Digital soil mapping: evaluation of sampling systems for soil surveys and refinement of soil maps at lower cost using legacy data

In soil surveys, several sampling systems can be used to define the most representative sites for sample collection and description of soil profiles. In recent years, the conditioned Latin hypercube sampling system has gained prominence for soil surveys. In Brazil, most of the soil maps are at small scales and in paper format, which hinders their refinement. The objectives of this work include: (i) to compare two sampling systems by conditioned Latin hypercube to map soil classes and soil properties; (II) to retrieve information from a detailed scale soil map of a pilot watershed for its refinement, comparing two data mining tools, and validation of the new soil map; and (III) to create and validate a soil map of a much larger and similar area from the extrapolation of information extracted from the existing soil map. Two sampling systems were created by conditioned Latin hypercube and by the cost-constrained conditioned Latin hypercube. At each prospection place, soil classification and measurement of the A horizon thickness were performed. Maps were generated and validated for each sampling system, comparing the efficiency of these methods. The conditioned Latin hypercube captured greater variability of soils and properties than the cost-constrained conditioned Latin hypercube, despite the former provided greater difficulty in field work. The conditioned Latin hypercube can capture greater soil variability and the cost-constrained conditioned Latin hypercube presents great potential for use in soil surveys, especially in areas of difficult access. From an existing detailed scale soil map of a pilot watershed, topographical information for each soil class was extracted from a Digital Elevation Model and its derivatives, by two data mining tools. Maps were generated using each tool. The more accurate of these tools was used for extrapolation of soil information for a much larger and similar area and the generated map was validated. It was possible to retrieve the existing soil map information and apply it on a larger area containing similar soil forming factors, at much low financial cost. The KnowledgeMiner tool for data mining, and ArcSIE, used to create the soil map, presented better results and enabled the use of existing soil map to extract soil information and its application in similar larger areas at reduced costs, which is especially important in development countries with limited financial resources for such activities, such as Brazil.

Bombeamento e tratamento de plumas de hidrocarbonetos em diferentes aquíferos contaminados por postos de combustíveis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização fisiográfica e de alguns atributos físicos e químicos dos solos da microbacia Jardim Novo Horizonte, em Ilha Solteira, SP

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Avaliação do potencial de biorremediação de solos e de águas subterrâneas contaminados com óleo diesel

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Diversity of Chromobacterium violaceum isolates from aquatic environments of state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon

ABSTRACT: The present study intended to characterize the phenotypic and genetic diversity of Brazilian isolates of Chromobacterium violaceum from aquatic environments within the Amazon region. Nineteen isolates showed morphological properties of C. violaceum and the majority grew at 44°C. Low temperatures, in contrast, showed to be inhibitory to their growth, as eleven isolates did not grow at 10ºC and nine did not produce pigmentation, clearly indicating an inhibition of their metabolism. The largest variation among isolates was observed in the citrate test (Simmons), in which 12 isolates were positive, and in the oxidation/fermentation of sucrose, with six positives isolates. Chloramphenicol, gentamicin and sulfonamides efficiently inhibited bacterial growth. Amplified products of the recA gene were digested with HindII or PstI, which produced three or four restriction fragments patterns, respectively. The combined analysis arranged the isolates into six genospecies. The higher diversity observed in Belém (genotypes C, D, E and F) may be a consequence of intense human occupation, pollution of the aquatic environment or due to the higher diversity of the environments sampled in that region. In conclusion, a high level of genetic and phenotypic diversity was observed, and four new genospecies were described.

