997 resultados para Tanuma, Okitsugu, 1719-1788.


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The current availability of five complete genomes of different primate species allows the analysis of genetic divergence over the last 40 million years of evolution. We hypothesized that the interspecies differences observed in susceptibility to HIV-1 would be influenced by the long-range selective pressures on host genes associated with HIV-1 pathogenesis. We established a list of human genes (n = 140) proposed to be involved in HIV-1 biology and pathogenesis and a control set of 100 random genes. We retrieved the orthologous genes from the genome of humans and of four nonhuman primates (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus abeli, Macaca mulatta, and Callithrix jacchus) and analyzed the nucleotide substitution patterns of this data set using codon-based maximum likelihood procedures. In addition, we evaluated whether the candidate genes have been targets of recent positive selection in humans by analyzing HapMap Phase 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in a region centered on each candidate gene. A total of 1,064 sequences were used for the analyses. Similar median K(A)/K(S) values were estimated for the set of genes involved in HIV-1 pathogenesis and for control genes, 0.19 and 0.15, respectively. However, genes of the innate immunity had median values of 0.37 (P value = 0.0001, compared with control genes), and genes of intrinsic cellular defense had K(A)/K(S) values around or greater than 1.0 (P value = 0.0002). Detailed assessment allowed the identification of residues under positive selection in 13 proteins: AKT1, APOBEC3G, APOBEC3H, CD4, DEFB1, GML, IL4, IL8RA, L-SIGN/CLEC4M, PTPRC/CD45, Tetherin/BST2, TLR7, and TRIM5alpha. A number of those residues are relevant for HIV-1 biology. The set of 140 genes involved in HIV-1 pathogenesis did not show a significant enrichment in signals of recent positive selection in humans (intraspecies selection). However, we identified within or near these genes 24 polymorphisms showing strong signatures of recent positive selection. Interestingly, the DEFB1 gene presented signatures of both interspecies positive selection in primates and intraspecies recent positive selection in humans. The systematic assessment of long-acting selective pressures on primate genomes is a useful tool to extend our understanding of genetic variation influencing contemporary susceptibility to HIV-1.

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The evolution of ants is marked by remarkable adaptations that allowed the development of very complex social systems. To identify how ant-specific adaptations are associated with patterns of molecular evolution, we searched for signs of positive selection on amino-acid changes in proteins. We identified 24 functional categories of genes which were enriched for positively selected genes in the ant lineage. We also reanalyzed genome-wide data sets in bees and flies with the same methodology to check whether positive selection was specific to ants or also present in other insects. Notably, genes implicated in immunity were enriched for positively selected genes in the three lineages, ruling out the hypothesis that the evolution of hygienic behaviors in social insects caused a major relaxation of selective pressure on immune genes. Our scan also indicated that genes implicated in neurogenesis and olfaction started to undergo increased positive selection before the evolution of sociality in Hymenoptera. Finally, the comparison between these three lineages allowed us to pinpoint molecular evolution patterns that were specific to the ant lineage. In particular, there was ant-specific recurrent positive selection on genes with mitochondrial functions, suggesting that mitochondrial activity was improved during the evolution of this lineage. This might have been an important step toward the evolution of extreme lifespan that is a hallmark of ants.

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Ancien possesseur : Labrouste, Henri (1801-1875)

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C(4) photosynthesis is an adaptive trait conferring an advantage in warm and open habitats. It originated multiple times and is currently reported in 18 plant families. It has been recently shown that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), a key enzyme of the C(4) pathway, evolved through numerous independent but convergent genetic changes in grasses (Poaceae). To compare the genetics of multiple C(4) origins on a broader scale, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of the C(4) pathway in sedges (Cyperaceae), the second most species-rich C(4) family. A sedge phylogeny based on two plastome genes (rbcL and ndhF) has previously identified six fully C(4) clades. Here, a relaxed molecular clock was used to calibrate this tree and showed that the first C(4) acquisition occurred in this family between 19.6 and 10.1 Ma. According to analyses of PEPC-encoding genes (ppc), at least five distinct C(4) origins are present in sedges. Two C(4) Eleocharis species, which were unrelated in the plastid phylogeny, acquired their C(4)-specific PEPC genes from a single source, probably through reticulate evolution or a horizontal transfer event. Acquisitions of C(4) PEPC in sedges have been driven by positive selection on at least 16 codons (3.5% of the studied gene segment). These sites underwent parallel genetic changes across the five sedge C(4) origins. Five of these sites underwent identical changes also in grass and eudicot C(4) lineages, indicating that genetic convergence is most important within families but that identical genetic changes occurred even among distantly related taxa. These lines of evidence give new insights into the constraints that govern molecular evolution.

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Mécénat texte imprimé : Cet ouvrage a été numérisé grâce à un don du Musée de la Chasse et de la Nature, Paris

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Comprend : [Couverture : le char de Neptune. Bateaux de Lapérouse et de Langle. Carte des terres de Polynésie et d'Australie.] [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [Carte double avant la p.10 de l'Avant-propos :] Voyages de Lapérouse 1785-1788 (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.80 :] J.F. Galaup de Lapérouse (...). P.A. Fleuriot de Langle (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.81 :] Manoir de Rosvilio, près Callac (Côtes-du-Nord) demeure du Chevalier de Langle (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.96 :] Louis XVI donne ses instructions aux chefs de l'expédition (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.97 :] Insulaires et cyclopes de l'île de Paques (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.160 :] Mouillage des frégates françaises devant l'île de Mowee (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.161 :] Costume des habitants de la baie de Langle, manche de Tartarie (.. .). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.192 :] Massacre de MM. De Langle, de Lamanon et de dix autres membres des deux équipages, à Tutuila, Océanie (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008] ; [pl. en reg. p.193 :] Mémorial élevé à Tutuila, en 1887, par les soisn de la Marine française, en souvenir du 11 décembre 1787 (...). [Cote : 16 ° Ln27 85465/Microfilm R 122008]