Estudio de la muerte celular por Apoptosis en el ovario de Columba maculosa y Columbina picui (Aves:Columbidae) durante el Ciclo Reproductivo Anual. Study of cell death by apoptosis in the ovary of Columba maculosa and Columbina picui (Aves: Columbidae) during the reproductive annual cycle.

En este trabajo se analizarán las características estructurales, cuantitativas y el proceso de muerte celular por apoptosis en el ovario de C. maculosa y C.picui con el objetivo de aportar conocimientos básicos a la biología reproductiva de estas aves. Cincuenta hembras adultas de cada especie se capturarán en el Dpto. Río Primero (Pcia. de Cba), R. Argentina, durante el ciclo reproductivo 2011-2012. Las muestras de ovarios se fijaran en Formalina Neutra pH 7.0, procesarán con la técnica de inclusión en parafina y colorearan con Hematoxilina /Eosina y Reacción Nuclear de Feulgen. Cinco muestras serán utilizadas para la determinación de muerte celular por apoptosis con la técnica de TUNEL. Se estudiarán las características morfohistológicas del ovario de C.maculosa y C. picui e identificarán, categorizarán y cuantificarán los folículos atrésicos no bursting (folículos atrésicos previtelogénicos y vcitelogénicos pequeños que conservan la integridad de la pared folicular) y bursting (folículos vitelogénicos mayores de 2 mm que liberar el contenido folicular por ruptura de la pared folicular) durante el ciclo reproductivo anual. Mediante la marcación de ADN fragmentado, se revelará la muerte celular por apoptosis en las células granulosas de los folículos atrésicos. Se compararán las semejanzas y diferencias estructurales y cuantitativas y el proceso de muerte celular en los folículos regresivos entre las dos especies. Los resultados de este trabajo representarán un importante aporte al conocimiento de la atresia folicular como así también a la muerte celular, un proceso estrechamente asociado a la misma, aún poco estudiado en el ovario de las aves. In this work we analyse the structural, quantitative and the process of the cell death by apoptosis in the ovary of Columba maculosa and Columbina picui in order of providing basic knowledge of reproductive biology of these birds. Fifty adult female of each species will be caught in the Río Primero (Pcia. Cba) R.Argentina, during 2011 - 2012. The ovarian samples will be fixed en neutral buffered Formalin (pH 7.0), processed with the technique of inclusion in paraffin and stained with Haematoxylin - Eosin, and nuclear Reaction of Feulgen. Five samples will be used to reveal cell death by apoptosis with the technique of TUNEL. Will be studied the morphohistological characteristics of ovary of both species, and identify, categorize and quantify the atretic follicles over the cycle, the non-bursting (pre-vitellogenic follicles and vitellogenic small < 2 mm, involution an without follicular rupture) and bursting (vitellogenic follicle > 2 mm in the which the yolk falls into the peritoneum due to rupture of with out put of the wall follicular). Will be revealed DNA fragmentation in the granulosa cells of the atretic follicles. Will compared the similaritues and differences in structure and quantitative and the cell death process by apoptosis in the regresive follicles, between the two species. The results of this study represent an important contribution to the knowledge of follicular atresia as well cell death a process closely associated with it and still poorly studied in the ovary of birds.

Estrategias reproductivas de lagartos del género tupinambis en distintos contextos ecológicos de la Provincia de Córdoba. Reproductive strategies of lizards of genus tupinambis in different ecological contexts of the Cordoba province.

