Comment on “Low time resolution analysis of polar ice cores cannot detect impulsive nitrate events” by D.F. Smart et al.

Smart et al. (2014) suggested that the detection of nitrate spikes in polar ice cores from solar energetic particle (SEP) events could be achieved if an analytical system with sufficiently high resolution was used. Here we show that the spikes they associate with SEP events are not reliably recorded in cores from the same location, even when the resolution is clearly adequate. We explain the processes that limit the effective resolution of ice cores. Liquid conductivity data suggest that the observed spikes are associated with sodium or another nonacidic cation, making it likely that they result from deposition of sea salt or similar aerosol that has scavenged nitrate, rather than from a primary input of nitrate in the troposphere. We consider that there is no evidence at present to support the identification of any spikes in nitrate as representing SEP events. Although such events undoubtedly create nitrate in the atmosphere, we see no plausible route to using nitrate spikes to document the statistics of such events.

PMU-basierte Zustandsabschätzung in Smart Distribution

Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Dissertation, 2016

ITS Institutional and Legal Issues Program. Review of the Houston Smart Commuter operational test. Final report.

Transportation Department, Joint Program Office for Intelligent Transportation Systems, Washington, D.C.

Cost estimates for selected California smart traveler operational tests. Volume 2: appendices.

Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C.

Smart cards for transit : multi-use remotely interrogated stored-data cards for fare and toll payment /

"FTA-MA-26-0020-95-1."

Cost estimates for selected California smart traveler operational tests. Volume 1: technical report.

Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C.

Seek and find : or, The adventures of a smart boy /

Mode of access: Internet.

German "smart bus" systems - potential for application in Portland, Oregon. Volume 1: technical report.

Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C.

Bellevue smart traveler and cellular telecommunications. Final report.

Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C.

Smart highways: challenges facing DOT's intelligent vehicle highway systems program.

Mode of access: Internet.

Smart partnerships : a shared commitment to improve technology /

"Publication No. FHWA-SA-97-054"--P. [4] of cover.

SMART: a program for simplified matrix algebra on remote terminals.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Illinois.

...Christopher Smart.

The author's "A song to David".

Building the ultimate smart weapon : the American soldier.

Mode of access: Internet.

Vogue's manual of smart service and table setting.

Lettered on cover: Prepared by the editors of Vogue.