Preparation and characterization of a new blend of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene glycol)

A new blend of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) with poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) was prepared. The results from solid-state NMR indicate that the PHEMA/PEG(88:12, w/w) blend is miscible on a molecular level.

Chlorination and oxidation of aromatic polyamides .2. Chlorination of some aromatic polyamides

The effects of chlorine on three kinds of aromatic polyamides: those not containing a substituent, those containing substituents, and those containing heterocyclic aromatic rings, were studied. The correlations between the chemical structures of polyamides and the reactivity to hypochlorous acid were examined by IR and C-13 solid-state NMR spectra before and after chlorination. It was found that the chlorination of polyamides depends not only on their chemical structures but also on chlorination conditions such as pH value and reaction time. Their response to chlorination corresponds to four types: ring-chlorination, no reaction, N-chlorination, and chain cleavage. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chlorination and oxidation of aromatic polyamides .1. Synthesis and characterization of some aromatic polyamides

The synthesis is described of some aromatic polyamides based on unsubstituted, and methyl-, carboxy-, and sulfo-substituted diamines by interfacial polycondensation. Some of them are crosslinked and some of them contain heterocyclic aromatic rings. Their chemical structures are characterized by IR and C-13 solid-state NMR spectra and the spectra are interpreted. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

INVESTIGATION OF PHASE SEPARATION BEHAVIOR IN POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE)/POLY (STYRENE-CO-ACRYLONITRILE) MIXTURES WITH PULSED NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

Thermally induced phase separation in the mixture of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with poly(styrene-co-acrylonitite (SAN) has intern studied with pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) in single spin-lattice retaxation time T-1 of the eornpatibl. mixture two T-1 corresponding to those of PM MA-rich and SAN-rich comairis. Meanwhile, both T-1 gradually changing with annealing time provides the direct evidence that the phase separation takes place with a decomposition mechanism. Diffusion coeffieient was to lac negative, indicating an uphal diffusion characteristics, The basic parameters governing its kinetics were estimated using NMR date which were in good agreement with those evaluated from time-resolved light scattering experiments for a 60/40(PMMA/SAN) mixture annealed at 180.0 degrees C.

Highly ordered periodic mesoporous ethanesilica synthesized under neutral conditions

Highly ordered mesoporous ethanesilica (MES) with 2D hexagonal structure was synthesized from 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl) ethane under neutral conditions for the first time. Divalent salts, such as NiCl2, MgCl2, ZnCl2, ZnSO4 and Zn(NO3)(2), were used to help the formation of the ordered mesostructure. The MES samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption, transmission electron microscopy, FT-IR, C-13 and Si-29 solid-state NMR and thermal gravimetric analysis. A phase transition from a disordered wormhole-like structure to an ordered P6mm structure was observed upon the addition of inorganic salts. The pore size of the MES decreases from 4.7 to 3.9 nm with increasing content of the inorganic salts. Fluoride was also found to be important for the formation of ordered MES under neutral conditions.

The Co-Entrapment of a Homogeneous Catalyst and an Ionic Liquid by a Sol-gel Method: Recyclable Ionogel Hydrogenation Catalysts

Molecular hydrogenation catalysts have been co-entrapped with the ionic liquid [Bmim]NTf(2) inside a silica matrix by a sot-gel method. These catalytic ionogels have been compared to simple catalyst-doped glasses, the parent homogeneous catalysts, commercial heterogeneous catalysts, and Rh-doped mesoporous silica. The most active ionogel has been characterised by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and solid state NMR before and after catalysis. The ionogel catalysts were found to be remarkably active, recyclable and resistant to chemical change.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the isolation of bioactive naphthoquinones from plant extracts

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) targeting shikonin, a potent antioxidant and wound healing agent, have been prepared using methacrylic acid (MAA) and 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) as functional monomers. An investigation of solution association between shikonin and both acidic and basic functional monomers by UV-Vis titrations, suggested stronger affinity towards the basic functionality. Strong inhibition of the co-polymerisation reaction of such basic monomers was observed, but was overcome by reduction of the amount of template used during polymer synthesis. Polymer morphology was severely impacted by the template’s radical scavenging behaviour as demonstrated by solid state NMR spectroscopy measurements. HPLC evaluation of the final materials in polar conditions revealed limited imprinting effects and selectivity, with the MAA polymers exhibiting marginally better performance. During application of the polymers as MI-SPE sorbents in non-polar solvents it was found that the DEAEMA based polymer was more selective towards shikonin compared to the MAA counterpart, while shikonin recoveries of up to 72% were achieved from hexane solutions of a commercial sample of shikonin, hexane extract of Alkanna tinctoria roots and a commercial pharmaceutical ointment.

