Enumeração de espectro de distâncias de esquemas de modulação codificada em treliça empregando codificação turbo

In this work, a performance analysis of transmission schemes employing turbo trellis coded modulation. In general, the performance analysis of such schemes is guided by evaluating the error probability of these schemes. The exact evaluation of this probability is very complex and inefficient from the computational point of view, a widely used alternative is the use of union bound of error probability, because of its easy implementation and computational produce bounds that converge quickly. Since it is the union bound, it should use to expurge some elements of distance spectrum to obtain a tight bound. The main contribution of this work is that the listing proposal is carried out from the puncturing at the level of symbol rather than bit-level as in most works of literature. The main reason for using the symbol level puncturing lies in the fact that the enummerating function of the turbo scheme is obtained directly from complex sequences of signals through the trellis and not indirectly from the binary sequences that require further binary to complex mapping, as proposed by previous works. Thus, algorithms can be applied through matrix from the adjacency matrix, which is obtained by calculating the distances of the complex sequences of the trellis. This work also presents two matrix algorithms for state reduction and the evaluation of the transfer function of this. The results presented in comparisons of the bounds obtained using the proposed technique with some turbo codes of the literature corroborate the proposition of this paper that the expurgated bounds obtained are quite tight and matrix algorithms are easily implemented in any programming software language

Comparação de métodos de enxertia em pepino

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Obtenção de placas cerâmico a partir de formulações de massas triaxiais de resíduos de caulim, chamote de telha e cinza vegetal

The production of red ceramic is an industrial activity that causes an intense impact. The manufacture of its products considerably increases the demand for natural resources, mainly with the extraction of raw material. The ceramic material produced generates waste, such as ash firewood and chamote. The residue from the beneficiation of kaolin is deposited in a poor, degrades the environment and contaminate water sources and soil, constituting in this manner, ecological disasters. The main objective of this work is to develop the formulation of a ceramic product consisting solely of industrial solid wastes, from ceramic tiles, (chamote) residue of kaolin and ash firewood. It is assumed that this product made in the laboratory can be used in coatings, wall and floor. The aim is to facilitate the replacement of the raw material of original composition of a ceramic body, for waste, while the process of production equal to the conventionally used, so that the properties of the product are reproduced. This work is characterized waste as its chemical composition, analysis of particle size, X-ray diffraction and thermal behavior. Several formulations were studied. The mass of waste was prepared by dry process, pressed to 25 MPa, and then burned in muffle type oven to 850, 950, 1050 and 1150 °C. The results showed that it is technically possible to produce porous tiles only with waste. It was found that the formulations of bodies play a key role in the properties of the final product, as well as the sintering temperature and heating rates. RN in the waste of kaolin is estimated at 15,000 t/month, about 3,000 gray t/month and chamote with 10 million pieces/month damaged. The presence of carbonates of calcium and magnesium at 1050 ° C results in an appropriate porosity and mechanical strength. The formulation M3JE, composed of 69% waste of kaolin, 7.7% and 23.3% of chamote of gray, became suitable for porous materials with the strength and absorption within the level of national and international standards

Aproveitamento de resíduos de cinza da cana de açúcar em massas cerâmicas

This study aimed to investigate the use of cane sugar ashes from small-scale stills of Eunápolis region, state of Bahia, in pottery mass that can be developed as porcelain stoneware. Bahia is the second largest producer of rum distillery in Brazil. In the production of rum is produced residue called bagasse, which is used to generate electricity in Power plants and in the distillery itself, generating ashes as residue, which is played in nature, causing environmental damage. We studied 5 (five) formulations of 0% 10% 20%, 30% and 40% by weight of the ash, without ignition and 3 (three) formulations of 10%, 20% and 30% with gray ash temperature of 1250ºC. The formulation at 0% by weight of ash was used for a comparison between the traditional mass of porcelain stoneware and the masses with the addition of ash calcined, replacing feldspar. The percentage by weight of kaolin and of Clay was kept the same, 30%, and all raw materials were derived from the state of Bahia. The samples were made in uniaxial array with dimensions of (60 x 20 x 5) mm and compressed to a pressure of 45 MPa. Assays were performed to characterize the raw by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, ATD and ATG and Dilatometric analysis. The samples were sintered at temperatures of 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C and 1250°C, for the specimens with the ashes without ash and 1150° C and 1200° C for specimens with the gray level of calcined 60 minutes. and then we made a cooling ramp with the same rate of warming until reach ambient temperature. The sintered bodies were characterized by water absorption, porosity, linear shrinkage, bending strength and XRD of the fracture surface and the results analyzed. It was proven, after results of tests performed, that it is possible to use the ash residue of sugar cane bagasse on ceramic coating with the addition of up to 10% wt of the residue ash

