Pricing and Policy Problems in the Northeast Fluid Milk Industry

This article documents the need for reform of milk pricing in the Northeast. The New York price gouging law can be recast as a fair share law. This new milk policy “kills two birds with one stone.” It corrects regional inequities in raw milk pricing by reforming the pricing of milk at retail by limiting and redistributing excessive retail margins to farmers and consumers. The fair share policy relieves allocative price inefficiency, improves the performance of the federal milk market order pool, and the general performance of the Northeast dairy farming and fluid milk industries.

Understanding mental illness in Nigeria: Bringing culture and traditional medicine into mental health policy

One of the major challenges in treating mental illness in Nigeria is that the health care facilities and mental health care professionals are not enough in number or well equipped to handle the burden of mental illness. There are several barriers to treatment for individual Nigerians which include the following: such as the lack of understanding of the root causes of mental illness, lack of financial support to get mental treatment, lack of social support (family, friends, neighbors), the fear of stigmatization concerning being labeled as mentally ill or being in association with the mentally ill, and the consultation of traditional native healers who may be unknowingly prolonging illness, rather than addressing and treating them due to lack of formal education and standardization of their treatments. Another barrier is the non-health nature of the mental health services in Nigeria. Traditional healers are essentially the mental health system. The elderly, women, and children are the most vulnerable groups in times of strife and hardships. Their mental well-being must be taken into account as well as their special needs in times of personal or societal crisis. ^ Nigerian mental health policy is geared toward forming a mental health system, but in actuality only a mental illness care system is the observed result of the policy. The government of Nigeria has drafted a mental health policy, yet its actual implementation into the Nigerian health infrastructure and society waits to be materialized. The limited health legislation or policy implementations tend to favor those who have access to these urban areas and the facilities' health services. Nigerians living in rural areas are at a disadvantage; many of them may not even be aware of services available to help them understand and treat mental illness. Perhaps, government driven health interventions geared toward mental illness in rural areas would reach an underserved Nigerians and Africans in general. Issues with political instability and limited infrastructure often hinder crucial financial resources and legislation from reaching the people that are truly in need of governmental leadership in regards to mental health policy.^ Traditional healers are a severely untapped resource in the treatment of mental illness within the Nigerian population. They are abundant within Nigerian communities and are meeting a real need for the mentally ill. However, much can be done to remove the barriers that prevent the integration of traditional healers within the mental health system and improve the quality of care they administer within the population. Mental illness is almost exclusively coped with through traditional medicine practices. Mobilization and education from each strata of Nigerian society and government as well as input from the medical community can improve how traditional medicine is utilized as a treatment for clinical illness and help alleviate the heavy burden of mental illness in Nigeria. Currently, there is no existing policy making structure for a working mental health system in Nigeria, and traditional healers are not taken into account in any formulation of mental health policy. Advocacy for mental illness is severely inadequate due to fear of stigmatization, with no formally recognized national of regional mental health association.^

La actividad hidrocarburífera en la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge : El papel del empresariado regional

La política económica que se implementó en la década de 1990 tuvo como eje, entre las principales medidas, la apertura de la economía, la privatización de las empresas públicas, el desmantelamiento del aparato estatal y sus agentes reguladores, el ajuste fiscal y del gasto público tanto a nivel nacional, como provincial y municipal, la retirada del Estado Nacional como inversor y subsidiador de actividades económicas, la desregulación del mercado de trabajo y la concentración en grupos 'oligopólicos' de las principales actividades productivas, lo que produjo diferentes impactos en las distintas actividades económicas de la Región Patagónica, dependiendo de su inserción en el mercado interno y externo. En este trabajo se pretende, a partir de una descripción de la evolución de la actividad petrolera y de un estudio de caso, analizar los factores que viabilizan el desarrollo económico local y repensar el papel de los actores sociales en relación con el contexto y con las posibilidades de establecimiento de estrategias de innovación en las sociedades locales. En la primera parte del artículo se hace una caracterización socioeconómica de la región de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge. A continuación se observa la evolución de la actividad petrolera dentro de la cuenca, su papel en el mercado de trabajo y su requerimiento de mano de obra; se realiza una caracterización de los principales actores y de su relación con el desarrollo local. En la parte final del artículo se intenta mostrar los desafíos que enfrentan los actores públicos y privados vinculados con la actividad petrolera y su proyección en el corto y mediano plazo

La actividad hidrocarburífera en la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge : El papel del empresariado regional

