Elaboração técnica de propostas para concursos de obras públicas

Relatório de Estágio para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Edificações

Simulation model for driving dynamics, energy use and power supply

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Energia

Gestão e Direcção de Obra

Este relatório diz respeito ao trabalho desenvolvido em ambiente de estágio curricular na construção de um empreendimento comercial na zona de Oeiras, compreendendo a construção de um edifício, infra-estruturas enterradas e arranjos exteriores. O estágio foi realizado na Volare – Gestão de Projectos, S.A., empresa dedicada à execução de obras de construção civil destinadas ao grupo Ibersol. Embora todas as áreas de gestão abordadas no estudo sejam de extrema importância, as áreas de gestão do custo, gestão das compras e gestão do tempo revelam-se ainda extremamente valorizadas pelas empresas de construção – o que faz com continuem a existir derrapagens orçamentais e incumprimento de prazos. Só uma gestão rigorosa, eficiente e capaz de abraçar todas as áreas de conhecimentos abordadas, tornará possível alcançar os patamares de satisfação das empresas e dos clientes. O presente relatório mostra que o gestor de obras deve possuir grande capacidade de liderança, de comunicação e negociação O objectivo deste relatório, para além da descrição de todos os trabalhos práticos de execução da obra, é de transcrever os conhecimentos aplicados ao longo do estágio, nomeadamente no que concerne aos dos processos de ‘Gestão, Coordenação e Planeamento’, directamente ligados as funções da ‘Direcção Técnica de Obra’ durante toda a fase de execução da empreitada, estando o principal foco na descrição das actividades referentes ao controlo da obra.

Needs assessment of people with severe mental illnesses and their families in Azerbaijan

RESUMO: Os indivíduos com doença mental grave, assim como os seus familiares, podem ser caracterizados como uma população em que ocorre uma combinação complexa de necessidades médicas e psicossociais, nomeadamente a nível do diagnóstico e do acesso aos serviços de saúde mental. A avaliação de necessidades pode fornecer informações importantes para o desenvolvimento de intervenções eficazes, tanto a nível da população como a nível individual. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as diferentes necessidades reportadas pelos pacientes com doença mental grave e seus familiares , assim como investigar as possíveis relações entre o estado de necessidades e as variáveis sócio-demográficas e clínicas. Simultaneamente, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sobrecarga familiar e a satisfação dos utentes com os serviços de saúde mental. Foi elaborado um estudo transversal, realizado numa amostra de conveniência de cinquenta díades de paciente/membro da família, seguidos em regime de ambulatório no Centro Nacional de Saúde Mental. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de avaliação um questionário sociodemográfico, a Escala Breve de Avaliação Psiquiátrica (BPRS), o questionário de Avaliação de Necessidades de Camberwell (CAN), o Questionário de Avaliação do Envolvimento (IEQ) e a Escala de Verona de Satisfação com os Serviços (VSSS). As mais frequentes necessidades não-satisfeitas foram o ‘sofrimento psicológico’, as ‘atividades sociais’ e os ‘benefícios sociais’. O estudo mostrou uma sobrecarga significativa nas famílias que cuidam de pessoas com doença mental grave, que se correlacionou com as suas opiniões sobre as necessidades dos pacientes e teve um impacto negativo sobre o bem-estar psicológico. Os três mais importantes predictores de sofrimento psíquico em familiares foram o sexo, a situação laboral e a relação com o paciente. A avaliação da satisfação com os serviços revelou a existência de um hiato significativo entre os serviços prestados e os serviços desejados, reportados pelos pacientes e seus familiares. A maioria dos participantes do estudo desejavam ter um trabalho protegido, ou receber ajuda para encontrar emprego. Os resultados deste estudo poderão ser usados para fins de planeamento desenvolvimento e avaliação de serviços de saúde mental no Azerbeijão. Algumas recomendações sobre a melhoria dos serviços de saúde mental para pacientes com doença mental grave e suas famílias são feitas na secção final do trabalho.----------ABSTRACT: Patients suffering from severe mental illness, in addition to their family members, may be characterized as a population with a complex combination of medical and psychosocial needs, which are under-recognized and under-addressed by mental health services. At the same time, needs assessment provides important information necessary for developing effective interventions at both population and individual level. The study was aimed to determine various needs perceived by patients with SMI and their family members, as well as to find out possible relations between the needs and socio-demographic and clinical variables. Similarly the study was intended to evaluate family burden and users’ satisfaction with services. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on a convenience sample. Fifty dyads of a patient and family member applying for out-patient services to the National Mental Health Centre participated in the study. Sociodemographic questionnaire, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Camberwell Assessment of Need, Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire, and Verona Service Satisfaction Scale were used as assessment tools. The most prominent unmet needs reported by people with SMI and their relatives were psychological distress, social activities and welfare benefits. The study showed significant burden in families caring for people with SMI, which correlated with their views about patients’ needs and had a negative impact on the psychological well-being. The three most important predictors of psychological distress in family members were gender, employment status and relationship to patient. Evaluation of satisfaction with services pointed out the gap between provided and desired services reported by patients and their relatives. Most of study participants wished to have sheltered work, or receive help in finding employment. The results of this study may be used for the purposes of mental health service planning, development and evaluation in our country. Some recommendations on improvement of mental health services for patients with SMI and their families have been made in the conclusion.

Objective analysis of gait coordination for total knee arthroplasty outcome

Introduction: Coordination is a strategy chosen by the central nervous system to control the movements and maintain stability during gait. Coordinated multi-joint movements require a complex interaction between nervous outputs, biomechanical constraints, and pro-prioception. Quantitatively understanding and modeling gait coordination still remain a challenge. Surgeons lack a way to model and appreciate the coordination of patients before and after surgery of the lower limbs. Patients alter their gait patterns and their kinematic synergies when they walk faster or slower than normal speed to maintain their stability and minimize the energy cost of locomotion. The goal of this study was to provide a dynamical system approach to quantitatively describe human gait coordination and apply it to patients before and after total knee arthroplasty. Methods: A new method of quantitative analysis of interjoint coordination during gait was designed, providing a general model to capture the whole dynamics and showing the kinematic synergies at various walking speeds. The proposed model imposed a relationship among lower limb joint angles (hips and knees) to parameterize the dynamics of locomotion of each individual. An integration of different analysis tools such as Harmonic analysis, Principal Component Analysis, and Artificial Neural Network helped overcome high-dimensionality, temporal dependence, and non-linear relationships of the gait patterns. Ten patients were studied using an ambulatory gait device (Physilog®). Each participant was asked to perform two walking trials of 30m long at 3 different speeds and to complete an EQ-5D questionnaire, a WOMAC and Knee Society Score. Lower limbs rotations were measured by four miniature angular rate sensors mounted respectively, on each shank and thigh. The outcomes of the eight patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, recorded pre-operatively and post-operatively at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year were compared to 2 age-matched healthy subjects. Results: The new method provided coordination scores at various walking speeds, ranged between 0 and 10. It determined the overall coordination of the lower limbs as well as the contribution of each joint to the total coordination. The difference between the pre-operative and post-operative coordination values were correlated with the improvements of the subjective outcome scores. Although the study group was small, the results showed a new way to objectively quantify gait coordination of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, using only portable body-fixed sensors. Conclusion: A new method for objective gait coordination analysis has been developed with very encouraging results regarding the objective outcome of lower limb surgery.