Incorporação de cinzas da casca de café na produção de placas cerâmicas para revestimento

Brazil is the world s leading coffee producer. In 2008, 45.99 million of 60 kg bags of benefited coffee were produced. In the process of improvement 50% is grain and 50% is husk, thus, 1.38 million tons of coffee husk are produced annually. The husk is used as combustible in the drying and improvement ovens in the coffee farms, generating ash as residue. These ashes contain a high concentration of alkaline metals and earth metals, mainly K2O and CaO. This work studies the use of this residue in the ceramic tiles industry, as fluxing agents in substitution to the feldspar. Ten mixtures with equal ratios of clay and kaolin, proceeding from Bahia and the residue (varying from 30 to 5%) were defined and produced in uniaxial tool die of 60x20mm with approximately 5 mm of thickness and 45MPa compacting pressure. The samples were fired in four different temperatures: 1100 °C, 1150 °C, 1185 °C and 1200 °C during 60 minutes and characterized by means of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, gravimetric thermal analysis and differential thermal analysis. The results of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage, XRD, dilatometry, flexural strength and SEM were also analysed. The test specimen with addition of 10% of ash fired in 1200 °C resulted in 0.18% water absorption and 40.77 MPa flexural strength, being classified as porcelain stoneware tiles according to ABNT, UNI and ISO norms

Composito de poliuretano de mamona e residuo industrial para isolacao termica e absorcao sonora

This work proposes the development of an innovative material made from a vegetable polyurethane matrix and load of industrial waste, from retread tires, for thermal insulation and environmental comfort. Experimental procedures are presented, as well as the results of the thermal and acoustic performance of this composite material, made from an expansive foam derived from the castor seed oil and fiber of scrap tires. The residue was treated superficially with sodium hydroxide, to eliminate contaminants, and characterized macroscopically and microscopically. Samples were produced with addition of residues at levels of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight, for determination of thermal properties: conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity, sound absortion index and density. The results were compared to commercially available thermal insulation and sound absorbing products. According to the analysis of results, it was concluded that the developed composite presents characteristics that qualify it as a thermal insulation with superior performance, compared to commercial available insulation, and sound absorption capacity greater than the castor oil polyurethane s, without addition of the residue

Disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo: decomposição e liberação de compostos orgânicos de resíduos vegetais

O objetivo principal desta revisão foi reunir informações a respeito da ação de compostos orgânicos produzidos por plantas na disponibilidade de nutrientes nos solos, principalmente sobre os cátions Ca, Mg e K e sobre o ânion fosfato. O sistema de cultivo adotado ocasiona mudanças nas propriedades químicas e físicas do solo, especialmente na disponibilidade de nutrientes e condicionamento físico do solo. Tem-se observado o acúmulo de nutrientes nas camadas superficiais do solo no sistema de semeadura direta, pelo não-revolvimento do solo e pela deposição de resíduos de culturas na superfície. Os ácidos orgânicos provenientes de plantas podem interagir com a fase sólida e ocupar os sítios de adsorção de nutrientes, competindo diretamente com eles e aumentando sua disponibilidade no solo. A adição de resíduos vegetais pode promover, antes da humificação, a elevação do pH, por promover complexação de H e Al com compostos do resíduo vegetal, deixando Ca, Mg e K mais livres em solução, o que pode ocasionar aumento na saturação da CTC por estes cátions de reação básica. Também é normal observar o aumento na disponibilidade de P no solo com a adição de resíduos vegetais, tanto pelo P presente no resíduo como por competição de compostos orgânicos dos resíduos pelos sítios de troca no solo. A persistência dos compostos orgânicos também é fator que tem grande interferência nos processos de sorção/dessorção de cátions e ânions, dependendo da atividade microbiana, da disponibilidade metabólica do substrato carbonado e da sorção aos colóides do solo.

