La respuesta del Personal Sanitario de España durante las campañas de vacunación antigripal

La infección vírica causada por el virus gripal o influenza representa una importante carga de enfermedad a nivel mundial y es responsable de una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad especialmente en ciertos grupos de riesgo. La vacunación constituye un elemento fundamental y es la principal medida preventiva para hacer frente a la gripe y sus complicaciones. El personal sanitario puede actuar como agente transmisor de la infección nosocomial, por este motivo se encuentra incluido en los grupos de riesgo en los que la vacunación frente a la gripe está indicada anualmente siempre y cuando no presente contraindicaciones. Dada su relevancia, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, en las principales bases de datos electrónicas, para conocer la cobertura de vacunación antigripal (estacional y pandémica) del personal sanitario de España así como analizar las estrategias adoptadas con el fin de aumentar la cobertura de vacunación. La cobertura de vacunación de los profesionales sanitarios de España es baja, siendo menor para la gripe A (H1N1) que para la gripe estacional. Entre el colectivo de profesionales, los médicos tienen mayor cobertura seguido del personal de enfermería. El principal motivo para vacunarse es la autoprotección así como evitar el contagio de sus pacientes, y para no vacunarse dudar sobre la seguridad de la vacuna. La falta de información acerca de estrategias para aumentar la cobertura antigripal y la baja cobertura de este colectivo hacen necesario el desarrollo de más estudios para poder determinar el diseño e intervenciones de las campañas de vacunación antigripal.

MEASUREMENT OF SOLID SLURRY FLOW VIA CORRELATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER, ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE TOMOGRAPHY AND MECHANISTIC MODELLING

The study presented here was carried out to obtain the actual solids flow rate by the combination of electrical resistance tomography and electromagnetic flow meter. A new in-situ measurement method based on measurements of the Electromagnetic Flow Meters (EFM) and Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) to study the flow rates of individual phases in a vertical flow was proposed. The study was based on laboratory experiments that were carried out with a 50 mm vertical flow rig for a number of sand concentrations and different mixture velocities. A range of sand slurries with median particle size from 212 mu m to 355 mu m was tested. The solid concentration by volume covered was 5% and 15%, and the corresponding density of 5% was 1078 kg/m(3) and of 15% was 1238 kg/m(3). The flow velocity was between 1.5 m/s and 3.0 m/s. A total of 6 experimental tests were conducted. The equivalent liquid model was adopted to validate in-situ volumetric solids fraction and calculate the slip velocity. The results show that the ERT technique can be used in conjunction with an electromagnetic flow meter as a way of measurement of slurry flow rate in a vertical pipe flow. However it should be emphasized that the EFM results must be treated with reservation when the flow pattern at the EFM mounting position is a non-homogenous flow. The flow rate obtained by the EFM should be corrected considering the slip velocity and the flow pattern.

Quantifying chaos: practical estimation of the correlation dimension

Be it a physical object or a mathematical model, a nonlinear dynamical system can display complicated aperiodic behavior, or "chaos." In many cases, this chaos is associated with motion on a strange attractor in the system's phase space. And the dimension of the strange attractor indicates the effective number of degrees of freedom in the dynamical system.

In this thesis, we investigate numerical issues involved with estimating the dimension of a strange attractor from a finite time series of measurements on the dynamical system.

Of the various definitions of dimension, we argue that the correlation dimension is the most efficiently calculable and we remark further that it is the most commonly calculated. We are concerned with the practical problems that arise in attempting to compute the correlation dimension. We deal with geometrical effects (due to the inexact self-similarity of the attractor), dynamical effects (due to the nonindependence of points generated by the dynamical system that defines the attractor), and statistical effects (due to the finite number of points that sample the attractor). We propose a modification of the standard algorithm, which eliminates a specific effect due to autocorrelation, and a new implementation of the correlation algorithm, which is computationally efficient.

Finally, we apply the algorithm to chaotic data from the Caltech tokamak and the Texas tokamak (TEXT); we conclude that plasma turbulence is not a low- dimensional phenomenon.

Absolute measurement of roughness and lateral-correlation length of random surfaces by use of the simplified model of image-speckle contrast

We present a method of image-speckle contrast for the nonprecalibration measurement of the root-mean-square roughness and the lateral-correlation length of random surfaces with Gaussian correlation. We use the simplified model of the speckle fields produced by the weak scattering object in the theoretical analysis. The explicit mathematical relation shows that the saturation value of the image-speckle contrast at a large aperture radius determines the roughness, while the variation of the contrast with the aperture radius determines the lateral-correlation length. In the experimental performance, we specially fabricate the random surface samples with Gaussian correlation. The square of the image-speckle contrast is measured versus the radius of the aperture in the 4f system, and the roughness and the lateral-correlation length are extracted by fitting the theoretical result to the experimental data. Comparison of the measurement with that by an atomic force microscope shows our method has a satisfying accuracy. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.

Cultores de divinidades indígenas en el Conventus Asturum: onomástica personal y condición cívica

Juan Manuel Abascal Palazón, Antonio Caballos Rufino, Santiago Castellanos Garcia y Juan Santos Yanguas (eds.)

Ghost imaging with thermal light by third-order correlation

Ghost imaging with classical incoherent light by third-order correlation is investigated. We discuss the similarities and the differences between ghost imaging by third-order correlation and by second-order correlation, and analyze the effect from each correlation part of the third-order correlation function on the imaging process. It is shown that the third-order correlated imaging includes richer correlated imaging effects than the second-order correlated one, while the imaging information originates mainly from the correlation of the intensity fluctuations between the test detector and each reference detector, as does ghost imaging by second-order correlation.

Optimizar el personal. Estudio y Comparación de un Problema de Programación lineal y su Dual. Resolución y Valoración de un caso práctico y su programación usando Excel y Win QSB

OPTIMIZAR EL PERSONAL. Estudio y comparación de un problema de programación lineal y su dual. Resolución y valoración de un caso práctico y su programación usando Excel o Win QSB. (ESPAÑOL)

Weighted least-squares phase unwrapping algorithm based on derivative variance correlation map

Among different phase unwrapping approaches, the weighted least-squares minimization methods are gaining attention. In these algorithms, weighting coefficient is generated from a quality map. The intrinsic drawbacks of existing quality maps constrain the application of these algorithms. They often fail to handle wrapped phase data contains error sources, such as phase discontinuities, noise and undersampling. In order to deal with those intractable wrapped phase data, a new weighted least-squares phase unwrapping algorithm based on derivative variance correlation map is proposed. In the algorithm, derivative variance correlation map, a novel quality map, can truly reflect wrapped phase quality, ensuring a more reliable unwrapped result. The definition of the derivative variance correlation map and the principle of the proposed algorithm are present in detail. The performance of the new algorithm has been tested by use of a simulated spherical surface wrapped data and an experimental interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) wrapped data. Computer simulation and experimental results have verified that the proposed algorithm can work effectively even when a wrapped phase map contains intractable error sources. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.