Los caracteres de historia de vida son sensibles a la variación histórica o actual de los factores ambientales. Estudiar dicha variabilidad mediante la realización de estudios comparativos permite obtener evidencias sobre las causas de la evolución de ciertos caracteres. Los lagartos son excelentes modelos para el estudio de selección sexual y evolución del comportamiento social y reproductivo debido a que su relativa baja dispersión podría tener consecuencias evolutivas profundas en el desarrollo de distintas estrategias, ya que las poblaciones, al encontrarse más aisladas, podrían verse influenciadas por las fuerzas selectivas locales, mostrando una alta heterogeneidad espacial y temporal. Por eso nos propusimos realizar este trabajo para evaluar si existen diferentes estrategias reproductivas en los lagartos del género Tupinambis en distintos contextos ecológicos de la provincia de Córdoba. Para ello analizaremos distintas características de la historia de vida en poblaciones de estas especies tales como estructura de tamaño, sexo operativo, frecuencia reproductiva, tamaño de camada, condición corporal reproductiva, tamaño de madurez sexual, características espermáticas, elección de sitios de nidificación, etc. Además analizaremos la estructura genética de las poblaciones para inferir procesos demográficos históricos y patrones actuales de flujo génico y conectividad. The life history traits are sensitive to historical or current variation of environmental factors. Studying this variability by performing comparative studies allows obtaining evidence on the causes of the evolution of certain characters. Lizards are excellent models for studying sexual selection and evolution of social and reproductive behavior because their relatively low dispersal capabilities could have profound evolutionary consequences in the development of different strategies, since isolated populations may be stronger influenced by local selective forces, showing a high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. We decided to perform this study to assess whether there are different reproductive strategies in lizards of the genus Tupinambis in different ecological contexts of the Cordoba province. We will analyze different life history traits in populations of these species such as size structure, operational sex ratio, reproductive frequency, litter size, body condition, size at sexual maturity, sperm characteristics, choice of nesting sites, etc.. We also analyzed the genetic structure of populations to infer historical demographic processes and current patterns of gene flow and connectivity.

An assessment of biological and population parameters of the Common whelk, Buccinum undatum (L.) in the region of the North West Irish whelk fishery

The Common whelk, Buccinum undatum (L.) is a conspicuous benthic scavenger in Irish waters, and is a valuable fisheries resource in South East Ireland. B. undatum is fished in many parts of its range, and previous studies have shown that certain life history parameters, which vary with location, make this species vulnerable to overexploitation. This makes research into each exploited stock essential to ensure sustainable fisheries management of the species. In 2003, interest in B. undatum as a complementary species in the inshore fishery east of the Inishowen Peninsula, North West Ireland, initiated investigation into fisheries related biological and population aspects of the species in this region. The current study presents estimates of spatial variation and density of the stock, size at age and growth rates, size and age at onset of sexual maturity, and timing of reproductive events in the region of the North West Irish whelk fishery for the period of June 2003 to May 2004. Analysis of variance of the total shell length of whelk landings to the fishery was conducted over spatial scales of fishing pot, fishing string and landings to vessels. Landings varied significantly in shell length at the spatial scale at which whelks are attracted to baited pots, but did not vary significantly over larger spatial scales. Depletion estimates of stock density from fisheries derived Catch per Unit Effort data and a mark re-capture experiment estimate 0.134 - 0.227 whelks per m2. Two independent methods of age determination found similar growth logistics functions for B. undatum.Modal analysis of length frequency distribution of landings to the fishery estimated symptotic length, Leo = 151.64 mm and Brody growth coefficient, K = 0.04. Analysis of the striae in individual opercula, where each stria was found to represent annual growth, estimated Loo = 137.73 mm and K = 0.12. Common whelks in the region of the North West Irish whelk fishery grow slowly and are long-lived, with 19 opercula striae recorded in one individual. Onset of sexual maturity is late, and no sex-specific differences in size or age at maturity were determined in the present study. Males were found to achieve sexual maturity at 83.30 ± 10.77 mm, and 8.9 - 11.1 years of age, and females at 82.62 ± 10.68 mm and 8.8 to 11.1 years of age. Systematic observations of reproductive events, including histological changes to the female ovary and male testis, and changes in the size and mass of body components, suggest that breeding occurred between the autumn and winter months of October and December 2003. Biological aspects of B. undatum in the study region are compared with previous studies from other regions, and discussed in relation to sustainable management of the fishery.