A Transportation Safety Planning Tool for the City of Ames, August 2011

The historically-reactive approach to identifying safety problems and mitigating them involves selecting black spots or hot spots by ranking locations based on crash frequency and severity. The approach focuses mainly on the corridor level without taking the exposure rate (vehicle miles traveled) and socio-demographics information of the study area, which are very important in the transportation planning process, into consideration. A larger study analysis unit at the Transportation Analysis Zone (TAZ) level or the network planning level should be used to address the needs of development of the community in the future and incorporate safety into the long-range transportation planning process. In this study, existing planning tools (such as the PLANSAFE models presented in NCHRP Report 546) were evaluated for forecasting safety in small and medium-sized communities, particularly as related to changes in socio-demographics characteristics, traffic demand, road network, and countermeasures. The research also evaluated the applicability of the Empirical Bayes (EB) method to network-level analysis. In addition, application of the United States Road Assessment Program (usRAP) protocols at the local urban road network level was investigated. This research evaluated the applicability of these three methods for the City of Ames, Iowa. The outcome of this research is a systematic process and framework for considering road safety issues explicitly in the small and medium-sized community transportation planning process and for quantifying the safety impacts of new developments and policy programs. More specifically, quantitative safety may be incorporated into the planning process, through effective visualization and increased awareness of safety issues (usRAP), the identification of high-risk locations with potential for improvement, (usRAP maps and EB), countermeasures for high-risk locations (EB before and after study and PLANSAFE), and socio-economic and demographic induced changes at the planning-level (PLANSAFE).

Studies on coordination of systems development process

This thesis examines coordination of systems development process in a contemporary software producing organization. The thesis consists of a series of empirical studies in which the actions, conceptions and artifacts of practitioners are analyzed using a theory-building case study research approach. The three phases of the thesis provide empirical observations on different aspects of systemsdevelopment. In the first phase is examined the role of architecture in coordination and cost estimation in multi-site environment. The second phase involves two studies on the evolving requirement understanding process and how to measure this process. The third phase summarizes the first two phases and concentrates on the role of methods and how practitioners work with them. All the phases provide evidence that current systems development method approaches are too naïve in looking at the complexity of the real world. In practice, development is influenced by opportunity and other contingent factors. The systems development processis not coordinated using phases and tasks defined in methods providing universal mechanism for managing this process like most of the method approaches assume.Instead, the studies suggest that managing systems development process happens through coordinating development activities using methods as tools. These studies contribute to the systems development methods by emphasizing the support of communication and collaboration between systems development participants. Methods should not describe the development activities and phases in a detail level, butshould include the higher level guidance for practitioners on how to act in different systems development environments.

The connection between career education and career maturity /

The value of career education is measured by the extent to which it enhances students' decision making skills regarding career planning. This is referred to as "career maturity". The purpose of this study was to examine what connections could be found between career education and career maturity within one career planning course. A senior level career planning class was studied in depth for one semester and five senior students participated in the study. The five students were interviewed three times during the semester to determine whether, and to what extent, students feel more prepared personally to make decisions as a result of a guided course of instruction. The current trend in education shows an increased emphasis on career education. The government mandates career education, students are in need of career planning courses, and parents want students to learn how to effectively make decisions concerning their future. With this increased emphasis comes the need to evaluate current career education programs which is why this study is significant and useful. The central findings were as follows: first, as a result of taking a career planning course students did increase their career maturity. Second, current career education planning curriculum was similar to the proposed course of study for career planning which comes into effect in September 1999. Current curriculum does help to prepare students to make informed educational and career decisions, a chief aim of the proposed curriculum. Knowing that this outcome is currently achieved will help when the course is being organized to fit the new curriculum.

The effectiveness of a computer program on career planning for university students

This study investigated the effectiveness of a computer program, PERSONAL CAREER DIRECTIONS (PC DIRECTIONS) (Anderson, Welborn, & Wright, 1983) on career planning and exploration for twenty-four Brock University students (18 women and 6 men) who requested career planning assistance at the Career/Placement Services of the Counselling Centre. A one-group pretest/posttest design was used in the study_ Progress in career planning and exploration was measured by Career Planning (CP) and Career Exploration (CE) scales of the Career Development Inventory (College and University Form) (Super, Thompson, Lindeman, Jordaan, & Myers, 1981). A paired samples 2-tailed t test for Career Development Attitudes (CDA) , the combined CP and CE scales, revealed the posttest scores were significantly higher than the pretest scores, t(23) = 3.74, 2 < .001. Student progress was also assessed by self-report lists of job titles which reflected positive changes after students used PC DIRECTIONS. In response to several questions, students' attitudes were more positive than negative toward the program. Implications are that PC DIRECTIONS is an effective component in promoting career planning for university students. Further studies may reveal that different types of students may benefit from different interventions in the career planning process.

Recreational Development and the Lake Erie Shore Photographs,1967

John N. Jackson was born and raised in London England. He served in the Royal Navy, acquired a B.A. and a Ph.D, conducted research for a city planning office and lectured at the University of Manchester. He joined Brock University’s faculty in 1965 as a Professor of Applied Geography. Since his retirement in 1991 he has been Professor Emeritus to Brock. Throughout his time in academia Jackson has focused his research on the history of the modern city, both throughout Europe and Canada. Jackson has also completed specific research on the Niagara Peninsula; including industrial geography, recreation along the Lake Erie shore, St. Catharines early history, the Welland Canals, railway development, comparisons across the Niagara River. While living in the Niagara region Jackson has become involved in many community events. He has been the Director for the Bruce Trail Association, President of the Welland Canals Foundation, and been involved in local historical groups throughout the Niagara region.

Understanding the Integration of Living Skills Through the Context of Health and Physical Education: A Case Study of Educators’ Experiences

The research presented is a qualitative case study of educators’ experiences in integrating living skills in the context of health and physical education (HPE). In using semi-structured interviews the study investigated HPE educators’ experiences and revealed their insights relative to three major themes; professional practice, challenges and support systems. Professional practice experiences detailed the use of progressive lesson planning, reflective and engaging activities, explicit student centered pedagogy as well as holistic teaching philosophies. Even further, the limited knowledge and awareness of living skills, conflicting teaching philosophies, competitive environments between subject areas and lack of time and accessibility were four major challenges that emerged throughout the data. Major supportive roles for HPE educators in the integration process included other educators, consultants, school administration, public health, parents, community programs and professional organizations. The study provides valuable discussion and suggestions for improvement of pedagogical practices in teaching living skills in the HPE setting.

Sustaining Health Care Practice Change: The Experience of Best Practice Spotlight Organizations Implementing and Sustaining RNAO Best Practice Guidelines

Sustainability of change for improvement initiatives has been widely reported as a global challenge both within and outside health care settings. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which factors related to staff training and involvement, staff behaviour, and clinical leaders’ and senior leaders’ engagement and support impact the long term sustainability of practice changes for BPSO health care organizations who have implemented Registered Nursing Association of Ontario’s (RNAO) Best Practice Guidelines. Semi structured interviews with eleven organizational leaders’ from ten health care organizations were conducted to explore the unique experiences, views and perspectives on factors related to staff, clinical leaders and senior leaders and their involvement and impact on the long term sustainability of clinical practice changes within organizations who had implemented Registered Nursing Association of Ontario’s (RNAO) Best Practice Guidelines (BPGs). The interviews were coded and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Further analysis identified patterns and themes in relation to: 1. The National Health Service (NHS) Sustainability Model which was used as the theoretical framework for this research; and 2. Organizations found to have sustained practice changes longer term verses organizations that did not. Six organizations were found to have sustained practice changes while the remaining four were found to have been unsuccessful in their efforts to sustain the changes. Five major findings in relation to sustainability emerged from this study. First is the importance of early and sustained engagement and frontline staff, managers, and clinical leaders in planning, implementation and ongoing development of BPGs through use of working groups and champions models. Second is the importance of ongoing provision of formal training, tools and resources to all key stakeholders during and after the implementation phase and efforts made to embed changes in current processes whenever possible to ensure sustainability. Third is to ensure staff and management are receptive to the proposed change(s) and/or have been given the necessary background information and rationale so they understand and can support the need for the change. Fourth is the need for early and sustained fiscal and human resources dedicated to supporting BPG implementation and the ongoing use of the BPGs already in place. Fifth is ensuring clinical leaders are trusted, influential, respected and seen as clinical resources by frontline staff. The significance of this study lies in a greater understanding of the influence and impact of factors related to staff on the long term sustainability of implemented practice changes within health care organizations. This study has implications for clinical practice, policy, education and research in relation to sustainability in health care.

Conditions d’articulation urbanisme-transports : le cas de l’agglomération d’Alger

L’articulation de l’urbanisme et des transports s’est imposée comme une question centrale dans la sphère des planifications à incidences spatiales. Le développement durable comme concept cadre a mis en relief cette problématique dont les enjeux décident de la qualité de vie urbaine au quotidien. Les objectifs de cette articulation coïncident avec la maitrise de l’étalement urbain et le report modale de la voiture vers le transport collectif. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, la cohérence des planifications respectives et de leur mise en œuvre doit être assurée. Ce qui appelle à remplir des conditions technico-politiques et organisationnelles. L’agglomération d’Alger présente dans ce cadre, un cas d’étude idéal pour l’évaluation du degré d’articulation urbanisme-transports de par les caractéristiques de son développement urbanistique et infrastructurel de transport collectif.

Analyse des nouvelles formes organisationnelles hospitalières en émergence au Mali

Au Mali, une loi hospitalière a été adoptée en 2002 pour définir le cadre institutionnel d’une réforme majeure. Cette loi a décrété des transformations substantielles de la structure interne, tant administrative que clinique des établissements publics hospitaliers notamment l’implication des populations locales dans la prise de décision de l’établissement, l’autonomie administrative et financière à travers la délégation budgétaire et l’implication des professionnels de santé à la gestion, l’intégration des services de spécialité et la participation du secteur privé au service public hospitalier. Cependant, la capacité des hôpitaux à réussir les transformations prévues a été remise en question par la majorité des acteurs internes et externes. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier de quelle manière l’hôpital malien se transforme sous la pression de la décentralisation des pouvoirs de l’État et d’étudier comment les groupes d’acteurs réagissent face à ces changements à partir de deux cadres d’analyse. Le premier cadre intègre les caractéristiques essentielles des transformations hospitalières en termes de différents types de décentralisation et le second cadre inspiré des travaux de Crozier et coll. (1977) analyse les jeux de pouvoir entre les groupes d’acteurs hospitaliers selon deux niveaux à savoir un niveau stratégique et systémique. Pour cela, nous avons conduit une étude multiple de deux cas et utilisé trois modes de collecte des données à savoir les entrevues semi-structurées auprès des informateurs clés, l’analyse documentaire, et l’observation lors de réunions. Dans un premier temps, les analyses ont révélé pour les changements intervenus dans la structure, selon l’importance des responsabilités attribuées à l’hôpital public, (1) plusieurs variantes de la décentralisation. Globalement, l’intention politique était focalisée sur une délégation puis une déconcentration et une dévolution; les mécanismes mis en place ont penché plus vers une déconcentration puis une délégation et une dévolution tandis que les transformations réellement effectuées dans les établissements publics hospitaliers ont plutôt confirmé une déconcentration en plus d’une délégation particulièrement dans le cas de l’implication des populations locales dans la gestion hospitalière. Tandis que l’hôpital public pouvait faire des recettes à partir du recouvrement partiel des coûts des soins auprès des usagers, l’État gardait une main forte sur la gestion financière et la gestion du personnel, et définissait les directives et les objectifs à poursuivre. (2) Les analyses apportent une compréhension des liens existant entre les différents éléments du processus de réforme, le type de mécanisme mis en place dans le cadre de la réforme semble déterminer le type de transformation effectué selon les fonctions que peut assurer l’hôpital public. La logique traduit le passage de la délégation vers une déconcentration qui est jugée comme étant la forme la moins poussée d’une décentralisation. Dans un deuxième temps, les résultats confirment la présence de conflit entre les normes professionnelles établies et reconnues par les professionnels de santé et les normes organisationnelles et institutionnelles mises en avant par la réforme. Elles sont défendues par la majorité des gestionnaires qui sont imputables face aux autorités alors que les normes professionnelles dominent dans les services cliniques. Les deux cas ont mis en évidence le soutien de leur direction générale, il existait une tension dans les réactions des médecins, qui a été variable selon le type de changement structurel visé, tandis que les infirmiers se sont montrés plutôt accessibles face aux nouvelles mesures introduites par la réforme. L’une des originalités de cette thèse tient au fait que très peu de travaux sur les pays en développement ont tenté d’opérationnaliser de façon multidimensionnelle les concepts de décentralisation avant d’analyser les variantes susceptibles d’exister entre eux et les stratégies développées par les groupes d’acteurs de l’hôpital. En outre, alors que la pertinence de la prise en compte des caractéristiques du contexte organisationnel dans la mise en place des réformes des systèmes de soins est au cœur des préoccupations, ce travail est l’un des premiers à analyser l’influence de l’interaction entre le processus de réforme hospitalière et les prises de position des acteurs. Les résultats de cette thèse fournissent des recommandations aux décideurs politiques et aux gestionnaires quant aux modes de changement structurel à privilégier ou en éviter dans la planification, l’exécution et la mise en œuvre du processus de réforme hospitalière en fonction des caractéristiques du contexte organisationnel sanitaire. La planification de la réforme est essentielle : Élaborer un projet d’établissement discuté et validé par l’ensemble des acteurs de l’hôpital. Ce projet doit être compatible avec les objectifs du schéma d’organisation sanitaire nationale et déterminer les moyens en personnel et en équipements, dont l’hôpital doit disposer pour réaliser ses objectifs. Concevoir un cadre budgétaire et financier hospitalier flexible (qui va alléger la chaine de prise de décision), sur lequel reposera le nouveau système de gestion des hôpitaux. La capacité de mobilisation et d’exécution des ressources hospitalières devrait renforcer l’autonomie de gestion. Enfin, promouvoir une culture de l’évaluation et faciliter les évaluations périodiques de la mise en œuvre de la réforme hospitalière par des organismes d’évaluation externes et indépendants.

Effet d’une pré-sollicitation maximale isométrique des muscles stabilisateurs sur la coordination intermusculaire lors d’un exercice pluriarticulaire épuisant.

Introduction: Les stratégies d’optimisation de la performance chez les athlètes sont de plus en plus exploitées par les entraîneurs et préparateurs physiques. La potentialisation de post- activation (PAP) est reconnue comme étant un phénomène pouvant mener à une augmentation des performances. L’objectif de la présente étude était de donc décrire les effets d’une pré-sollicitation à la hanche sur la coordination inter-musculaire et la performance au cours d’un exercice épuisant. Méthodes: Six athlètes de patins de vitesse de courte piste (3 de sexe masculin et 3 de sexe féminin; âge: 20.2 ± 2.8 ans; moyenne±écart-type) ont exécuté aléatoirement un exercice qui consistait en 2 séries de 9 blocs de squats sautés maximaux, entre-coupés d’un squat isométrique d’une durée de 5 secondes sans pré-sollicitation préalable (CON) et avec une tâche de pré-sollicitation unilatérale de squat isométrique (EXP) contre une barre fixe de 2x3 secondes. Le pic de puissance moyen, l’amplitude et la fréquence moyenne d’EMG, et la vitesse et l’accélération angulaires des premiers et derniers blocs étaient enregistrés. Résultats: La pré-sollicitation isométrique maximale des membres inférieurs n’a pas amélioré de manière significative la performance de sauts et la coordination des muscles stabilisateurs à la hanche. La fréquence spectrale moyenne a néanmoins témoigné de l’implication de stratégies compensatoires du membre inférieur gauche en réponse à la fatigue. Conclusion: La pré-sollicitation des stabilisateurs à la hanche n’augmenterait pas la performance de squats répétés. Par contre, la fréquence moyenne du grand fessier et du tibial antérieur gauche ont suggéré meilleure résistance à la fatigue des muscles du membre inférieur non-dominant avec une pré-sollicitation. Les résultats de la présente étude indiquent donc la pertinence de considérer la pré-sollicitation dans un objectif de performance et de réadaptation sachant que l’asymétrie est omniprésente chez les athlètes et qu’elle est impliquée dans le taux élevé de blessures enregistré chez cette population.