Composite materials based on silk proteins

A number of animals have evolved to produce silk-based composite materials for a variety of task-specific applications. The review initially focuses on the composite structure of silk fibers produced naturally by silkworms and spiders, followed by the preparation and applications of man-made composite materials (including fibers, films, foams, gels and particulates) incorporating silk proteins in combination with other polymers (both natural and synthetic) and/or inorganic particles. 

Síntese e estudos estruturais de novos materiais luminescentes

A presente dissertação teve como objectivo a síntese, caracterização e estudo das propriedades luminescentes de complexos livres e/ou imobilizados no material mesoporoso MCM-41. Na primeira parte estudaram-se complexos do tipo, Eu(NTA)3L2, onde NTA corresponte ao β-dicetonato 1-(2-naftoil)-3,3,3-trifluoro-acetonato, e L2 aos ligandos bidentados de azoto derivados do pirazolilpiridina e L aos ligandos monodentados (etil-4-piridilacetato, água, piridina e metilfenilsulfóxido). Alguns destes ligandos foram imobilizados e/ou impregnados no MCM-41, tendo-se posteriormente complexado o fragmento Eu(NTA)3. Na segunda parte estudou-se o efeito do contra-ião no complexo C[Eu(NTA)4], usando os catiões (C): tetrabutilamónio [NBu4]+, 1-butil-3-metilimidazolilo [C4mim]+ e 1-butil-3-metilpiridínio [C4mpy]+. O anião [Eu(NTA)4]- foi imobilizado no MCM-41 derivatizado com grupos 1-propil-3-metilimidazolilo. Todos os complexos preparados foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de análise elementar, termogravimetria, espectroscopias vibracionais (Infravermelho e Raman) e de ressonância magnética nuclear, e os materiais preparados foram adicionalmente analisados por difracção de raios-X de pós e ressonância magnética nuclear de estado sólido. Foram também estudadas as propriedades fotoluminescentes dos compostos, e para facilitar a análise dos resultados, nalguns casos foram preparados e caracterizados os compostos análogos de gadolínio.

