Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the Jurumirim Reservoir, São Paulo, Brazil

Jurumirim is a large tropical reservoir with remarkable spatial gradients. This structure seems to be determined by a longitudinal gradient in the trophic conditions along the main axis of the reservoir. Nutrient-rich waters enter from the main tributary river, Paranapanema, and towards the dam there is a lacustrine zone that is deeper and more oligotrophic. Additional variability is derived from two important lateral components: the entrance of the Taquari River, the second largest tributary, bringing waters with higher pH and alkalinity; and the Ribeirão das Posses arm, a sheltered bay where the hydrodynamic conditions promote a high growth of phytoplankton. However, such a spatial pattern is not static. It can become either more defined, during the dry season (late autumn and winter), or less evident, during the expansion of the lotic conditions in the rainy period (late spring and summer). Seasonal processes of stratification/destratification determine the temporal changes in the lacustrine zone but, unlike the upstream regions, the dam zone of the reservoir seems to be little affected by periodic pulses of modifications produced by intensive rains. The presence of extensive wetlands and oxbow lagoons in the mouth zones of the main rivers also constitutes an important source of spatial variability and should be considered in the future.

Internal genetic structure and outcrossing rate in a natural population of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze

The internal genetic structure and outcrossing rate of a population of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze were investigated using 16 allozyme loci. Estimates of the mean number of alleles per loci (1.6), percentage of polymorphic loci (43.8%), and expected genetic diversity (0.170) were similar to those obtained for other gymnosperms. The analysis of spatial autocorrelation demonstrated the presence of internal structure in the first distance classes (up to 70 m), suggesting the presence of family structure. The outcrossing rate was high (0.956), as expected for a dioecious species. However, it was different from unity, indicating outcrossings between related individuals and corroborating the presence of internal genetic structure. The results of this study have implications for the methodologies used in conservation collections and for the use or analysis of this forest species. © The American Genetic Association. 2006. All rights reserved.

Variable structure control of switched systems based on Lyapunov-Metzler-SPR systems

This paper presents two Variable Structure Controllers (VSC) for continuous-time switched plants. It is assumed that the state vector is available for feedback. The proposed control system provides a switching rule and also the variable structure control input. The design is based on Lyapunov-Metzler (LM) inequalities and also on Strictly Positive Real (SPR) systems stability results. The definition of Lyapunov-Metzler-SPR (LMS) systems and its direct application in the design of VSC for switched systems are introduced in this paper. Two examples illustrate the design of the proposed VSC, considering a plant given by a switched system with a switched-state control law and two linear time-invariant systems, that are not controllable and also can not be stabilized with state feedback. ©2008 IEEE.

Trade and sustainable development: spatial distribution of trade policies impacts on agriculture

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Implementation of a DC-DC converter with variable structure control of switched systems

This paper presents a control method for a class of continuous-time switched systems, using state feedback variable structure controllers. The method is applied to the control of a two-cell dc-dc buck converter and a control circuit design using the software PSpice is proposed. The design is based on Lyapunov-Metzler-SPR systems and the performance of the resulting control system is superior to that afforded by a recently-proposed alternative sliding-mode control technique. The dc-dc power converters are very used in industrial applications, for instance, in power systems of hybrid electric vehicles and aircrafts. Good results were obtained and the proposed design is also inexpensive because it uses electric components that can be easily found for the hardware implementation. Future researches on the subject include the hardware validation of the dc-dc converter controller and the robust control design of switched systems, with structural failures. © 2011 IEEE.

Spatial and seasonal patterns in fish assemblage in Córrego Rico, upper Paraná river Basin

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Chlorophyll a spatial inference using artificial neural network from multispectral images and in situ measurements

Considering the importance of monitoring the water quality parameters, remote sensing is a practicable alternative to limnological variables detection, which interacts with electromagnetic radiation, called optically active components (OAC). Among these, the phytoplankton pigment chlorophyll a is the most representative pigment of photosynthetic activity in all classes of algae. In this sense, this work aims to develop a method of spatial inference of chlorophyll a concentration using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). To achieve this purpose, a multispectral image and fluorometric measurements were used as input data. The multispectral image was processed and the net training and validation dataset were carefully chosen. From this, the neural net architecture and its parameters were defined to model the variable of interest. In the end of training phase, the trained network was applied to the image and a qualitative analysis was done. Thus, it was noticed that the integration of fluorometric and multispectral data provided good results in the chlorophyll a inference, when combined in a structure of artificial neural networks.

Structure and dynamics of the community of periphytic algae in a subtropical reservoir (state of São Paulo, Brazil)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Setting boundaries: Environmental and spatial effects on Odonata larvae distribution (Insecta)

Características ambientais e distâncias espaciais entre os locais foram utilizadas para explicar a distribuição das espécies no ambiente, através das predições da teoria Neutra (espaço) e teoria do Nicho (ambiente). Foram avaliados os efeitos de fatores geográficos e ambientais sobre a distribuição de larvas de Odonata ao longo da Bacia do Rio Suiá-Missu, no estado de Mato Grosso. Nós testamos a hipótese de que (1) o ambiente é o principal fator de estruturação da comunidade devido às suas exigências ecofisiológicas; e (2) o padrão, se presente, é mais expressivo para Zygoptera. As amostras foram feitas em 12 locais na Bacia do Rio Suiá-Missu, em três campanhas (2007/2008), com um total de 1.382 larvas de Odonata, composta por 10 famílias, 51 gêneros e 100 morfoespécies. Os Anisoptera foram mais abundantes que Zygoptera, que compreende 81% de todas as amostras. O ambiente afetou Zygoptera (R = 0,291; p = 0,007) e foi o principal fator de estruturação da assembléia. Assim, a teoria do nicho foi confirmada. A ausência deste efeito sobre Anisoptera pode ser devido às adaptações ecofisiológicos que lhes permitem ocupar diferentes habitats. Larvas de Zygoptera são indicadores de mudanças na estrutura do habitat. Os efeitos das variáveis ambientais sobre a ecologia das larvas enfatizam a forte relação entre esses organismos e integridade ambiental.

Population Structure and Pathotype Diversity of the Wheat Blast Pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae 25 Years After Its Emergence in Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The structure of non-abelian kinks

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Spatial heterogeneity affecting fish fauna in cascade reservoirs of the Upper Parana Basin, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Applying spatial analysis of genetic and environmental data to predict connection corridors to the New World screwworm populations in South America

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Population structure of a native and an alien species of snail in an urban area of the Atlantic Rainforest

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Changes in the phytoplankton structure downstream a large reservoir: effects of tributaries on the assemblages attributes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)