comparación de dichos indicadores, que este proyecto es sostenible, con base en los indicadores utilizados, pero que debido a la forma como está planteada la política anti-drogas en Colombia el impacto de estas experiencias exitosas en el problema general de los cultivos ilícitos en el país es muy reducido.

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El presente trabajo busca analizar los factores que llevaron a que se produjera una importante dinámica migratoria de venezolanos que llegaron a Colombia a invertir o a trabajar en el sector de hidrocarburos. Específicamente se busca encontrar la incidencia de la política de Seguridad Democrática en este fenómeno tomando como periodo de estudio el gobierno de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, es decir, de 2002 a 2010. Se examina la percepción de seguridad en Colombia vista por los venezolanos y por los colombianos y los diferentes factores que contribuyeron al “boom” petrolero en este país. El resultado de las investigaciones de este estudio de caso permite establecer que la Seguridad Democrática si fue un factor incidente en las dinámicas migratorias pero que se articula junto con otros hechos específicos para que se haya dado de la manera que se dio y que en este texto se expone.

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La presente monografía tiene por objetivo identificar la influencia de las acciones emprendidas por la sociedad civil y las organizaciones internacionales frente a la problemática de la trata de personas en Colombia, durante el período comprendido entre los años 2000 y 2012. En este sentido, la investigación constituye un esfuerzo por develar las transformaciones en las narrativas institucionales que han posibilitado el reconocimiento de los elementos de prevención y centralidad de las víctimas, como ejes articuladores del discurso gubernamental frente a la trata de personas. Para ello, se hace uso de la teoría de la gobernanza global enmarcada en el enfoque constructivista de las Relaciones Internacionales, en tanto permite establecer una relación entre las acciones de los diferentes actores y el impacto de estas en la construcción de estrategias nacionales para hacer frente a problemáticas que, como la trata de personas, se encuentran en estrecha relación con el mundo globalizado.

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El objetivo de esta monografía es analizar el desarrollo del comercio exterior de las flores colombianas en la Unión Europea, en especial con Reino Unido y España en los próximos años, reconociendo los marcos bajo los cuales ha sido dirigido este intercambio.

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The experiment was installed in Lageado Experimental Farm with aim to verify the influence of organic fertilisation (0, 4, 8 and 12 kg of manure/m(2) - with four replications) on leaves and essential oil production of Ocimum gratissimum. The harvesting was done twice (May - autumn and August - winter), and the leaves were separated for extraction of essential oil by Clevenger apparatus. The leaf production and oil content were calculated on dry mass basis. The results showed no statistical difference for organic fertilisation, although significant difference was verified for seasons. The main constituents of essential oil were eugenol and 1,8- cineole. The amount of the eugenol was higher in autumn, while the presence of other components including 1,8-cineole, beta-selinene and trans-caryophyllene were more dominant at wintertime.

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This paper proposes a method to determine the output of all online units with minimum total cost when the amount of emission is reasonable. A joint economic and emission dispatch is proposed in order to get a significant compromise between costs and emission such that real power supply-demand equilibrium is satisfied. In order to have a meaningful compromise between costs and emission in the problem formulation, two variables are used, weighting factor and price penalty factor. A case study comprising of a 3-unit power system is employed, where various demand is used. Results for the test system indicate the fastness and effectiveness of proposed method. © 2011 IEEE.

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This paper proposes a straightforward compromising method to determine the output power of all committed units during the scheduling time horizon. Unlike the conventional methods that work based on a constant pollution control cost (CPCC), this method works based on the system topology such as demand, minimum cost and minimum output emission of the system. In order to have a meaningful compromise between costs and emission in economic and emission dispatch (EED) problem, a flexible pollution control cost (FPCC) is proposed. Also a dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED) approach is considered where the ramping constraints couple the scheduling hours; the inclusion of valve-point effect makes the DEED modeling more practical. The validity and effectiveness of the unproblematic FPCC approach is verified through an IEEE 30-bus test system with 6 unit for the 6-hour scheduling horizon. © 2013 IEEE.

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In this paper a novel Branch and Bound (B&B) algorithm to solve the transmission expansion planning which is a non-convex mixed integer nonlinear programming problem (MINLP) is presented. Based on defining the options of the separating variables and makes a search in breadth, we call this algorithm a B&BML algorithm. The proposed algorithm is implemented in AMPL and an open source Ipopt solver is used to solve the nonlinear programming (NLP) problems of all candidates in the B&B tree. Strategies have been developed to address the problem of non-linearity and non-convexity of the search region. The proposed algorithm is applied to the problem of long-term transmission expansion planning modeled as an MINLP problem. The proposed algorithm has carried out on five commonly used test systems such as Garver 6-Bus, IEEE 24-Bus, 46-Bus South Brazilian test systems, Bolivian 57-Bus, and Colombian 93-Bus. Results show that the proposed methodology not only can find the best known solution but it also yields a large reduction between 24% to 77.6% in the number of NLP problems regarding to the size of the systems.

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The President of Brazil established an Interministerial Work Group in order to “evaluate the model of classification and valuation of disabilities used in Brazil and to define the elaboration and adoption of a unique model for all the country”. Eight Ministries and/or Secretaries participated in the discussion over a period of 10 months, concluding that a proposed model should be based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Person with Disabilities, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and the ‘support theory’, and organizing a list of recommendations and necessary actions for a Classification, Evaluation and Certification Network with national coverage.

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The dataset provides detailed information on the study that was conducted in Lahore's 7 major towns. The sample was taken from 472 tubewells and analyzed for major cations and anions using APHA 2012 techniques as explained herein. Besides, E.coli determination was done to check for microbial contamination. The data includes results from PHREEQC modeling of As(III)/ As(V) species and saturation indices as well as Aquachem's computed hydrochemical water facies. The WHO (2011) and EPA standards included in Aquachem identified the parameters that where in violation. Bicarbonates dominated the groundwater types with 50.21% of the samples exceeding the EPA maximum permissible limit of 250 mg/L in drinking water. Similarly, 30.51% of the samples had TDS values greater than 500 mg/L while 85.38 % of the samples exceed 10 µg/L threshold limit value of arsenic. Also, instances of high magnesium hazard values were observed which requires constant assessment if the groundwater is used for irrigation. Higher than 50% MH values are detrimental to crops which may reduce the expected yields. The membrane filtration technique using m-Endo Agar indicated that 3.59% samples had TNC (too numerous to count) values for E.coli while 5.06% showed values higher than 0 cfu/ 100 ml acceptable value in drinking water. Any traces of E-coli in a groundwater sample indicate recent fecal contamination. Such outcomes signify presence of enteric pathogens. If the groundwater is not properly dosed with disinfectants it may cause harm to human health. It is concluded that more studies are needed and proper groundwater management implement to safeguard the lives of communities that depend solely on groundwater in the city.