Caracterização e transformação de Lenhosulfonatos de Eucalyptus globulus

Os lenhosulfonatos representam um sub-produto formado durante o cozimento ao sulfito ácido, sendo queimados para a regeneração da base e recuperação de energia. No entanto, os lenhosulfonatos são também considerados uma importante matéria-prima para a produção de vários produtos de valor acrescentado. Os objectivos principais deste trabalho foram contribuir para uma melhor compreensão sobre a caracterização química e estrutural dos lenhosulfonatos do Eucalyptus globulus, assim como, para complementar a informação disponível sobre a síntese e a caracterização estrutural e térmica de materiais poliméricos obtidos a partir de compostos modelo dos produtos de oxidação dos lenhosulfonatos. O licor de cozimento ao sulfito foi analisado em termos do teor de cinzas, extractáveis, compostos voláteis, açúcares e lenhosulfonatos. O teor de cinzas e açúcares no licor de cozimento é muito elevado, tendo sido necessário purificar o mesmo (2,8-13,8 % e 3,2-9,1 %, respectivamente). A análise dos açúcares mostrou uma quantidade considerável de pentoses, sendo o açúcar predominante a xilose. Os lenhosulfonatos foram purificados, isolados e caracterizados por química molhada (titulação potenciométrica e oxidação com permanganato), análise elementar, espectroscopia de ultravioleta/visível (UV/Vis), espectroscopia de infravermelho de transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de protão (RMN de 1H) e carbono (RMN de 13C), espectrometria de massa de ionização por electrospray (ESI-MS), cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), termogavimetria (TGA) e calorimetria diferencial de varrimento (DSC). Os lenhosulfonatos são constituídos principalmente por unidades S, são parcialmente sulfonados e possuem um peso molecular relativamente baixo (Mw = 1250-2400 Da). A ruptura das ligações β-O-4 e α-O-4 da lenhina do Eucalyptus globulus após cozimento ao sulfito ácido originam olígomeros de baixo peso molecular cuja estrutura foi elucidada por RMN 1D/2D e ESI-MS. A degradação térmica dos lenhosulfonatos apresentou dois máximos de degradação a 188-190ºC e a 315-380ºC. As curvas de DSC mostraram um pico endotérmico para temperaturas inferiores a 130ºC e um pico exotérmico a 300-500ºC. Os lenhosulfonatos foram despolimerizados na presença de oxigénio molecular em meio alcalino. Os produtos de oxidação principais foram o aldeído siríngico, a vanilina, o ácido vanílico e o ácido siríngico. A adição do catalisador (sal de cobre) promoveu a oxidação dos lenhosulfonatos aumentando o rendimento dos aldeídos aromáticos (< 50%). A presença de açúcares nos lenhosulfonatos teve um efeito negativo no rendimento dos produtos de oxidação principais. Alguns compostos modelo dos produtos de oxidação dos lenhosulfonatos foram polimerizados por poliadição (catiónica e radicalar) e policondensação. Os monómeros e os polímeros foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de infravermelho de transformada de Fourier e reflectância total atenuada (FTIR-ATR), RMN em solução e no estado sólido, UV/Vis no estado sólido, GPC, difracção de raios-X (XRD), TGA e DSC. Os compostos modelo estudados foram os estirenos metoxi-substituídos (p-metoxiestireno e 3,4-dimetoxiestireno) e os ácidos hidroxi aromáticos metoxi-substituídos (ácido vanílico e ácido siríngico). O 3,4-dimetoxiestireno foi ainda copolimerizado com o éter isobutil vinílico e os seus copolímeros foram desmetilados, assim como, o poli(p-metoxiestireno) e o poli(3,4-dimetoxiestireno). A polimerização catiónica do p-metoxiestireno e 3,4-dimetoxiestireno é mais rápida e mais completa do que a polimerização radicalar produzindo polímeros com pesos moleculares elevados. O poli(p-metoxiestireno) (Mw = 235000 Da) possui um peso molecular maior do que o poli(3,4-dimetoxiestireno) (Mw = 18800 Da). A estabilidade térmica e a temperatura de transição vítrea diminuiram com a presença do segundo grupo metoxilo. A desmetilação dos homopolímeros foi bem sucedida, tendo sido corroborada por FTIR-ATR e RMN. A policondensação do ácido siríngico foi dificultada pela presença do segundo grupo metoxilo, tendo sido necessário adicionar uma maior quantidade do agente de condensação devido a factores estéricos. O poli(ácido vanílico) e poli(ácido siríngico) são insolúveis na maior parte dos solventes orgânicos, sendo parcialmente solúveis em clorofórmio, ácido triflúoracético, 1,1,2,2- tetracloroetano, dimetilsulfóxido, tetrahidrofurano, N,N’-dimetilformamida e 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaflúor-2-propanol. A estabilidade térmica diminuiu com a presença do segundo grupo metoxilo e os dois polímeros não exibiram temperatura de transição vítrea. O poli(ácido vanílico) e poli(ácido siríngico) apresentaram uma estrutura muito cristalina (grau de cristalinidade 70% e 50%, respectivamente). O segundo grupo metoxilo aumentou o valor da absorvância, mas a forma do espectro de UV/Vis foi similar. A polimerização catiónica do éter isobutil vinílico resultou na produção de um polímero muito viscoso com peso molecular elevado (Mw = 20400 Da). A degradação térmica do polímero ocorreu em várias gamas de temperatura e foi completa (0% de resíduo a 800ºC). A copolimerização catiónica do 3,4-dimetoxiestireno com o éter isobutil vinílico foi realizada com proporções diferentes 80:20, 50:50 e 20:80. Os copolímeros apresentaram uma viscosidade elevada e um peso molecular baixo (Mw = 2000-4000 Da) que aumentou com a quantidade de éter isobutil vinílico. A degradação térmica dos copolímeros ocorreu também em várias gamas de temperatura, sendo a sua degradação completa (0,9-1,5% de resíduo a 800ºC). A desmetilação dos copolímeros não foi bem sucedida, tendo sido confirmada por FTIR-ATR e RMN.

