Die Feldspatgehalte quartärzeitlicher Sande Niedersachsens

The feldspar contents of 373 samples from quaternary sands of Lower Saxony (West Germany) were determined. The samples were taken in all parts of Lower Saxony and represent a selec- tion of quaternary Sediments of different age and genetic origin. 7 different methods of investigation were tested to determine the content of feldspar both qualitative and quantitative. Polarizing mioroscopy, x-ray diffractometry, Chemical analysis and staining fit these aims best. The most important results of these investigations are: - The quarternary Lower Saxonian sands have an average content of 4.4 weight-% potassium feldspars and 0.8 weight-% plagio- clase. - All tested samples have a similar qualitative feldspar compo- sition. There are monocline, tricline and - more rare - per- thitic potassium feldspars with a rather high (greater 80 %) KAlSi3O8 content. From the plagioclase feldspars only albite, oligoclase and little andesine were indicated. - The potassium feldspar content is higher in each sample than the plagioclase content. - The feldspar content depends on age and genetic origin of each sand. Generally spoken the feldspar content lessens with increasing age. Glaciofluviatile and basin sands usually have a higher feldspar content than fluvial or aeolian sands of the same age. - The feldspar content is highly influenced by grain size com- position. A minimum of feldspar content lies between 0.4 and 1 .0 mm grain size. Fine sands usually have a higher feldspar content than coarse sands. The reason for this phenomenon is weathering. - There are no regional differences in the amount of feldspar content. - The feldspar content is not high enough for commercial mining.

Schwermineral-Untersuchungen in quartär-zeitlichen Sanden nordwestlich von Hannover

A total of 117 samples of quarternary sediments, mostly sands, from a region NW of Hannover (Lower Saxony) has been investigated with regard to their content of heavy minerals. The absolute percentage of transparent heavy minerals approximates 0.2 Vol.%. If several samples of glaciofluvial sands (Drenthe-stage) or dune sands (Late Weichsel-stage to Holocene) are taken from one outcrop they show great similarities in their heavy minerals contents. Glaciofluvial sands of the Elster-stage evidently have less Garnet, Hornblende and minerals of volcanic origin (Augite, partly also Orthopyroxenes, Oxyhornblende and Olivine) than those of the Drenthe-stage, Weichsel-stage, and the Holocene. All these groups hold nearly the same average assemblages of heavy mineral, thus indicating that within the Drenthe-stage or later material from north and from south has been mixed and/or reworked. In the area investigated the proportions of heavy minerals do not help to identify either the stratigraphic position or the way of deposition of different sandy sediments younger than the Elster-stage. The distributional pattern of several heavy minerals point out that Kyanite, Hornblende and Epidote have been transported predominantly from the north, whereas Garnet and Staurolite have sources both in the north and the south. Tourmaline, Apatite and the minerals of volcanic origin mainly must be derived from the south. All results obtained in the region examined should not be transferred to other zones of the lowlands of Northern Germany automatically.

Pyramidellidae de Pho-Hai (sud Viêt-Nam)

After having pointed out their distribution into several subfamilies, genera, and sub-genera of Pyramidellidae, this note describes 44 species of this family. Forty-two were collected by the author in the beach sands at Pho-Hai, near Phan-Thiet (South-Vietnam) and two were dredged off Phan-Thiet by the Nha-Trang Oceanographic Institute. Among these species twenty-one are new: Cossmannica champaensis, Odostomia (Odostomia) chamorum, O. (Megastomia) elata, O. (Megastomia) binhdinhensis, 0. (Megastomia) gestroides, O. (Jodanula) megembryon, Pyrgulina (Standeniella) difficilis, P. (Parthenina) monicae, P. (Pyrgulina) phohaiensis, Chrysallida phanthietina, Egilina gigantea, E. babellina, E. (Numaegilina) ventricosa, Babella cylindrica, B. crassicostata, Miralda franciscae, Turbonilla barthelemyi, T. (Asmunda) secta, Pyrgiscus infantilis, Careliopsis sublaevis, Cingulina inaequalis.

Pyramidellidae de Nhatrang (Vietnam)

This record is working at the Pyramidellid fauna from the bay of Nha-Trang and vicinity, collected in beach sands or dredged by “Institut oceanographique”. This fauna is very prolific and includes no less than 210 species, among these 55 only could be assimilated to already known species. There are 7 Pyramidellinae, 12 Tiberiinae, 20 Syrnolinae, 27 Odostomiinae with prevailing subgenus Megastomia, 5 Odostomellinae, 63 Pyrgulininae with very numerous Pyrgulina and numerous Besla, 5 Menesthinae, 61 Turbonillinae with leading genera Chemnitzia. Pyrgiscus, Pyrgisciila, 3 Cingulininae, and 7 Eulimellinae.