Sobrevivência de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis em manipueira sob condições ambientais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Atributos químicos do solo, crescimento radicular e produtividade do arroz de acordo com a aplicação de escórias

Resíduos industriais são fontes alternativas de nutrientes para as plantas e sua utilização decorre da necessidade de diminuir o acúmulo dos resíduos nos centros de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de escórias de siderurgia nos atributos químicos do solo, no desenvolvimento e na produtividade de grãos do arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos constituídos de duas escórias, alto-forno (196 g kg-1 de Si) e aciaria (56 g kg-1 de Si), e a testemunha sem aplicação, com oito repetições. As escórias podem ser usadas como corretivo de acidez do solo e como fonte de silício. As alterações nos atributos químicos do solo estão relacionadas com a composição química das escórias. A escória de alto-forno proporcionou maior crescimento radicular em profundidade e melhor distribuição no perfil do solo e, conseqüentemente, maior produção de massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e produtividade de grãos de arroz.

Avaliação mecânica e microestrutural de compósitos de poliéster com adição de cargas minerais e resíduos industriais

With the current growth in consumption of industrialized products and the resulting increase in garbage production, their adequate disposal has become one of the greatest challenges of modern society. The use of industrial solid residues as fillers in composite materials is an idea that emerges aiming at investigating alternatives for reusing these residues, and, at the same time, developing materials with superior properties. In this work, the influence of the addition of sand, diatomite, and industrial residues of polyester and EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate), on the mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites, was studied. The main objective was to evaluate the mechanical properties of the materials with the addition of recycled residue fillers, and compare to those of the pure polyester resin. Composite specimens were fabricated and tested for the evaluation of the flexural properties and Charpy impact resistance. After the mechanical tests, the fracture surface of the specimens was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that some of the composites with fillers presented greater Young s modulus than the pure resin; in particular composites made with sand and diatomite, where the increase in modulus was about 168 %. The composites with polyester and EVA presented Young s modulus lower than the resin. Both strength and maximum strain were reduced when fillers were added. The impact resistance was reduced in all composites with fillers when compared to the pure resin, with the exception of the composites with EVA, where an increase of about 6 % was observed. Based on the mechanical tests, microscopy analyses and the compatibility of fillers with the polyester resin, the use of industrial solid residues in composites may be viable, considering that for each type of filler there will be a specific application

Extração do óleo e caracterização dos resíduos da borra de petróleo para fins de reuso

The petroleum industry, in consequence of an intense activity of exploration and production, is responsible by great part of the generation of residues, which are considered toxic and pollutants to the environment. Among these, the oil sludge is found produced during the production, transportation and refine phases. This work had the purpose to develop a process to recovery the oil present in oil sludge, in order to use the recovered oil as fuel or return it to the refining plant. From the preliminary tests, were identified the most important independent variables, like: temperature, contact time, solvents and acid volumes. Initially, a series of parameters to characterize the oil sludge was determined to characterize its. A special extractor was projected to work with oily waste. Two experimental designs were applied: fractional factorial and Doehlert. The tests were carried out in batch process to the conditions of the experimental designs applied. The efficiency obtained in the oil extraction process was 70%, in average. Oil sludge is composed of 36,2% of oil, 16,8% of ash, 40% of water and 7% of volatile constituents. However, the statistical analysis showed that the quadratic model was not well fitted to the process with a relative low determination coefficient (60,6%). This occurred due to the complexity of the oil sludge. To obtain a model able to represent the experiments, the mathematical model was used, the so called artificial neural networks (RNA), which was generated, initially, with 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 neurons in the hidden layer, 64 experimental results and 10000 presentations (interactions). Lesser dispersions were verified between the experimental and calculated values using 4 neurons, regarding the proportion of experimental points and estimated parameters. The analysis of the average deviations of the test divided by the respective training showed up that 2150 presentations resulted in the best value parameters. For the new model, the determination coefficient was 87,5%, which is quite satisfactory for the studied system

