Entre o medo da contaminação pelo HIV e as representações simbólicas da AIDS: o espectro do desespero contemporâneo

Este estudo pretende colaborar para uma melhor compreensão dos sentimentos provocados no ser humano vivendo em plena era da AIDS. A falta de informação e, por consequência, o desconhecimento sobre a AIDS, sua dinâmica de transmissão e as medidas preventivas adequadas, transformam a convivência com esta síndrome num fator estressante para muitas pessoas, gerando sentimentos de medo e suscitando a correlação com diferentes representações simbólicas ligadas à contaminação pelo HIV. Vários autores formularam modelos teóricos para explicar esta correlação. Neste trabalho procura-se verificar os sentimentos emergentes e a respectiva vinculação aos significados simbólicos da doença sob o prisma destas teorias. Foram entrevistadas 31 pessoas, sendo 10 estudantes de diferentes cursos superiores da Universidade de São Paulo e 21 detentos do Sistema Penitenciário do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, apesar dos grupos apresentarem características diferentes entre si, ambos atribuiram à AIDS significados simbólicos ligados ao medo da contaminação pelo HIV

Métodos pedagógicos que influenciaram o planejamento das ações educativas dos enfermeiros: revisão bibliográfica

Este trabalho busca identificar, em cinco períodos da História do Brasil, o uso, pelos enfermeiros, de metodologias pedagógicas nas ações educativas de saúde em enfermagem. Esta revisão procura resgatar a historicidade do processo educativo trilhado pela Enfermagem e propõe a incorporação, no planejamento das práticas educativas do enfermeiro, do uso de metodologias pedagógicas problematizadoras, concordando com os enfermeiros pesquisadores e assistenciais que defendem aplicação de ações educativas que permitam ao aprendiz apropriar-se de conhecimento técnico aliado à conscientização política de si e do mundo, permitindo-lhe criar e recriar ações cotidianas.

Development and validation of the Transition to Retirement Questionnaire

The aim of this study was to present the initial validation of a new questionnaire, the Transition to Retirement Questionnaire (TRQ) and to study its relationship with resistance to change and personality dimensions. Based on Schlossberg's typology of the retired, the TRQ is designed to assess five dimensions related to personal perceptions of transition to retirement, retirement, and personal plans and activities. The sample consisted of 1,054 professionally active or retired adults from the Swiss French-speaking Canton of Vaud. Exploratory principal components and confirmatory factor analyses highlighted a five-factor solution that fit coherently with Schlossberg's typology. Moreover, TRQ dimensions were related to resistance to change tendencies and personality dimensions. The TRQ seems to be an interesting tool for use in research but also for interventions with young retirees or people preparing for retirement.

Morphologic and electroretinographic phenotype of SR-BI knockout mice after a long-term atherogenic diet.

PURPOSE: To evaluate functional and ultrastructural changes in the retina of scavenger receptor B1 (SR-BI) knockout (KO) mice consuming a high fat cholate (HFC) diet. METHODS: Three-month-old male KO and wild-type (WT) mice were fed an HFC diet for 30 weeks. After diet supplementation, plasma cholesterol levels and electroretinograms were analyzed. Neutral lipids were detected with oil red O, and immunohistochemistry was performed on cryostat ocular tissue sections. The retina, Bruch's membrane (BM), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choriocapillaris (CC) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Using the WT for reference, ultrastructural changes were recorded in HFC-fed SR-BI KO mice, including lipid inclusions, a patchy disorganization of the photoreceptor outer segment (POS) and the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and BM thickening with sparse sub-RPE deposits. Within the CC, there was abnormal disorganization of collagen fibers localized in ectopic sites with sparse and large vacuolization associated with infiltration of macrophages in the subretinal space, reflecting local inflammation. These lesions were associated with electroretinographic abnormalities, particularly increasing implicit time in a- and b-wave scotopic responses. Abnormal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) staining was detected in the outer nuclear layer. CONCLUSIONS: HFC-fed SR-BI KO mice thus presented sub-RPE lipid-rich deposits and functional and morphologic alterations similar to some features observed in dry AMD. The findings lend further support to the hypothesis that atherosclerosis causes retinal and subretinal damage that increases susceptibility to some forms of AMD.

Pregnancy outcomes following use of escitalopram: a prospective comparative cohort study.