La carte de la végétation de la presqu'île de Cam Ranh (Région de Nha Trang). Note n° V: Introduction à l'étude de la végétation des sables littoraux du Sud Viêt-Nam

The 1:50000 Vegetation Map of Cam Ranh Peninsula is one of the first study performed in South Vietnam; it aims to locate various vegetation on coastal sands and it represents a synthesis of phytogeographic observations. (Barry J.P. and Phung Trung Ngan, 1960, Barry J. P., Le-Cȏng-Kiet Hoang and Pham-Hȏ, 1961 Barry J. P., Le-Cȏng-Kiet and Vu-Van Cuong, 1961).

Introduction à l'étude de la végétation des sables littoraux du Sud Viêt-Nam. Note no. III: Les associations végétales de la presqu'île de Cam-Ranh (Région de Nha-Trang)

The natural vegetation on the coastal sands of Central and Southern Vietnam seems to not be in relation with the chemical composition of the sands, but with the age of sediments.

Modern sediments and Pleistocene reefs from isolated carbonate platforms (Iles Eparses, SW Indian Ocean): A preliminary study

Isolated carbonate platforms occur throughout the geologic record, from Archean to present. Although the respective roles of tectonics, sediment supply and sea-level changes in the stratigraphical architecture of these systems are relatively well constrained, the details of the nature and controls on the variability of sedimentological patterns between and within individual geomorphologic units on platforms have been barely investigated. This study aims at describing and comparing geomorphological and sedimentological features of surficial sediments and fossil reefs from three isolated carbonate platforms located in the SW Indian Ocean (Glorieuses, Juan de Nova and Europa). These carbonate platforms are relatively small and lack continuous reef margins, which have developed only on windward sides. Field observations, petrographic characterization and grain-size analyses are used to illustrate the spatial patterns of sediment accumulation on these platforms. The internal parts of both Glorieuses and Juan de Nova platforms are blanketed by sand dunes with medium to coarse sands with numerous reef pinnacles. Skeletal components including coral, green algae, and benthic foraminifera fragments prevail in these sediments. Europa platform exhibits a similar skeletal assemblage dominated by coral fragments, with the absence of wave-driven sedimentary bodies. Fossil reefs from the Last interglacial (125,000 years BP) occur on the three platforms. At Glorieuses, a succession of drowned terraces detected on seismic lines is interpreted as reflecting the last deglacial sea-level rise initiated 20,000 years ago. These findings highlight the high potential of these platforms to study past sea-level changes and the related reef response, which remain poorly documented in the SW Indian Ocean.

Geomorphology and sedimentology of a modern isolated carbonate platform: The glorieuses archipelago, SW Indian Ocean

The study of modern carbonate systems is commonly helps in improving facies interpretation in fossil reefs and in providing analogues of sediment distribution depending on the specific platform configuration (i.e. rimmed shelves and isolated carbonate platforms). This paper deals with a geomorphological and sedimentological study of the Glorieuses Archipelago, an isolated carbonate platform located between the northern tip of Madagascar and Mayotte. The dataset consists of Digital Terrain Model, satellite imagery, and box-sediment samples. Analyses of grain-size and composition of carbonate grains are used to characterize the distribution and heterogeneity of sediment accumulated on the isolated platform. Main results show that the Glorieuses Archipelago is organized in distinctive morphological units, including a reef flat developed along the windward side, an apron, and a semi-enclosed (< 12 m water depth) to open lagoon (> 12 m and up to 15 m water depth). The lack of carbonate mud in sediments deposited on the archipelago can be explained by the direct connection between the lagoon and the open ocean. The main carbonate grains include Halimeda segments, coral fragments, large benthic foraminifers, red algae, and molluscs. According to the shape and the position of intertidal sandwaves, the current arrangement of moderately sorted fine to medium sands appears to be strongly influenced by tidal currents. The in-situ sediment production, accumulation and transport on the platform finally contribute to carbonate sand export to distinct deep marine areas depending on wind regimes and currents.