Cátions hidrossolúveis na parte aérea de culturas anuais mediante aplicação de calcário e gesso em superfície

A eficiência da calagem superficial pode ser melhorada por meio de compostos orgânicos hidrossolúveis liberados por resíduos vegetais. No entanto, não se sabe se os teores desses compostos nos resíduos das culturas podem ser modificados pela aplicação de calcário e gesso em superfície. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos das aplicações de calcário e gesso em superfície sobre os teores de cátions solúveis nos resíduos vegetais das culturas de arroz, feijão e aveia-preta. O experimento foi realizado em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de Botucatu (SP). O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro doses de calcário dolomítico (0, 1.100, 2.700 e 4.300 kg ha-1) e as subparcelas, pela aplicação ou não de 2.100 kg ha-1 de gesso agrícola. Para as culturas de verão foi utilizado esquema de parcela subsubdividida. As subsubparcelas foram constituídas por dois cultivares de arroz de terras altas (Caiapó e IAC 202), no ano agrícola 2002/03, e dois cultivares de feijão (Pérola e Carioca), em 2003/04. A aveia-preta foi cultivada no inverno dos dois anos, utilizando apenas o cultivar Comum. Os teores de cátions solúveis na parte aérea das culturas de arroz, feijão e aveia-preta foram alterados pela aplicação de calcário e gesso em superfície. A gessagem em superfície aumentou os teores solúveis de Ca e reduziu o de Mg na parte aérea das culturas, principalmente nas primeiras safras após a aplicação. A calagem aumentou os teores de cátions solúveis na parte aérea de todas as culturas. As culturas do feijão e da aveia-preta apresentaram maiores teores de cátions solúveis nos resíduos da parte aérea, avaliados no florescimento.

Efeito de escória de alto forno no crescimento radicular e na produtividade de arroz

A utilização agrícola de resíduos industriais como fertilizantes decorre da necessidade de diminuir o efeito nocivo do acúmulo de nutrientes nos centros de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de escória de alto forno no crescimento radicular e na produtividade do arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão. O experimento foi realizado no campo, adotando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco doses de escória de alto forno (0, 2.550, 5.100, 10.200 e 15.300 kg ha-1) com quatro repetições. A utilização de escória melhorou a condição química do solo, aumentou o crescimento e a superfície radicular, diminuiu o diâmetro das raízes e elevou os teores de silício no solo e na planta, resultando em aumento da produtividade.

Influência da época de semeadura e do manejo da parte aérea de milheto sobre a soja em sucessão em plantio direto

Uma das grandes limitações do plantio direto é a produção e manutenção da cobertura vegetal. Por esse motivo, o milheto tem-se constituído em boa opção de cultivo no inverno, gerando palhada com decomposição mais lenta viabilizando esse sistema de produção. O objetivo do experimento foi estudar a cultura do milheto em três épocas de semeadura (5/3, 25/3 e 19/4/99), sob condições de sequeiro, e a ceifa da parte aérea (ceifa a cada florescimento e retirada do resíduo vegetal; ceifa a cada florescimento e permanência do resíduo vegetal; ceifa no florescimento e retirada do resíduo vegetal; ceifa no florescimento e permanência do resíduo vegetal e livre crescimento, sem ceifar), bem como seu efeito na produção da soja cultivada na seqüência. Pode-se concluir que o milheto semeado em março e submetido à ceifa na época de cada emissão da panícula proporcionou as maiores produções de matéria seca dessa espécie. Tal cultura demonstrou grande capacidade na produção de matéria seca e, quando semeada em 5 de março e 19 de abril, propiciou as maiores produtividades da soja cultivada em sucessão.

Taxas de decomposição e de liberação de macronutrientes da palhada de aveia preta em plantio direto

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)