Lanthanide-organic frameworks for optical and catalytic applications

Este projecto de doutoramento tem como objetivo isolar e caracterizar sistematicamente novos polímeros de coordenação, no estado sólido. A presença de grupos rígidos possuindo, em particular, átomos de oxigénio e de azoto, deverá induzir interessantes propriedades fotoluminescentes (rendimentos quânticos e tempos de vida elevados, assim como vias de transferência de energia eficientes), que poderão permitir a utilização dos compostos poliméricos na produção de dispositivos funcionais. As diferentes abordagens sintéticas foram ajustadas para cada material e basearam-se, preferencialmente, nas sínteses hidrotérmicas e nas assistidas por radiação de microondas. A estrutura dos materiais foi elucidada a partir de métodos de difracção de raios X (de cristal único ou de pós) em conjunto com outras técnicas, tais como RMN de estado sólido, microscopia eletrónica, análises térmicas, espectroscopia vibracional e estudos de composição elementar. Os compostos microcristalinos foram sistematicamente estudados a fim de investigar outras propriedades além das de fotoluminescência. Alguns dos materiais revelaram multifuncionalidade apresentando simultaneamente tempos de vida na ordem dos milisegundos, elevados rendimentos quânticos e elevado desempenho como catalisadores heterogéneos. As propriedades magnéticas de um composto baseado em érbio foram igualmente estudadas, assim como as de adsorpção e permuta de solvente de uma estrutura porosa baseada em cério.

Metal-organic frameworks based on phosphonate linkers

During the last few decades, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), also known as Coordination Polymers, have attracted worldwide research attentions due to their incremented fascinating architectures and unique properties. These multidimensional materials have been potential applications in distinct areas: gas storage and separation, ion exchange, catalysis, magnetism, in optical sensors, among several others. The MOF research group at the University of Aveiro has prepared MOFs from the combination of phosphonate organic primary building units (PBUs) with, mainly, lanthanides. This thesis documents the last findings in this area involving the synthesis of multidimensional MOFs based on four di- or tripodal phosphonates ligands. The organic PBUs were designed and prepared by selecting and optimizing the best reaction conditions and synthetic routes. The self-assembly between phosphonate PBUs and rare-earths cations led to the formation of several 1D, 2D and 3D families of isotypical MOFs. The preparation of these materials was achieved by using distinct synthetic approaches: hydro(solvo)thermal, microwave- and ultrasound-assisted, one-pot and ionothermal synthesis. The selection of the organic PBUs showed to have an important role in the final architectures: while flexible phosphonate ligands afforded 1D, 2D and dense 3D structures, a large and rigid organic PBU isolated a porous 3D MOF. The crystal structure of these materials was successfully unveiled by powder or single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All multidimensional MOFs were characterized by standard solid-state techniques (FT-IR, electron microscopy (SEM and EDS), solid-state NMR, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis). Some MOF materials exhibited remarkable thermal stability and robustness up to ca. 400 ºC. The intrinsic properties of some MOFs were investigated. Photoluminescence studies revealed that the selected organic PBUs are suitable sensitizers of Tb3+ leading to the isolation of intense green-emitting materials. The suppression of the O−H quenchers by deuteration or dehydration processes improves substantially the photoluminescence of the optically-active Eu3+-based materials. Some MOF materials exhibited high heterogeneous catalytic activity and excellent regioselectivity in the ring-opening reaction of styrene oxide (PhEtO) with methanol (100% conversion of PhEtO at 55 ºC for 30 min). The porous MOF material was employed in gas separation processes. This compound showed the ability to separate propane over propylene. The ionexchanged form of this material (containing K+ cations into its network) exhibited higher affinity for CO2 being capable to separate acetylene over this environment non-friendly gas.