The impact of tides and waves on near-surface suspended sediment concentrations in the English Channel

Numerous ecological problems of continental shelf ecosystems require a refined knowledge of the evolution of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). The present investigation focuses on the spatial and temporal variabilities of near-surface SSC in coastal waters of the English Channel (western Europe) by exploiting numerical predictions from the Regional Ocean Modeling System ROMS. Extending previous investigations of ROMS performances in the Channel, this analysis refines, with increased spatial and temporal resolutions, the characterization of near-surface SSC patterns revealing areas where concentrations are highly correlated with evolutions of tides and waves. Significant tidal modulations of near-surface concentrations are thus found in the eastern English Channel and the French Dover Strait while a pronounced influence of waves is exhibited in the Channel Islands Gulf. Coastal waters present furthermore strong SSC temporal variations, particularly noticeable during storm events of autumn and winter, with maximum near-surface concentrations exceeding 40 mg l−1 and increase by a factor from 10 to 18 in comparison with time-averaged concentrations. This temporal variability strongly depends on the granulometric distribution of suspended sediments characterized by local bi-modal contributions of silts and sands off coastal irregularities of the Isle of Wight, the Cotentin Peninsula and the southern Dover Strait.

As Escadarias de Terraços do Ródão à Chamusca (Baixo Tejo) - Caracterização e Interpretação de Dados Sedimentares, Tectónicos, Climáticos e do Paleolítico

As unidades estratigráficas que resultaram da evolução do rio Tejo em Portugal, aqui analisadas em pormenor entre Vila Velha de Ródão e Chamusca, possuem distintas características sedimentares e indústrias líticas: uma unidade culminante do enchimento sedimentar (o ancestral Tejo, antes do início da etapa de incisão fluvial) - SLD13 (+142 a 262 m acima do leito actual; com provável idade 3,6 a 1,8 Ma), sem indústrias identificadas; terraço T1 (+76 a 180 m; ca. 1000? a 900 ka), sem indústrias; terraço T2 (+57 a 150 m; idade estimada em ca. 600 ka), sem indústrias; terraço T3 (+36 a 113 m; ca. 460 a 360? ka), sem indústrias; terraço T4 (+26 a 55 m; ca. 335 a 155 ka), Paleolítico Inferior (Acheulense) em níveis da base e intermédios mas Paleolítico Médio inicial em níveis do topo; terraço T5 (+5 a 34 m; 135 a 73 ka), Paleolítico Médio (com talhe Mustierense, Levallois); terraço T6 (+3 a 14 m; 62 a 32 ka), Paleolítico Médio final (Mustierense final); Areias da Carregueira (areias eólicas) e coluviões (+3 a ca. 100 m; 32 a 12 ka), Paleolítico Superior a Epipaleolítico; enchimento da planície aluvial (+0 a 8 m; ca. 12 ka a actual), Mesolítico e indústrias mais recentes. As diferenças na elevação (a.r.b.) das escadarias de terraços resultam de soerguimento diferencial, devido a falhas ativas. Numa dada escadaria datada, a projeção da elevação da superfície de cada terraço (a.r.b.) versus a sua idade permitiu estimar a idade do topo do terraço T2 (ca. 600 ka) e a provável idade do início da etapa de incisão (ca. 1,8 Ma). Obteve-se a duração da fase de agradação dos terraços baixos e médios: T6 – 30 ka; T5 – 62 ka; T4 – ca. 180 ka; T3 – ca. 100? ka. Conclui-se que durante o Plistocénico médio e final, as fases de incisão e alargamento do vale foram curtas (ca. 11-25 ka) e ocorreram durante períodos de nível do mar muito baixo, alternando com mais longas fases de inundação e agradação do vale durante níveis do mar mais altos. Estas oscilações eustáticas de causa climática estão sobrepostas a um contexto de soerguimento de longo termo, controlando o desenvolvimento das escadarias. Calculou-se que para os últimos ca. 155 ka as taxas de incisão de curto-termo apresentam valores (0,09 a 0,41 m/ka), aproximadamente, duplos dos calculados para o intervalo ca. 155 a 900 ka (0,04 a 0,28 m/ka). Este aumento na taxa de incisão deve estar relacionado com um aumento na taxa de soerguimento por intensificação da compressão devido à convergência entre as placas Africana e Eurasiática. Abstract: The terrace staircases of the Lower Tagus River (Ródão to Chamusca) – characterization and interpretation of the sedimentary, tectonic, climatic and Palaeolithic data The stratigraphic units that record the evolution of the Tagus River in Portugal (study area between Vila Velha de Ródão and Chamusca villages) have different sedimentary characteristics and lithic industries: a culminant sedimentary unit (the ancestral Tagus, before the drainage network entrenchment) – SLD13 (+142 to 262 m above river bed – a.r.b.; with probable age 3.6 to 1.8 Ma), without artefacts; T1 terrace (+76 to 180 m; ca. 1000? to 900 ka), without artefacts; T2 terrace (+57 to 150 m; top deposits with a probable age ca. 600 ka), without artefacts; T3 terrace (+36 to 113 m; ca. 460 to 360? ka), without artefacts; T4 terrace (+26 to 55 m; ca. 335 a 155 ka), Lower Paleolithic (Acheulian) at basal and middle levels but early Middle Paleolithic at top levels; T5 terrace (+5 to 34 m; 135 to 73 ka), Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian; Levallois technique); T6 terrace (+3 to 14 m; 62 to 32 ka), late Middle Paleolithic (late Mousterian); Carregueira Sands (aeolian sands) and colluvium (+3 a ca. 100 m; 32 to 12 ka), Upper Paleolithic to Epipaleolithic; alluvial plain (+0 to 8 m; ca. 12 ka to present), Mesolithic and more recent industries. The differences in elevation (a.r.b.) of the several terrace staircases results from differential uplift due to active faults. The age interval for each aggradation phase of T3 to T6 terraces was obtained: T3 – ca. 100? ka; T4 – ca. 180 ka; T5 – 62 ka; T6 – 30 ka. The intervals of river down-cutting and widening of the valley floor were short (ca. 11-25 ka) and coincided with periods of very low sea-level. The plotting of the elevation (a.r.b.) versus the age of each terrace surface allows to estimate the age of the T2 terrace (ca. 600 ka) and the probable age of the beginning of the incision stage (ca. 1.8 Ma). So, the high amplitude sea-level changes that characterized the Middle and Late Pleistocene strongly determined the episodic down-cutting phases of the river during the low stands sea levels that alternated with the flooding and aggradation phases of the incised valley during highstand sea levels. These climate related eustatic oscillations are superimposed onto a long term uplift pattern, controlling the river terrace staircase development. During the last ca. 155 ka, the short-term incision rates (0.09 a 0.41 m/ka) were twice the values determined for the interval 155 to 900 ka (0.04 to 0.28 m/ka). This increase in incision rate should be related with an increase in uplift rate resulting from an intensification of compression due to the convergence between African - Eurasian plates.