Escitalopram is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor prescribed for depression and anxiety. There is a paucity of information regarding safety in pregnancy. The objective of this study was to determine whether escitalopram is associated with an increased risk for major malformations or other adverse outcomes following use in pregnancy. The authors analyzed pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to escitalopram (n = 212) versus other antidepressants (n = 212) versus nonteratogenic exposures (n = 212) and compared the outcomes. Among the escitalopram exposures were 172 (81%) live births, 32 (15%) spontaneous abortions, 6 (2.8%) therapeutic abortions, 3 stillbirths (1.7%), and 3 major malformations (1.7%). The only significant differences among groups was the rate of low birth weight (<2500 g) and overall mean birth weight (P = .225). However, spontaneous abortion rates were higher in both antidepressant groups (15% and 16%) compared with controls (8.5%; P = .066). There were lower rates of live births (P = .006), lower overall birth weight (P < .001), and increased rates of low birth weight (<2500 g; P = .009) with escitalopram. Spontaneous abortion rates were nearly double in both antidepressant groups (15% and 16%) compared with controls (8.5%) but not significant (P = .066). Escitalopram does not appear to be associated with an increased risk for major malformations but appears to increase the risk for low birth weight, which was correlated with the increase in infants weighing <2500 g. In addition, the higher rates of spontaneous abortions in both antidepressant groups confirmed previous findings.

TRPV4-associated skeletal dysplasias.

Dominant mutations in the TRPV4 gene result in a bone dysplasia family and form a continuous phenotypic spectrum that includes, in decreasing severity, lethal, and nonlethal metatropic dysplasia (MD), spondylometaphyseal dysplasia Kozlowski type (SMDK), and autosomal dominant brachyolmia. Several rare variant phenotypes that have some overlap but deviate in some ways from the general pattern have also been described. The known variant phenotypes are spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia Maroteaux type (Pseudo-Morquio type 2), parastremmatic dysplasia, and familial digital arthropathy with brachydactyly. Interestingly, different TRPV4 mutations have been associated with dominantly inherited neurologic disorders such as congenital spinal muscular atrophy and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. Finally, a small number of patients have been identified in whom a TRPV4 mutation results in a phenotype combining skeletal dysplasia with peripheral neuropathy. The TRPV4 gene encodes a regulated calcium channel implicated in multiple and diverse cellular processes. Over 50 different TRPV4 mutations have been reported, with two codons appearing to be mutational hot spots: P799 in exon 15, mostly associated with MD, and R594 in exon 11, associated with SMDK. While most pathogenic mutations tested so far result in activation of the calcium channel in vitro, the mechanisms through which TRPV4 activation results in skeletal dysplasia and/or peripheral neuropathy remain unclear and the genotype-phenotype correlations in this group of disorders remains somewhat mysterious. Since the phenotypic expression of most mutations seems to be relatively constant, careful clinical and radiographic assessment is useful in directing molecular analysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Genetic relationships between suicide attempts, suicidal ideation and major psychiatric disorders: A genome-wide association and polygenic scoring study.

Epidemiological studies have recognized a genetic diathesis for suicidal behavior, which is independent of other psychiatric disorders. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on suicide attempt (SA) and ideation have failed to identify specific genetic variants. Here, we conduct further GWAS and for the first time, use polygenic score analysis in cohorts of patients with mood disorders, to test for common genetic variants for mood disorders and suicide phenotypes. Genome-wide studies for SA were conducted in the RADIANT and GSK-Munich recurrent depression samples and London Bipolar Affective Disorder Case-Control Study (BACCs) then meta-analysis was performed. A GWAS on suicidal ideation during antidepressant treatment had previously been conducted in the Genome Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression (GENDEP) study. We derived polygenic scores from each sample and tested their ability to predict SA in the mood disorder cohorts or ideation status in the GENDEP study. Polygenic scores for major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium were used to investigate pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and suicide phenotypes. No significant evidence for association was detected at any SNP in GWAS or meta-analysis. Polygenic scores for major depressive disorder significantly predicted suicidal ideation in the GENDEP pharmacogenetics study and also predicted SA in a combined validation dataset. Polygenic scores for SA showed no predictive ability for suicidal ideation. Polygenic score analysis suggests pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and suicidal ideation whereas the tendency to act on such thoughts may have a partially independent genetic diathesis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Concepções dos alunos de graduação em enfermagem sobre o envelhecimento

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as concepções do aluno de graduação em enfermagem sobre o envelhecimento. Pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada na Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, com 49 alunos que escreveram uma dissertação com o tema "O que é ser velho?". Foi realizada análise de conteúdo, nas quais foram identificadas três unidades temáticas: Representações do ser velho, Como percebe o velho na sociedade e família e Necessidade de mudança de opinião pública. Os resultados mostraram que o aluno traz em sua concepção muitas imagens negativas do envelhecimento e evidencia a necessidade de mudanças na sociedade e na família.