La política económica que se implementó en la década de 1990 tuvo como eje, entre las principales medidas, la apertura de la economía, la privatización de las empresas públicas, el desmantelamiento del aparato estatal y sus agentes reguladores, el ajuste fiscal y del gasto público tanto a nivel nacional, como provincial y municipal, la retirada del Estado Nacional como inversor y subsidiador de actividades económicas, la desregulación del mercado de trabajo y la concentración en grupos 'oligopólicos' de las principales actividades productivas, lo que produjo diferentes impactos en las distintas actividades económicas de la Región Patagónica, dependiendo de su inserción en el mercado interno y externo. En este trabajo se pretende, a partir de una descripción de la evolución de la actividad petrolera y de un estudio de caso, analizar los factores que viabilizan el desarrollo económico local y repensar el papel de los actores sociales en relación con el contexto y con las posibilidades de establecimiento de estrategias de innovación en las sociedades locales. En la primera parte del artículo se hace una caracterización socioeconómica de la región de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge. A continuación se observa la evolución de la actividad petrolera dentro de la cuenca, su papel en el mercado de trabajo y su requerimiento de mano de obra; se realiza una caracterización de los principales actores y de su relación con el desarrollo local. En la parte final del artículo se intenta mostrar los desafíos que enfrentan los actores públicos y privados vinculados con la actividad petrolera y su proyección en el corto y mediano plazo

La actividad hidrocarburífera en la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge : El papel del empresariado regional

La política económica que se implementó en la década de 1990 tuvo como eje, entre las principales medidas, la apertura de la economía, la privatización de las empresas públicas, el desmantelamiento del aparato estatal y sus agentes reguladores, el ajuste fiscal y del gasto público tanto a nivel nacional, como provincial y municipal, la retirada del Estado Nacional como inversor y subsidiador de actividades económicas, la desregulación del mercado de trabajo y la concentración en grupos 'oligopólicos' de las principales actividades productivas, lo que produjo diferentes impactos en las distintas actividades económicas de la Región Patagónica, dependiendo de su inserción en el mercado interno y externo. En este trabajo se pretende, a partir de una descripción de la evolución de la actividad petrolera y de un estudio de caso, analizar los factores que viabilizan el desarrollo económico local y repensar el papel de los actores sociales en relación con el contexto y con las posibilidades de establecimiento de estrategias de innovación en las sociedades locales. En la primera parte del artículo se hace una caracterización socioeconómica de la región de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge. A continuación se observa la evolución de la actividad petrolera dentro de la cuenca, su papel en el mercado de trabajo y su requerimiento de mano de obra; se realiza una caracterización de los principales actores y de su relación con el desarrollo local. En la parte final del artículo se intenta mostrar los desafíos que enfrentan los actores públicos y privados vinculados con la actividad petrolera y su proyección en el corto y mediano plazo

Theory of a Flowchart Approach to Industrial Cluster Policy

A flowchart approach to industrial cluster policy emphasizes the importance ofthe ordering of policy measures. The flow of policy implementation is to establish an industrial zone, to invite an anchor company, and to promote its related companies to invest in the industrial zone. This article delineated "a flowchart approach to industrial cluster policy" by proposing sufficient conditions for forming industrial clusters typical in the manufacturing industry in Asia to enhance regional economic growth. The typical industrial cluster policy was theorized by defining an industrial zone as "quasi-public goods", and it was shown that the policy enhances economic growth under a production function of "increasing returns to scale" of an anchor company. Critical amounts of the production of "scale economies" that are used by the related companies to decide whether or not to invest in clusters were also shown.

Theoretical Models Based on a Flowchart Approach to Industrial Cluster Policy

This article examined the issue of whether or not the currency exchange rate, country risk, and cooperate tax rate affect decisions of multinational firms to invest in industrial clusters. First, if the exchange rate between a multinational company in an industry of diminishing returns to scale and a developing country is appreciated, then production in the developing country should increase. Second, if the investment period becomes longer, the currency exchange rate of a multinational company's country should be revalued more in order for it to further invest in the developing country. Third, if the investment period becomes longer, the developing country's risk should become less. Fourth, compensation for the developing country's high risk can be made by lowering its corporate tax rate.

Factors Underlying the Formation of Industrial Clusters in Japan and Industrial Cluster Policy: A Quantitative Survey

The purpose of this report is to use information provided by a questionnaire survey to analyze the factors and processes underlying the formation of industrial clusters in Japan. The study, based on questionnaire surveys, forms part of an "Industrial Cluster Project". The Japanese government has implemented policies for industrial clusters so as to enable Japanese industries to maintain competitive power in global markets, and to aid the self-sufficient expansion of local industries. The government's project goes under the heading "Industry Agglomeration for the Recovery of Local Industries with respect to so-called "Industry Clusters." The authors aim to identify what expectations are held of government by the enterprises that make up industrial clusters. As part of our investigation, we used the results of a survey conducted by UNDP in 2004. Tsuji's study, published by the Osaka School of International Public Policy, surveyed 1198 small or medium sized manufacturing companies located in O ward, Tokyo and Higashi Osaka city, Osaka prefecture. The outcome of the present study, together with data from Tsuji's work on IT usage by SMEs in Japan, is meant to form the basis for policy design and implementation.