Distribution and availability of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in the archaeological black earth profile from the Amazon region

Os solos de terra preta arqueológica são ricos em matéria orgânica, contêm fragmentos cerâmicos e artefatos líticos e apresentam nutrientes em concentrações mais elevadas do que outros tipos de solos. Com o intuito de contribuir com informações sobre concentrações de micronutrientes disponíveis em solos de terra preta, foram avaliadas através de extrações químicas sequenciais, a distribuição e disponibilidade de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn em um perfil de terra preta arqueológica no município de Juruti, estado do Pará. As maiores concentrações de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn no perfil são encontradas na fração residual. Este estudo mostrou que ferro, manganês e zinco são preferencialmente disponíveis a partir das frações, associados aos óxidos de Fe-Mn, variando de 1265,39 a 1818,12 mg kg^-1, 0,83 a 48,51 mg kg^-1 e 1,92 a 12,05 mg kg^-1, respectivamente, e o cobre a partir da matéria orgânica, variando de 0,13 a 0,45 mg kg^-1.

Cytogenetic damage related to low levels of methyl mercury contamination in the Brazilian Amazon

The mercury rejected in the water system, from mining operations and lixiviation of soils after deforestation, is considered to be the main contributors to the contamination of the ecosystem in the Amazon Basin. The objectives of the present study were to examine cytogenetic functions in peripheral lymphocytes within a population living on the banks of the Tapajós River with respect to methylmercury (MeHg) contamination, using hair mercury as a biological indicator of exposure. Our investigation shows a clear relation between methylmercury contamination and cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes at levels well below 50 micrograms/gram, the level at which initial clinical signs and symptoms of mercury poisoning occur. The first apparent biological effect with increasing MeHg hair level was the impairment of lymphocyte proliferation measured as mitotic index (MI). The relation between mercury concentration in hair and MI suggests that this parameter, an indicator of changes in lymphocytes and their ability to respond to culture conditions, may be an early marker of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in humans and should be taken into account in the preliminary evaluation of the risks to populations exposed in vivo. This is the first report showing clear cytotoxic effects of long-term exposure to MeHg. Although the results strongly suggest that, under the conditions examined here, MeHg is both a spindle poison and a clastogen, the biological significance of these observations are as yet unknown. A long-term follow-up of these subjects should be undertaken.

Fatty acid profiles and tocopherol contents of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), patawa (Oenocarpus bataua), tucuma (Astrocaryum vulgare), mari (Poraqueiba paraensis) and inaja (Maximiliana maripa) fruits

O buriti, tucumã, inajá, mari e patauá são palmeiras endêmicas da região Amazônica. As polpas destes frutos são tradicionalmente consumidas pela população local, mas ainda não ganharam os mercados nacionais e internacionais. A composição nutricional em ácidos graxos foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa (CG) e a de tocoferol determinada por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). As polpas se mostraram bastante energéticas, com um alto teor de óleo que variou entre 31,0 a 41,8%. Os ácidos graxos que apresentaram maiores concentrações foram o oleico (C18:1) e o palmítico (C16:0), para todas as polpas estudadas. A polpa de buriti foi a que apresentou maior teor de vitamina E sendo considerada uma ótima fonte de tocoferol. O α-tocoferol foi o tocoferol predominante, com exceção da polpa de buriti. Os dados indicaram que as frutas estudadas são boas fontes de ácidos graxos insaturados e tocoferóis.

Effect of lipid sources and inclusion levels in diets for broiler chickens

This research aimed to evaluate the interactions and effects of 2 and 4% addition levels of poultry slaughterhouse fat (chicken tallow) and soybean oil in diets for broiler chickens. Two experiments were carried out using one-day-old male Cobb chicks in an entirely random design with a 2x2 factorial scheme. In the first experiment, 560 chicks were used to evaluate performance and carcass characteristics. In the second experiment, 100 chicks were used to determine the nutrient digestibility, dietary energy utilization and the lipase and amylase pancreatic activity. There was no interaction between the fat sources and the addition levels for any of the analyzed variables, except for the digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DCDM), which was higher in diets added with 2% soybean oil when compared to chicken tallow. The addition of 4% fat in the diet, regardless of fat source, improved the digestibility coefficient of ethereal extract (DCEE) and increased weight gain and feed intake. Moreover, in the initial phase, the addition of 4% fat to the diet increased lipase activity when compared to diets with 2% addition, and a positive correlation between DCEE and pancreatic lipase activity was observed. In conclusion, there is no interaction between fat sources and addition levels, except for DCDM. Carcass characteristics are not influenced by any of the studied factors. The addition of 4% fat increases pancreatic lipase activity and improves DCEE, resulting in greater weight gain, regardless of the tested fat source, making chicken tallow a great alternative to soybean oil.