Natural genetic variation of root system architecture from Arabidopsis to Brachypodium: towards adaptive value.

Root system architecture is a trait that displays considerable plasticity because of its sensitivity to environmental stimuli. Nevertheless, to a significant degree it is genetically constrained as suggested by surveys of its natural genetic variation. A few regulators of root system architecture have been isolated as quantitative trait loci through the natural variation approach in the dicotyledon model, Arabidopsis. This provides proof of principle that allelic variation for root system architecture traits exists, is genetically tractable, and might be exploited for crop breeding. Beyond Arabidopsis, Brachypodium could serve as both a credible and experimentally accessible model for root system architecture variation in monocotyledons, as suggested by first glimpses of the different root morphologies of Brachypodium accessions. Whether a direct knowledge transfer gained from molecular model system studies will work in practice remains unclear however, because of a lack of comprehensive understanding of root system physiology in the native context. For instance, apart from a few notable exceptions, the adaptive value of genetic variation in root system modulators is unknown. Future studies should thus aim at comprehensive characterization of the role of genetic players in root system architecture variation by taking into account the native environmental conditions, in particular soil characteristics.

Crenças que influenciam adolescentes na doação de órgãos

Foram objetivos do estudo identificar conhecimento, crenças comportamentais e normativas de estudantes de nível médio sobre transplante e doação de órgãos, à luz da Teoria da Ação Racional (TRA), em duas escolas da rede pública do município de São Paulo. A amostra foi constituída por 94 alunos que responderam um questionário baseado nos pressupostos da TRA e as respostas foram submetidas à análise estatística. O resultado mostra baixo conhecimento sobre doação de órgãos, pois 45,8% desconhecem o conceito de morte encefálica; 37,2% não sabem quando a morte ocorre e 70,3% não sabem quando uma pessoa se torna potencial doador. Foram evidenciadas dez crenças positivas relativas ao comportamento de ser doador de órgãos. Salientaram-se, também, sete crenças negativas sobre doação de órgãos. Foram evidenciadas oito crenças positivas e cinco crenças negativas relativas à doação de órgãos. Conclui-se ser necessário desenvolver estudos e implementar programas educativos de esclarecimento sobre o tema.

Neonatal treatment with recombinant ectodysplasin prevents respiratory disease in dogs with X-linked ectodermal dysplasia.

Patients with defective ectodysplasin A (EDA) have X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED; OMIM#305100), a condition comprising hypotrichosis, inability to sweat, abnormal teeth, and frequent pulmonary infections. The XLHED dogs show the same clinical signs as humans with the disorder, including frequent respiratory infections that can be fatal. The respiratory disease in humans and dogs is thought to be due to the absence of tracheal and bronchial glands which are a vital part of the mucociliary clearance mechanism. In our XLHED model, the genetically missing EDA was replaced by postnatal intravenous administration of recombinant EDA resulting in long-term, durable corrective effect on adult, permanent dentition. After treatment with EDA, significant correction of the missing tracheal and bronchial glands was achieved in those dogs that received higher doses of EDA. Moreover, successful treatment resulted in the presence of esophageal glands, improved mucociliary clearance, and the absence of respiratory infection. These results demonstrate that a short-term treatment at a neonatal age with a recombinant protein can reverse a developmental disease and result in vastly improved quality of life.

Controle de vacinação de crianças matriculadas em escolas municipais da cidade de São Paulo

A matrícula de alunos, nas Escolas Municipais de Educação Infantil de São Paulo, está vinculada à apresentação da caderneta de vacinação, para incentivar os pais a manterem atualizado o calendário de imunizações das crianças. Não há, porém, controles periódicos para verificar se as vacinações estão atualizadas. Para sanar tal deficiência, foi elaborado um projeto com objetivo de facilitar o controle da imunização infantil, por meio da criação de um programa de computador, para realizar esse controle, testado em uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil, durante três meses. Foram cadastrados nesse sistema 286 alunos, dos quais, 236 (82,5%) receberam notificações por estar com seu quadro de vacinação incompleto. Dentre os alunos que receberam as notificações, 21,2% atualizaram a vacinação, 2,5% devolveram suas cadernetas inalteradas e os demais ainda estavam providenciando a atualização. O programa foi capaz de identificar falhas, reduzindo as chances da propagação de doenças transmissíveis no ambiente escolar.