Ireland’s understudied flatfish: reproduction, age and growth of the dab Limanda limanda (L.) in Irish coastal waters

In Ireland, although flatfish form a valuable fishery, little is known about the smallest, the dab Limanda limanda. In this study, a variety of parameters of reproductive development, including ovarian phase description, gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), relative condition (Kn) and oocyte size were analysed to provide information on the dab’s reproductive cycle and spawning periods. Sampling were collected monthly over an 18-month period using bottom trawls of the Irish coastline. A six phase macroscopic guide was developed for both sexes of dab, and verified using histology. In comparisons of macroscopic and microscopic phases, there was high agreement in the proposed female guide (86%), with males demonstratively lower (62%). No significant bias was observed between the the two reproductive methods. When the male macroscopic guide was examined, misclassification was high in phase 5 and phase 5 (41%), with 96% of misclassification occurring in adjacent phases. The sampled population was primarily composed of females, with ratios of females to males 1:0.6, although the predominance of females was less noticeable during the reproductive season. Oocyte growth in dab follows asynchronous development, and spawn over a protracted period indicating a batch spawning strategy. Spawning occurred mainly in early spring, with total regeneration of gonads by May. The length at which 50% of the population was reproductively mature was identified as 14cm and 17cm, for male and female dab, respectively. Precision and bias in age determinations using whole otoliths to age dab was investigated using six age readers from various institutions. Low levels of precision were obtained (CV: 10-23%) inferring the need for an alternative methodology. Precision and bias was influence by the level of experience of the reader, with ageing error attributed to interpretative differences and difficulty in edge determination. Sectioned otolith age determinations were subsequently compared to whole otolith age determinations using two age readers experienced in dab ageing. Although increased precision was observed in whole otoliths from previous estimates (CV=0%, 0% APE), sectioned otoliths were used for growth models. This was based on multinominal logistic regression on age length keys developed using both ageing methods. Biological data (length and age) for both sexes was applied to four growth models, where the Akaike criterion and Multi model Inference indicated the logistic model as having the best fit to the collected data. In general, female dab attained a longer length then males, with growth rates significantly different between the two sexes. Length weight relationships between the two sexes were also significantly different.

Age, growth and reproductive biology of Plaice, (Pleuronectes platessa L.) in Irish waters, 2003-2005

The current study presents data on age and growth for plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) sampled between November 2003 and February 2005 in ICES areas Via (northwest coast of Ireland), Vila (Irish Sea), Vllg (Celtic Sea), VDj (southwest coast of Ireland) and VHb (west coast of Ireland), and data on the reproductive biology and maturity of plaice in ICES area Vllb (west coast of Ireland). This is the first detailed account of the biology of plaice for some of these areas. It is intended that this study will improve understanding of the life cycle of plaice and help fisheries scientists to better predict the effect of fishing effort on Irish plaice stocks. The overall length range found for plaice was 9-51.99cm TL, with a length range of 9-5 lcm TL for females and 9-40cm for males. In all ICES areas the length range for female fish was larger than for male fish. The age range of plaice sampled during this study was 1 to 16 years. In all ICES areas females had a greater range in ages and fish in the larger age groups. From analysis of length and age data it was concluded that there was a significant difference (P=0.000) in growth rate of males and females between ICES areas sampled in March 2004. The highest rate of fishing mortality was determined for ICES area Via (F=1.06) and the lowest for ICES area Vila (F=0.56). In each ICES area male and female plaice have fully recruited to the population by age 4, with the exception of females in ICES area Via, for which a tr value of 5 years was determined. Length at first maturity (L50%) was determined to be 23cm and 21cm for males and females respectively. Age at first maturity (A50%) was determined to be 3 years for both males and females. It was found that males and females in ICES areas Vllb, Vila and Via are well above the length and age at first maturity when they are recruited to the fishery. In ICES area Vllb female plaice spawn from November to March, with peak spawning occurring in February, and male plaice spawn from November to April, with peak spawning occurring in November. Spawning females had an age range of 2 to 10 years and spawning males had an age range of 2 to 7 years. From the oocyte length frequency distributions, it was determined that the plaice is a determinate batch spawner. During this investigation a total of 177 ovaries and 127 testes were staged using both macroscopic and histological criteria. The overall percentage of maturity stages which compared favorably between the two assessment methods was 22.03% for female plaice and 37.80% for male plaice. In general, the findings of this study indicate that there was a very poor match between the macroscopic and histological assessment methods. Given that the histological determination of these stages is based on the observation of a distinct set of developmental features, it is expected that it would be more accurate to use histologically assessed gonads to calculate the annual percentage maturity assessment. The biology of plaice in the areas studied is compared with previous studies of plaice in Irish and European waters.