New oxomolybdenum(VI) hybrid materials

In this thesis, 2,2’-bipyridine (bipy), di-tert-butyl-2,2’-bipyridine (di-t-Bubipy), 2,2’-bipyridine-5,5’-dicarboxylic acid (H2bpdc), 2-[3(5)-pyrazolyl]pyridine (pzpy) and 2-(1-pentyl-3-pyrazolyl)pyridine (pent-pp) ligands were used as the N,N-chelate ligands in the formation of discrete [MoO2Cl2L]-type complexes. These complexes were employed as precursors for the preparation in aqueous media of oxomolybdenum(VI) products with a wide range of structural diversity. Three distinct heating methods were studied: hydrothermal, reflux or microwave-assisted synthesis. An alternative reaction with the inorganic molybdenum(VI) trioxide (MoO3) and the ligands di-t-Bu-bipy, H2bpdc and pzpy was also investigated under hydrothermal conditions. The distinct nature of the N,N-chelate ligands and/or the heating method employed promoted the isolation of a series of new oxomolybdenum(VI) hybrid materials that clearly reflected the strong structure-directing influence of these ligands. Thus, this thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of the discrete mononuclear [MoO2Cl2(pent-pp)], the dinuclear [Mo2O6(di-t-Bu-bipy)2] and the octanuclear [Mo8O22(OH)4(di-t-Bu-bipy)4] complexes as well as the highly unique polymeric materials {[MoO3(bipy)][MoO3(H2O)]}n, (DMA)[MoO3(Hbpdc)]·nH2O, [Mo3O9(pzpy)]n and [Mo2O6(pent-pp)]n (fine structural details of compound [Mo2O6(pent-pp)]n are presently unknown; however, characterization data strongly pointed toward a polymeric oxide hybrid compound). The catalytic behaviour of the discrete complexes and the polymeric compounds was tested in olefin epoxidation reactions. Compounds [Mo3O9(pzpy)]n and [Mo2O6(pent-pp)]n acted as sources of soluble active species that where identified as the oxodiperoxido complexes [MoO(O2)2(pzpy)] and [MoO(O2)2(pent-pp)], respectively. The majority of the compounds here presented were fully characterized by using solid-state techniques, namely elemental analyses, thermogravimetry, FT-IR, solid-state NMR, electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (both from laboratory and/or synchrotron sources).

Catalytic routes to convert saccharides to furanic aldehydes

The conversion of plant biomass-derived carbohydrates (preferably non-edible) into added-value products is envisaged to be at the core of the future biorefineries. Carbohydrates are the most abundant natural organic polymers on Earth. This work deals with the chemical valorisation of plant biomass, focusing on the acid-catalysed conversion of carbohydrates (mono and polysaccharides) to furanic aldehydes, namely 2-furaldehyde (Fur) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (Hmf), which are valuable platform chemicals that have the potential to replace a variety of oil derived chemicals and materials. The investigated reaction systems can be divided into two types depending on the solvent used to dissolve the carbohydrates in the reaction medium: water or ionic liquid-based systems. The reaction temperatures were greater than 150 ºC when the solvent was water, and lower than 150 º C in the cases of the ionic liquid-based catalytic systems. As alternatives to liquid acids (typically used in the industrial production of Fur), solid acid catalysts were investigated in these reaction systems. Aiming at the identification of (soluble and insoluble) reaction products, complementary characterisation techniques were used namely, FT-IR spectroscopy, liquid and solid state NMR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC and GC´GC-ToFMS analyses. Complex mixtures of soluble reaction products were obtained and different types of side reactions may occur. The requirements to be put on the catalysts for these reaction systems partly depend on the type of carbohydrates to be converted and the reaction conditions used. The thermal stability is important due to the fact that formation of humins and catalyst coking phenomena are characteristically inherent to these types of reactions systems leading to the need to regenerate the catalyst which can be effectively accomplished by calcination. Special attention was given to fully inorganic nanoporous solid acids, amorphous or crystalline, and consisting of nano to micro-size particles. The investigated catalysts were silicoaluminophosphates, aluminosilicates and zirconium-tungsten mixed oxides which are versatile catalysts in that their physicochemical properties can be fine-tuned to improve the catalytic performances in the conversion of different substrates (e.g. introduction of mesoporosity and modification of the acid properties). The catalytic systems consisting of aluminosilicates as solid acids and water as solvent seem to be more effective in converting pentoses and related polysaccharides into Fur, than hexoses and related polysaccharides into Hmf. The investigated solid acids exhibited fairly good hydrothermal stabilities. On the other hand, ionic liquid-based catalytic systems can allow reaching simultaneously high Fur and Hmf yields, particularly when Hmf is obtained from D-fructose and related polysaccharides; however, catalyst deactivation occurs and the catalytic reactions take place in homogeneous phase. As pointed out in a review of the state of the art on this topic, the development of truly heterogeneous ionic liquid-based catalytic systems for producing Fur and Hmf in high yields remains a challenge.

Síntese e caracterização de redes metalo-orgânicas de fármacos

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica