Le dialogue dans le programme scolaire d'éthique et culture religieuse : débats, bilan et prospective

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Le pluralisme religieux à l'heure de la laïcité scolaire : une analyse du programme Éthique et culture religieuse à la lumière de la pensée de Raimon Panikkar

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Analyse critique de la culture de sécurité face aux risques biologiques et pandémiques pour les infirmières

Une préoccupation grandissante face aux risques biologiques reliés aux maladies infectieuses est palpable tant au niveau international que national ou provincial. Des maladies émergentes telles que le SRAS ou la grippe A/H1N1 ont amené une prise en charge des risques pandémiques et à l’élaboration de mesures d’urgence pour maîtriser ces risques : développer une culture de sécurité est devenu une priorité de recherche de l’OMS. Malgré tout, peu d’écrits existent face à cette volonté de sécuriser la santé et le bien-être par toute une série de dispositifs au sein desquels les discours occupent une place importante en matière de culture de sécurité face aux risques biologiques. Une réflexion sociopolitique était nécessaire pour les infirmières qui sont aux premières loges en dispensant des soins à la population dans une perspective de prévention et de contrôle des infections (PCI) dans laquelle elles se spécialisent. Dès lors, ce projet avait pour buts d’explorer la perception du risque et de la sécurité face aux maladies infectieuses auprès des infirmières cliniciennes et gestionnaires québécoises; d’explorer plus spécifiquement l'existence ou l'absence de culture de sécurité dans un centre de santé et de services sociaux québécois (CSSS); et d’explorer les discours en présence dans le CSSS en matière de sécurité et de risques biologiques face aux maladies infectieuses et comment ces discours de sécurité face aux risques biologiques se traduisent dans le quotidien des infirmières. Les risques biologiques sont perçus comme identifiables, mesurables et évitables dans la mesure où les infirmières appliquent les mesures de préventions et contrôle des infections, ce qui s’inscrit dans une perspective positiviste du risque (Lupton, 1999). La gestion de ces risques se décline au travers de rituels de purification et de protection afin de se protéger de toute maladie infectieuse. Face à ces risques, une culture de sécurité unique est en émergence dans le CSSS dans une perspective de prévention de la maladie. Toutefois, cette culture de sécurité désirée est confrontée à une mosaïque de cultures qui couvrent différentes façons d’appliquer ou non les mesures de PCI selon les participants. La contribution de cette recherche est pertinente dans ce nouveau domaine de spécialité que constituent la prévention et le contrôle des infections pour les infirmières québécoises. Une analyse critique des relations de pouvoir tel qu’entendu par Foucault a permis de soulever les questions de surveillance infirmière, de politique de l’aveu valorisée, de punition de tout écart à l’application rigoureuse des normes de PCI, de contrôle de la part des cadres infirmiers et d’assujettissement des corps relevant des mécanismes disciplinaires. Elle a permis également de documenter la présence de dispositifs de sécurité en lien avec la tenue de statistiques sur les patients qui sont répertoriés en tant que cas infectieux, mais également en termes de circulation des personnes au sein de l’établissement. La présence d’un pouvoir pastoral est perceptible dans la traduction du rôle d’infirmière gestionnaire qui doit s’assurer que ses équipes agissent de la bonne façon et appliquent les normes de PCI privilégiées au sein du CSSS afin de réguler les taux d’infections nosocomiales présents dans l’établissement. En cas de non-respect des mesures de PCI touchant à l’hygiène des mains ou à la vaccination, l’infirmière s’expose à des mesures disciplinaires passant de l’avertissement, la relocalisation, l’exclusion ou la suspension de l’emploi. Une culture du blâme a été décrite par la recherche d’un coupable au sein de l’institution, particulièrement en temps de pandémie. Au CSSS, l’Autre est perçu comme étant à l’origine de la contamination, tandis que le Soi est perçu comme à l’abri de tout risque à partir du moment où l’infirmière respecte les normes d’hygiène de vie en termes de saines habitudes alimentaires et d’activité physique. Par ailleurs, les infirmières se doivent de respecter des normes de PCI qu’elles connaissent peu, puisque les participantes à la recherche ont souligné le manque de formation académique et continue quant aux maladies infectieuses, aux risques biologiques et à la culture de sécurité qu’elles considèrent pourtant comme des sujets priorisés par leur établissement de santé. Le pouvoir produit des effets sur les corps en les modifiant. Cette étude ethnographique critique a permis de soulever les enjeux sociopolitiques reliés aux discours en présence et de mettre en lumière ce que Foucault a appelé le gouvernement des corps et ses effets qui se capillarisent dans le quotidien des infirmières. Des recherches ultérieures sont nécessaires afin d’approfondir ce champ de spécialité de notre discipline infirmière et de mieux arrimer la formation académique et continue aux réalités infectieuses cliniques.

The dismembered family : youth, memory, and modernity in rural southern Chile

Cette thèse traite de la supposée perte de culture politique et citoyenne que connaît le Chili de la période post-dictature. Bien qu’une telle perte soit généralement considérée comme une évidence, nous évaluons dans quelle mesure celle-ci est bien réelle en nous intéressant aux processus d’apprentissage du comportement civique de la plus jeune génération politique du pays qui a aujourd’hui atteint la vingtaine. Étant donné que les membres de cette génération étaient soit au stade de l’enfance, soit pas même nés au moment de la transition démocratique de 1990, ils ont habituellement pris connaissance des événements de répression étatique et de réconciliation démocratique par l’intermédiaire de leurs aînés. Ce phénomène est encore plus marqué dans les régions rurales du sud du pays où la majeure partie de ce que les jeunes générations savent du passé conflictuel de leur pays, incluant le colonialisme, le socialisme révolutionnaire et le fascisme, n’a pas été transmis par la communication verbale ou volontaire, mais indirectement via les habitudes et préférences culturelles qui ne manquent pas d’influencer les décisions politiques. À travers l’analyse des mécanismes de transmission inter-générationnelle de diverses perspectives d’un passé contesté, notre travail explore les processus par lesquels, à l’échelle micro, certains types de comportement politique sont diffusés au sein des familles et de petits réseaux communautaires. Ces derniers se situent souvent en tension avec les connaissances transmises dans les domaines publics, comme les écoles et certaines associations civiques. De telles tensions soulèvent d’importantes questions au sujet des inégalités de statut des membres de la communauté nationale, en particulier à une époque néolibérale où la réorganisation du fonctionnement des services sociaux et du contrôle des ressources naturelles a transformé les relations entre le monde rural pauvre et la société dominante provenant des centres urbains. Au sein de la jeune génération politique du Chili, dans quelle mesure ces perspectives situées concernant un passé pour le moins contesté, ainsi que leurs impacts sur la distribution actuelle du pouvoir dans le pays façonnent-ils des identités politiques en émergence ? Nous abordons cette question à l’aide d’une analyse ethnographique des moyens auxquels les jeunes recourent pour acquérir et exprimer des connaissances au sujet de l’histoire et de son influence latente dans la vie civique actuelle. Nos données proviennent de plus de deux années de terrain anthropologique réalisées dans trois localités du sud rural ayant été touchées par des interventions industrielles dans les rivières avoisinantes. L'une d'entre elles a été contaminée par une usine de pâte à papier tandis que les autres doivent composer avec des projets de barrage hydroélectrique qui détourneront plusieurs rivières. Ces activités industrielles composent la toile de fond pour non seulement évaluer les identités politiques, émergentes mais aussi pour identifier ce que l’apprentissage de comportement politique révèle à propos de la citoyenneté au Chili à l’heure actuelle.

It runs in the family : the Bradfords, print, and liberty (1680-1810)

En se basant sur l’histoire des Bradfords, l’une des plus grandes familles d’imprimeurs de l’histoire américaine, ce mémoire étudie la relation entre l’imprimé, les imprimeurs, et divers discours sur la liberté au cours du « long » 18e siècle. Il retrace la transition entre une ère de la « liberté de parole, » née des débats sur la liberté de presse et d’expression de la période coloniale, et une ère de la « parole de la liberté, » née au cours de la Révolution et entretenue sous la jeune république. Cette transition fut le produit de la transformation du discours des contemporains sur la liberté, mais s’effectua également en lien avec la transformation du milieu de l’imprimerie et de la culture de l’imprimé. Selon les circonstances politiques, sociales, économiques et culturelles particulières des périodes coloniale, révolutionnaire, et républicaine, l’imprimé et les imprimeurs américains furent appelés à disséminer et à contribuer au discours sur la liberté. Ils établirent ainsi une forte association entre l’imprimé et la liberté dans la culture de l’imprimé du 18e siècle, qui était destinée à être transmise aux siècles suivants. Mots-

Novel Reactions of TRIS(2-Thienyl)Methane and TRIS(2-Furyal)Methane

A systematic investigation of the reactivity and functionalization of two heterocyclic analogs of triphenylmethane , namely tris(2-thienyl)methane and tris(2-furyl)methane have been carried out and the results are presented in this thesis entitled "NOVEL REACTIONS OF TRIS(2-THIENYL)METHANE AND TRIS(2-FURYL)METHANE.". The history of organic free radicals dates back to Gomberg's monumental discovery of the triphenylmethyl radical in 1900. The heterocyclic analogs of triarylmethane are also interesting from the vantage point of their transformation to the corresponding radicals akin to Gomberg ' s triphenylmethyl radical and also they are prone to further transformation leading to three dimensionally elongated molecules such as dendrimers. Dendritic architectures are one of the most pervasive topologies observed in nature at the macro- and microdimensional length devices. Because of their ability to combine both organic and inorganic compounds and their propensity to either encapsulate or be engineered into unimolecular functional devices , dendrimers are versatile amongst existing nanoscale building blocks and materials.

Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Transition Metal Complexes of the Schiff Base Derived from Quinoxaline-2-Carboxaldehyde and 2- Aminophenol

Some new transition metal complexes of the Schiff base quinoxaline-2-car boxalidene-2-aminophenol (HQAP) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, conductance and magnetic measurements and IR and UV-Visible spectral studies. The complexes have the following empirical formulae: [Mn(QAP121, [Fe(QAPl2C1I, [Co(QAPl21, [Ni(QAP121 and [Cu(QAP121. A tetrahedral structure has been assigned for the manganese(=), cobalt(II1, nickel(II1 and copper(II1 complexes. For the iron(IIIl complex an octahedral dimeric structure has been suggested

Process Optimization for Mass Production of Marine Yeast Candida sp. S 27 and its Nutritional Characterization

The main source of protein for human and animal consumption is from the agricultural sector, where the production is vulnerable to diseases, fluctuations in climatic conditions and deteriorating hydrological conditions due to water pollution. Therefore Single Cell Protein (SCP) production has evolved as an excellent alternative. Among all sources of microbial protein, yeast has attained global acceptability and has been preferred for SCP production. The screening and evaluation of nutritional and other culture variables of microorganisms are very important in the development of a bioprocess for SCP production. The application of statistical experimental design in bioprocess development can result in improved product yields, reduced process variability, closer confirmation of the output response to target requirements and reduced development time and overall cost.The present work was undertaken to develop a bioprocess technology for the mass production of a marine yeast, Candida sp.S27. Yeasts isolated from the offshore waters of the South west coast of India and maintained in the Microbiology Laboratory were subjected to various tests for the selection of a potent strain for biomass production. The selected marine yeast was identified based on ITS sequencing. Biochemical/nutritional characterization of Candida sp.S27 was carried out. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) the process parameters (pH, temperature and salinity) were optimized. For mass production of yeast biomass, a chemically defined medium (Barnett and Ingram, 1955) and a crude medium (Molasses-Yeast extract) were optimized using RSM. Scale up of biomass production was done in a Bench top Fermenter using these two optimized media. Comparative efficacy of the defined and crude media were estimated besides nutritional evaluation of the biomass developed using these two optimized media.

Physicochemical and Biochemical Characterization of Enzymes Immobilized on lnorganic Matrices

Biotechnology is currently considered as a useful altemative to conventional process technology in industrial and catalytic fields. The increasing awareness of the need to create green and sustainable production processes in all fields of chemistry has stimulated materials scientists to search for innovative catalysts supports. lmmobilization of enzymes in inorganic matrices is very useful in practical applications due to the preserved stability and catalytic activity of the immobilized enzymes under extreme conditions. Nanostructured inorganic, organic or hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites present paramount advantages to facilitate integration and miniaturization of the devices (nanotechnologies), thus affording a direct connection between the inorganic, organic and biological worlds. These properties, combined with good chemical stability, make them competent candidates for designed biocatalysts, protein-separation devices, drug delivery systems, and biosensors Aluininosilicate clays and layered double hydroxides, displaying, respectively, cation and anion exchange properties, were found to be attractive materials for immobilization because of their hydrophilic, swelling and porosity properties, as well as their mechanical and thermal stability.The aim of this study is the replacement of inorganic catalysts by immobilized lipases to obtain purer and healthier products.Mesocellular silica foams were synthesized by oil-in-water microemulsion templating route and were functionalized with silane and glutaraldehyde. " The experimental results from IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis demonstrated the presence of immobilized lipase and also functionalisation with silane and glutaraldehyde on the supports.The present work is a comprehensive study on enzymatic synthesis of butyl isobutyrate through esterification reaction using lipase immobilized onto mesocellular siliceous foams and montmorillonite K-10 via adsorption and covalent binding. Moreover, the irnrnobil-ization does not modify the nature of the kinetic mechanism proposed which is of the Bi-Bi Ping—Pong type with inhibition by n-butanol. The immobilized biocatalyst can be commercially exploited for the synthesis of other short chain flavor esters. Mesocellular silica foams (MCF) were synthesized by microemusion templating method via two different routes (hydrothermal and room temperature). and were functionalized with silane and glutaraldehyde. Candida rugosa lipase was adsorbed onto MCF silica and clay using heptane as the coupling medium for reactions in non-aqueous media. I From XRD results, a slight broadening and lowering of d spacing values after immobilization and modification was observed in the case of MCF 160 and MCF35 but there was no change in the d-spacing in the case of K-10 which showed that the enzymes are adsorbed only on the external surface. This was further confirmed from the nitrogen adsorption measurements

Relative survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in a tropical estuary

Microcosm studies have been carried out to find out the relative survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in a tropical estuary. Survival has been assessed in relation to the important self-purifying parameters such as biotic factors contained in the estuarine water, toxicity due to the dissolved organic and antibiotic substances in the water and the sunlight. The results revealed that sunlight is the most important inactivating factor on the survival of E. coli and S. typhimurium in the estuarine water. While the biological factors contained in the estuarine water such as protozoans and bacteriophages also exerted considerable inactivation of these organisms, the composition of the water with all its dissolved organic and inorganic substances was not damaging to the test organisms. Results also indicated better survival capacity of E. coli cells under all test conditions when compared to S. typhimurium

Dielectric and Conductivity Studies on Cobalt Phthalocyanine Tetramers

Electrically conductive organic and metalloorganic polymers are of great interest and they have applications in electronic, optical, photonic, photoelectric, electrochemical, and dielectric devices. Tetrameric cobalt phthalocyanine was prepared by conventional chemical method. The dielectric permittivity of the tetrameric cobalt phthalocyanine sample was evaluated from the observed capacitance values in the frequency range 100 KHz to 5 MHz and in the temperature range of 300 to 383°K. It is found that the system obeys the Maxwell Wagner relaxation of space charge phenomenon. Further, from the permittivity studies AC conductivity was evaluated. The values of AC conductivity and DC conductivity were compared. Activation energy was calculated. To understand the conduction mechanism Mott’s variable range hopping model was applied to the system. The T 1/4 behavior of the DC conductivity along with the values of Mott’s Temperature (T0), density of states at the Fermi energy N (EF), and range of hopping R and hopping energy W indicate that the transport of charge carriers are by three-dimensional variable range hopping

Molecular Epidemiology of Escherichia coli isolates from Environmental, Food and Clinical Sources

In the present study diversity of E. coli in the water samples of Cochin estuary were studied for a period of 3 years ranging from January 2010- December 2012. The stations were selected based on the closeness to satellite townships and waste input. Two of the stations (Chitoor and Thevara) were fixed upstream, two in the central part of the estuary namely Bolgatty and Off Marine Science Jetty, and one at the Barmouth. Diversity was assessed in terms of serotypes, phylogenetic groups and genotypes. Two groups of seafood samples such as fish and shellfish collected from the Cochin estuary were used for isolation of E. coli. One hundred clinical E. coli isolates were collected from one public health centre, one hospital and five medical labs in and around Cochin City, Kerala. From our results it was clear that pathogen cycling is occurring through food, water and clinical sources. Pathogen cycling through food is very common and fish and shellfish that harbour these strains might pose potential health risk to consumer. Estuarine environment is a melting pot for various kinds of wastes, both organic and inorganic. Mixing up of waste water from various sources such as domestic, industries, hospitals and sewage released into these water bodies resulting in the co-existence of E. coli from various sources thus offering a conducive environment for horizontal gene transfer. Opportunistic pathogens might acquire genes for drug resistance and virulence turning them to potential pathogens. Prevalence of ExPEC in the Cochin estuary, pose threat to people who use this water for fishing and recreation. Food chain also plays an important role in the transit of virulence genes from the environments to the human. Antibiotic resistant E. coli are widespread in estuarine water, seafood and clinical samples, for reasons well known such as indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animal production systems, aquaculture and human medicine. Since the waste water from these sources entering the estuary provides selection pressure to drug resistant mutants in the environment. It is high time that the authorities concerned should put systems in place for monitoring and enforcement to curb such activities. Microbial contamination can limit people’s enjoyment of coastal waters for contact recreation or shellfish-gathering. E. coli can make people sick if they are present in high levels in water used for contact recreation or shellfish gathering. When feeding, shellfish can filter large volumes of seawater, so any microorganisms present in the water become accumulated and concentrated in the shellfish flesh. If E. coli contaminated shellfish are consumed the impact to human health includes gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and bacteraemia. In conclusion, the high prevalence of various pathogenic serotypes and phylogenetic groups, multidrug-resistance, and virulence factor genes detected among E. coli isolates from stations close to Cochin city is a matter of concern, since there is a large reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits within the community, and that the resistance genes and plasmid-encoded genes for virulence were easily transferable to other strains. Given the severity of the clinical manifestations of the disease in humans and the inability and/or the potential risks of antibiotic administration for treatment, it appears that the most direct and effective measure towards prevention of STEC and ExPEC infections in humans and ensuring public health may be considered as a priority.

The electronic structure of anionic halide complexes of element 105 in aqueous solutions and their extraction by aliphatic amines

To study the complex formation of group 5 elements (Nb, Ta, Ha, and pseudoanalog Pa) in aqueous HCI solutions of medium and high concentrations the electronic structures of anionic complexes of these elements [MCl_6]^-, [MOCl_4]^-, [M(OH)-2 Cl_4]^-, and [MOCl_5]^2- have been calculated using the relativistic Dirac-Slater Discrete-Variational Method. The charge density distribution analysis has shown that tantalum occupies a specific position in the group and has the highest tendency to form the pure halide complex, [TaCl_6-. This fact along with a high covalency of this complex explains its good extractability into aliphatic amines. Niobium has equal trends to form pure halide [NbCl_6]^- and oxyhalide [NbOCl_5]^2- species at medium and high acid concentrations. Protactinium has a slight preference for the [PaOCl_5]^2- form or for the pure halide complexes with coordination number higher than 6 under these conditions. Element 105 at high HCl concentrations will have a preference to form oxyhalide anionic complex [HaOCl_5]^2- rather than [HaCl_6]^-. For the same sort of anionic oxychloride complexes an estimate has been done of their partition between the organic and aqueous phases in the extraction by aliphatic amines, which shows the following succession of the partition coefficients: P_Nb < P_Ha < P_Pa.

Hyperspectral field measurements to determine dry matter yield and nutritive value of legume-grass swards

Summary: Productivity, botanical composition and forage quality of legume-grass swards are important factors for successful arable farming in both organic and conventional farming systems. As these attributes can vary considerably within a field, a non-destructive method of detection while doing other tasks would facilitate a more targeted management of crops, forage and nutrients in the soil-plant-animal system. This study was undertaken to explore the potential of field spectral measurements for a non destructive prediction of dry matter (DM) yield, legume proportion in the sward, metabolizable energy (ME), ash content, crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of legume-grass mixtures. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse under controlled conditions which allowed collecting spectral measurements which were free from interferences such as wind, passing clouds and changing angles of solar irradiation. In a second step this initial investigation was evaluated in the field by a two year experiment with the same legume-grass swards. Several techniques for analysis of the hyperspectral data set were examined in this study: four vegetation indices (VIs): simple ratio (SR), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and red edge position (REP), two-waveband reflectance ratios, modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR). The results showed the potential of field spectroscopy and proved its usefulness for the prediction of DM yield, ash content and CP across a wide range of legume proportion and growth stage. In all investigations prediction accuracy of DM yield, ash content and CP could be improved by legume-specific calibrations which included mixtures and pure swards of perennial ryegrass and of the respective legume species. The comparison between the greenhouse and the field experiments showed that the interaction between spectral reflectance and weather conditions as well as incidence angle of light interfered with an accurate determination of DM yield. Further research is hence needed to improve the validity of spectral measurements in the field. Furthermore, the developed models should be tested on varying sites and vegetation periods to enhance the robustness and portability of the models to other environmental conditions.

Model Calculations and Implementation of Filters and Hybrid Green VCSELs based on Optical Thin Film Stacks

This work introduced the novel conception of complex coupled hybrid VCSELs for the first time. Alternating organic and inorganic layers in the lasers provide periodic variation of refractive index and optical gain, which enable single mode operation and low threshold of the VCSELs. Model calculations revealed great reduction of the lasing threshold with factors over 30, in comparison with the existing micro-cavity lasers. Tunable green VCSEL has been also designed, implemented and analyzed taking advantage of the broad photoluminescence spectra of the organics. Free standing optical thin films without compressive stress are technologically implemented. Multiple membrane stacks with air gap in between have been fabricated for the implementation of complex coupled VCSEL structures. Complex coupled hybrid VCSEL is a very promising approach to fill the gaps in the green spectral range of the semiconductor lasers.