Seasonal variability of a conditional stability constant and the characterization of sedimentary humic substances from typical agricultural and urban areas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Formulation of Pseudomonas chlororaphis strains for improved shelf life

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

INTERCROPPING OF BRAQUIARIA WITH SOYBEAN

The objective of this work was to study the intercropping of Brachiaria brizantha. Marandu with soybeans. The experiment has been planted in a 3 year prevailing area with no-tillage, in eutrophic Oxisol at Maripa - PR. The experimental design was a randomized block with five replications. For the forage study, four treatments were performed which consisted of seeding times brachiaria [early ( seven days before planting soybeans) joint (same day of soybean planting) and after (at stages V-3 and R-1 culture)] intercropping with soybean. To study the yield and crude protein and oil levels of the grain were adopted six treatments, which consisted of sowing dates of capim Marandu [early (seven days before planting soybeans), joint (same day of soybean planting) after (V-3, R-1 and R-5 soybean) and in single culture (single)]. The forager higher productivity of dry matter occurs with early sowing, however, the greatest reduction in soybean yield also occurs in this case. The sowing of Brachiaria until R-5 soy has no influence on the nutritional value of the forage. The intercropped of soybean with Brachiaria brizantha. Marandu has no impact on the leaf Nitrogen content, oil content and enzyme activity of soybean peroxidase. The highest yield of soybeans occurs when it is grown single or Brachiaria is sown in stage R-5. The crude protein content of soybean grain is reduced when brachiaria seeding is early or together with soybeans compared to single culture.

Adsorção do corante luganil azul por espuma de poliuretano

The industrial development has created many environmental problems that can be observed through the changes in air, soil and water. The pollution of water bodies with compounds present in textile effluents cause beyond the visual pollution, changes in biological cycles, mainly by changing the process of photosynthesis. Due to these environmental implications it is necessary a treatment of livestock manure. The process of adsorption of the dye is a technique that has been successfully employed for effective removal of the color of the effluent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of a polyurethane foam plant of castor oil as an alternative adsorbent for removal of dyes in textile effluents. The study was conducted with the dye “luganil azul”, as adsorbent and the foam in a flexible manner and sprayed. It also investigated the influence of pH on the adsorption dye. The kinetic data were obtained, noting that the pH influence on adsorption. Adsorption isotherms of the dye in aqueous solution using the foam in a flexible manner also were determined experimentally.

Produção e aplicação de ramnolipídios produzidos por Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI 2A1

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Toxicidade de petróleo bruto sobre microcrustáceo Daphnia similis em água de rio e água de produção de petróleo

Aquatic ecosystems are suffering many impacts caused by human activities resulting from the activities occurring around them. With technological progress observed in recent years, this environment has received large amounts of chemicals from industries, agriculture and urban area that affect the aquatic biota. Among these sources of contamination, the oil industry has contributed to the pollution of aquatic environments with both effluents as produced water well as oil spills and their derivatives having toxicity to various organisms. With all the environmental issues has increased concern about water quality and has been used ecotoxicological tests with aquatic organisms to ecosystems to assess the toxicity of chemicals present in the water. In this context the microcrustacea Daphnia similis stands out as a freshwater organism very representative of the aquatic fauna of rivers and high sensitivity to environmental impacts. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the lethal toxicity of crude oil and produced water on this microcrustacea. The results showed that the microcrustacea presented high sensitivity to contaminants primarily crude oil. There was also the influence of environmental variables pH and temperature on the survival of organisms