The Flowchart Model of Cluster Policy: The Automobile Industry Cluster in China

This paper proposes a general model of the flowchart approach to industrial cluster policy and applies this model to Guangzhou's automobile industry cluster. The flowchart approach to industrial cluster policy is an action plan for prioritizing policy measures in a time-ordered series. We reached the following two conclusions. First,we clarified the effects of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota on agglomeration in Guangzhou's automobile industry cluster. Second, we established that local governments play a crucial role in successful industrial cluster policy, and that the mayor of the local government should be offered incentives in order to target industrial clustering and implement cluster policy.

A Flowchart Approach to Malaysia's Automobile Industry Cluster Policy

In this paper, we apply a flowchart approach to investigate Malaysia's automobile cluster policy. We investigate whether the industrial cluster policy has been successful or not, suggest policy prescriptions, and propose a way to prioritize policy measures. Our flowchart approach leads to the following three policy prescriptions: (1) Malaysian firms should establish sites for exporting compact cars with automatic transmissions; (2) actors in the public, semi-public and private sector should work to upgrade skilled labor; and (3) the central government should promote liberalization and deregulation to attract foreign firms into the supporting industries.

Industrial Policy in Asia

This paper examines three types of industrialization that have occurred in East Asia: the Japanese, Chinese and generic Asian models. Industrial policies in Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK) initially protected local companies from foreign investors by imposing high tariffs on foreign investors. But Japan began introducing liberalization policies to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in the 1960s, and the ROK began to welcome foreign technology in the 1970s. Meanwhile, the governments of the ASEAN countries and Taiwan established export-processing zones (EPZ) to invite FDI by offering preferential treatment, such as tax deductions and exemptions. China adopted similar industrial policies and also established EPZs, attracting the capital and know-how of multinationals and thereby strengthening the international competitiveness of local enterprises. This paper reaches the following three conclusions. First, it would have been difficult for East Asian countries to grow without FDI. Second, central governments were a crucial factor in these countries' growth strategies. Third, EPZs offering preferential treatment can effectively enhance aggregate growth in developing countries, and the Asian experience shows that this strategy can be applied to other countries that satisfy certain preconditions.

Intra-regional trade between China, Japan, and Korea : before and after the financial crisis

East Asian economies have been heavily dependent on the U.S. and EU markets, especially for the export of final goods. Therefore, once the financial crisis hit Western economies hard, the East Asian economies lost their major markets.Their production networks then worked to the region's disadvantage and stifled industrial development.This reflects the vulnerability of the East Asian economies which have adopted an export-led growth strategy. Such vulnerability needs to be addressed to prevent future economic crises, as well as to sustain economic growth. This paper examines the trade structure of the three countries-China, Japan, and Korea-before and after the Lehman Shock, and discusses how the three countries should cooperate in addressing imbalances in the trade structure.

Chapter 5 Industrial Policy, Structure, and Locations during the Transition toward a Market-oriented Economy in Myanmar

This paper examines Myanmar's industrial policy, structure, and locations during the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented one throughout the 1990s and up to the present. After the military government assumed power in 1988, it abandoned the socialist centrally planned economic system and began instituting a market-oriented one through a series of liberalization and deregulation measures, although most of which have stalled since 1997 and remain half-way implemented. Against this background, it is rather surprising that the impact of these new policies of international trade, finance, regulations, licensing and ownership requirements on industrial structure and location in Myanmar has been poorly documented and examined to date. Some key issues to understanding the impact and effectiveness of the market-oriented policies during the last two decades in Myanmar remain to be answered: Have the new trade and industrial policies changed the industrial structure and organizational behavior in Myanmar? Have they improved the performance of Myanmar's industrial sector? Have they had any impact on industry location in Myanmar? This paper reviews the series of liberalization programs implemented under the military government?the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) and the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)?and assesses their impact on industrial structure and its spatial distribution.

Non-conventional provisions in regional trade agreements : do they enhance international trade?

The scope of recent regional trade agreements (RTAs) is becoming much wider in terms of including several provisions such as competition policy or intellectual property. This paper empirically examines how far advanced, non-conventional provisions in RTAs increase trade values among RTA member countries, by estimating the gravity equation with more disaggregated indicators for RTAs. As a result, we find that the provision on competition policy has the largest impacts on trade values, following that on government procurement. Our further analysis reveals that the more significant roles of these two provisions can be also observed in the impacts on the intensive and extensive margins.