Comparison of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Different Areas of Health Care Over a 20-Year Period

Background:Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Knowledge about cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in young adults and their modification over time are measures that change the risks and prevent CVDs.Objectives:To determine the presence of CVRFs and their changes in different health care professionals over a period of 20 years.Methods:All students of medicine, nursing, nutrition, odontology, and pharmacy departments of Federal University of Goiás who agreed to participate in this study were evaluated when they started their degree courses and 20 years afterward. Questionnaires on CVRFs [systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and family history of early CVD, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sedentarism] were administered. Cholesterol levels, blood sugar levels, blood pressure, weight, height, and body mass index were determined. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate distribution, the chi-square test was used to compare different courses and sexes, and the McNemar test was used for comparing CVRFs. The significance level was set at a p value of < 0.05.Results:The first stage of the study included 281 individuals (91% of all the students), of which 62.9% were women; the mean age was 19.7 years. In the second stage, 215 subjects were reassessed (76% of the initial sample), of which 59.07% were women; the mean age was 39.8 years. The sample mostly consisted of medical students (with a predominance of men), followed by nursing, nutrition, and pharmacy students, with a predominance of women (p < 0.05). Excessive weight gain, SAH, and dyslipidemia were observed among physicians and dentists (p < 0.05). Excessive weight gain and SAH and a reduction in sedentarism (p < 0.05) were observed among pharmacists. Among nurses there was an increase in excessive weight and alcohol consumption (p < 0.05). Finally, nutritionists showed an increase in dyslipidemia (p < 0.05).Conclusion:In general, there was an unfavorable progression of CVRFs in the population under study, despite it having adequate specialized knowledge about these risk factors.

Correction of non-period motion in computed tomography

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Diss., 2010

Colchicine to Reduce Atrial Fibrillation in the Postoperative Period of Myocardial Revascularization

Abstract Background: The high prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery increases morbidity and mortality. Objective: To assess the efficacy of colchicine to prevent AF in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery, the impact of AF on hospital length of stay and death, and to identify its risk factors. Methods: Between May 2012 and November 2013, 140 patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery were randomized, 69 to the control group and 71 to the colchicine group. Colchicine was used at the dose of 1 mg orally, twice daily, preoperatively, and of 0.5 mg, twice daily, until hospital discharge. A single dose of 1 mg was administered to those admitted 12 hours or less before surgery. Results: The primary endpoint was AF rate in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery. Colchicine group patients showed no reduction in AF incidence as compared to control group patients (7.04% versus 13.04%, respectively; p = 0.271). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding death from any cause rate (5.6% versus 10.1%; p = 0,363) and hospital length of stay (14.5 ± 11.5 versus 13.3 ± 9.4 days; p = 0.490). However, colchicine group patients had a higher infection rate (26.8% versus 8.7%; p = 0.007). Conclusion: The use of colchicine to prevent AF after myocardial revascularization surgery was not effective in the present study. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials number RBR-556dhr.