Estudo de revestimentos inorgânicos com inibidor de corrosão aplicado na superfície do concreto

The corrosive phenomenon on reinforced concrete structures is one of the most founded pathologies on the coastal area. With the objective to prevent the process development, or even, retard its beginning, it was studied the application of inorganic covering over concrete surfaces, after its cure, as well as, evaluate the efficiency of the covering applied on the concrete in reducing its porosity of concrete preventing the entrance of aggressive agents to preserve the integrity of the existing armor inside it, comparing the result obtained with the body-of-proof reference, that didn´t receive covering protection. On the concrete production it was used Portland Cement CP II 32, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water from the local distributive. Two types of covering were used, one resin based of silicon and solvent and other white cement based, selected sands and acrylic resin. The concrete mixture adopted was 1:1,5:2,5 (cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate) and 0.50 water/cement ratio. With the concrete on fresh state was made the experiment test to determinate the workability. On the hardened state was made the concrete resistance experiment, absorption of water and electrochemical experiments, through polarization curves. Also was held optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy experiments to analyze the layer of the covering applied to the concrete surface and the interface between the concrete and the layer. The obtained results shows that the covering applied to the concrete surface didn´t affect the resistance towards compression. On the absorption of water occurred a diminution of the percentage absorbed, improving the concrete development by making it more impermeable towards the entrance of aggressive agents. The electrochemical experiment results confirmed the water absorption results; the body-of-proof covered presented larger protection towards the development of corrosives process and retarded the evolution of the corrosive phenomenon

Marine pollution: Let us not forget beach sand

Background: Assessing the chemical or bacterial contamination in marine waters and sediments is a very common approach to evaluate marine pollution and associated risks. However, toxicity and organic pollution of beach sands have not yet been considered, except in adjacent waters. In the present study, the toxicity and the chemical contamination of natural beach sands collected 20 m from the shoreline at two sites located on the Mediterranean Sea (Marseille and La Marana, Corsica) were studied. Results: Up to 16.93% (net percentage) abnormal or dead larvae was observed in elutriates prepared from the urban beach sand sample (Marseille); no significant toxicity was observed in the sample collected from the reference beach in La Marana. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses revealed that no microplastics were present in either of the samples. Several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs] in both samples and a larger number of individual PAHs in the urban sample than in the sample collected from the reference beach were detected. In addition, the antioxidant dioctyldiphenylamine was detected in both beach sand samples, whereby a higher concentration was found in La Marana than in Marseille. Calculated PAH concentrations in elutriates were generally higher than measured ones. Conclusions: The results of this preliminary study provide evidence of toxicity and the presence of organic trace contaminants in beach sands from France. According to our results, monitoring using a combination of biotests and chemical analyses is recommended, especially of sediments from beaches abandoned to urban and industrial areas.

Incorporação de Software multimédia e de informação em sistema informação geográfica

Dissertação de mestrado, Geomática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014