Vertical competition and multi-period interaction : a theoretical and behavioral analysis on the impact of strategic inventories in supply chain management

Otto-von-Guericke-Universtität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Univ., Dissertation, 2015

Aspectos da biologia reprodutiva de Bothrops jararaca em cativeiro (Serpentes, Viperidae)

The reproduction of Bothrops jararaca (Wied, 1824) in captivity in ordened to determine the intercourse period, births, number of neonates, proportion of males and females per litter were performed between 1989 and 1999. Fifty eight females were observed, 16 intercourses in captivity, 45 females arrived already fertilized from nature and 53 litters, resulting on the birth of 426 live neonates, 67 infertile egg masses, 18 stillborn neonates and 4 abnormal neonates. The intercourse period was from february to december and the births happened between february and may. From the two gestacional periods observed, the shortest one was 152 days and the longest 239. The average amount of live neonates per litter was 8,04. Among 323 neonates, 47,68% were males and 52,32% were females. During the first year of life, 75,71% of the females and 71,54% of the males died, and 2,31% of the females and 0,81% of the males reached the fifth year of life.

Proto Lima; a middle period culture of Peru / A.L. Kroeber. Appendix: Cloths. [by] Dwight T. Wallace

v.44:no.1(1954)

Reproductive biology of Hyla goiana (Anura, Hylidae)

Male-male and male-female interactions, reproductive habitat, and vocalizations of Hyla goiana B. Lutz, 1968 a member of H. polytaenia species group, are described. Three groups of calling males were surveyed along a small stream, at the Estação de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Galheiro, Perdizes municipality, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The mean distance between the nearest calling neighbors was 2.7 m, in accordance with an uniform distribution. Clutches (mean 180 eggs) were deposited in the stream, submerged and attached to plants. In two observed courtships the female moved towards a calling male that rapidly clasped her. In the male-male interaction, the males emitted advertisement and encounter calls and then engaged in physical combat. The males have a prepollical fang-like spine on each hand and several of them were observed with scratches on dorsum. The advertisement call consists of alternating harsh notes and a trilled of brief notes. The frequency of the call is lower than that of H. aff. polytaenia and H. cipoensis B. Lutz, 1968. The clutch characteristics of H. goiana are similar to those described for H. polytaenia Cope, 1870 and H. cipoensis.

Descrição do ciclo reprodutivo de Donax hanleyanus (Bivalvia, Donacidae) no sul do Brasil

The changes in gonadal development in male and female of Donax hanleyanus Philippi, 1847 are described. Gonad development and spawning seasons were assessed by monthly sampling of population from Arroio Teixeira beach, southern Brazil. Histological examination of clams showed in the most of the adult population sampled that the spawning is practically continuous, without any period of sexual rest. There are two main periods of gametogenesis, in winter and in summer, being the degree of maturation longer in the latter. The water temperature is stimulant on gametes proliferation and spawning.

Population biology of Eudendrium caraiuru (Cnidaria, Anthoathecata, Eudendriidae) from São Sebastião Channel, Southeastern Brazil

The ecology of Eudendrium spp. from the Brazilian coast is poorly known, although it already proved to be useful and important as a tool to solve some taxonomical problems of the genus. The seasonality and reproduction patterns of a population of Eudendrium caraiuru Marques & Oliveira, 2003 were studied. Data were sampled from test panels immersed in the water off Cabelo Gordo de Dentro beach, in São Sebastião Channel, Southeastern Brazil, from July 1999 to July 2000, every three months. Eudendrium caraiuru was active throughout the study period. Reproductive peaks of the species were regulated by cold and low-salinity water, although part of the population always bore mature gonophores. In addition to morphological differences, ecological differences between E. caraiuru and its similar species, E. glomeratum Picard, 1951, especially from well known populations of the Mediterranean Sea, corroborated that these species are diverse lineages of a unique ancestor.