Monoglicerídeos: produção por via enzimática e algumas aplicações

Monoglycerides (MAG) are non-ionic surfactants, widely used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Although MAGs are manufactured on an industrial scale by chemical glycerolysis of oils and fats, new developments in lipase catalyzed synthesis have been studied as an alternative to the classical method seeking to use clean technology and green chemistry. In this work, different methods such as glycerolysis, selective hydrolysis of fats and oils, and esterification of fatty acids or transesterification of esters with glycerol are presented. The properties and applications of the monoglycerides are also included in this review.

Lenguaje y Teoría de la mente: una aproximación multidimensional

El propósito de este trabajo es realizar una puesta al día sobre las relaciones entre el desarrollo del lenguaje y el desarrollo de la Teoría de la Mente. Entre las hipótesis propuestas para conceptualizar dichas relaciones, realizamos un examen más exhaustivo de aquellos modelos que apoyan una implicación directa entre lenguaje y Teoría de la Mente. En este contexto, en primer lugar subrayamos la necesidad de ampliar dicha noción para incluir habilidades anteriores y posteriores a la comprensión de la falsa creencia. En segundo lugar, examinamos las diferentes hipótesis acerca de los aspectos del lenguaje más vinculados al desarrollo sociocognitivo, y las principales evidencias empíricas que las sustentan. Finalmente, discutimos un modelo de causalidad recíproca donde los vínculos entre lenguaje y Teoría de la Mente variarán según el momento del desarrollo considerado

Enseñar a convivir, enseñar a comunicarse = Teaching to live together, teaching to communicate

In this article we look at some of the questions related to the learning of how to live together so that we may then look more closely at the relative aspects of the learning of language. We insist on the importance of the not strictly linguistic aspects associated to the incorporation of children from immigrant families to the schools. From this point of view we underline the heterogeneous nature of the situation in which these children find themselves (in function with the social and professional situation of the family, of having been born here or not, and of having or not previous school experience in the community of origin etc). We also look at the necessary eradication of stereo types in the treating of this problem. We then discuss some strategies where there can be joint collaboration in the school for attaining these objectives

Efeito da adição de precursores na produção de alcaloide anticancerígeno usando a técnica de planejamento experimental

The effect of precursors on the anticancer alkaloid production by submerged fermentation using M. anisopliae 3935 was studied, according to complete experimental design 2² with three central points. The results showed that lysine was the most important variable, however, when both lysine and glucose were added to the fermentation medium, the alkaloid production reached, approximately, 17 mg L-1 after 120 hours of fermentation. Then, the scale-up of the process was carried out and these results were confirmed. Finally, 35 mg L-1 of alkaloid at 192 h were attained after increment of added aminoacid lysine.

Utilização de resíduos agroindustriais para a produção de proteases pelo termofílico Bacillus sp em fermentação submersa: otimização do meio de cultura usando a técnica de planejamento experimental

Thermophilic Bacillus sp. SMIA-2, produced protease when grown on apple pectic, whey protein and corn step liquor medium, whose concentration was varied from 3 to 10 gL-1, according to the central composite design 2³. The experiments were conducted in shaker, at 50 °C, 150 rpm and initial pH 6.5. The results revealed that the culture medium affected both, cell growth and enzyme production. After graphical and numerical optimization procedure, the enzyme production reached its maximum value at 30 h fermentation, reaching, approximately, 70 U protein mg-1, suggesting that this process was partially associated to the growth.

Óxidos de ferro e suas aplicações em processos catalíticos: uma revisão

A review of most of the reported studies on the use of iron oxides as catalyst in specific processes, namely Haber-Bosch reaction, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, Fenton oxidation and photolytic molecular splitting of water to produce gaseous hydrogen, was carried out. An essential overview is thus presented, intending to address the fundamental meaning, as well as the corresponding chemical mechanisms, and perspectives on new technological potentialities of natural and synthetic iron oxides, more specifically hematite (α-Fe2O3), goethite (α-FeOOH), magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), in heterogeneous catalysis.

La esfera, el mol y la ciudad

Apoyándonos en la noción de "esfera" de Slotedijk, analizamos la protección constituida por los moles. La libertad de elegir en el mol no tiene relación con la libertad individual propuesta por John Stuart Mill; ni con la anarco-individualista propuesta por Henry David Thoreau o incluso por Aldo Leopold en el elogio que éste realiza de la autonomía del pionero estadounidense. En la libertad de elegir en el mol han caducado todas las aventuras y las relaciones humanas se convierten en lo que Sloterdijk denomina "relaciones cristalizadas", bajo el proyecto del aburrimiento normativo poshistórico. La expresión económico-filosófica del mundo poshistórico es la idea de libertad de elegir, enunciada por Milton Friedman. El mol, actual Palacio de Cristal, es como una enciclopedia ilustrada, que exhibe, en orden y sin peligros, el conjunto, ya no del saber, sino de los bienes disponibles. Con ello, se modifica la condición humana.

Evisceração do intestino delgado através de perfuração de prolapso retal em uma criança

The rectal prolapse is very common in children under 3 years old. Rectal mucosae herniated in to the anal canal. The ethiologic causes are diarrhea, intestinal parasitosis, obstipation and desnutrition. The effort during the defecation, prolonged diarrhea and obstipation are important contribucting factors. The treatment in the majority of cases is medical treating factors like desnutrition, diarrheia and parasitosis. The authors report a case of a 3-month-old child with chronic diarrhea, severe desnutrition and recurrent rectal prolapse with perforation hole. This is a rare complication and considerations are made regarding the management of the case.

Effects of splenic allograft in lipid profile of non-splenectomized rats: the immune and metabolic role of the "double spleen"

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the role of the spleen and splenic allograft in lipid control and evaluate its effect on the lipid profile of rats.METHOD: 32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control group (1), total splenectomy group (2), splenectomy and implantation of allograft group (3) and double spleen group (4). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups: A and B, based on the death of the animals after 30 or 120 days of monitoring. The procedures in groups 2, 3 and 4 were made simultaneously, and splenectomized animals, groups 2 and 3 were donors, respectively, for the animals of groups 3 and 4. In group 4 the spleen was preserved and the animals received implants from the spleens of rats from group 3. The regeneration of splenic tissue was evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic analyzes of the grafts and own spleens, as well as with measurements of VLDL, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides.RESULTS: after 120 days, Group 4 showed levels of total cholesterol and LDL lower than the other groups. Group 1 had higher levels of lipids.CONCLUSION: The technique of double spleen was effective in the control of lipid metabolism, corroborating the function of the spleen as a reserve of lipids.

A cirurgia experimental e sua relação com a universidade: relato de experiência

Um laboratório de cirurgia experimental representa um dos pontos chave para a universidade, principalmente na área biomédica. Este aborda em sua estrutura o tripé primordial de uma universidade que é o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão, elementos essenciais para a formação prática e humanística de um bom médico, que se baseia, principalmente, em evidências científicas e no pensamento crítico. A importância de um laboratório de cirurgia experimental para centros de ensino médico foi regulamentada a partir das novas diretrizes curriculares do Ministério da Educação e Cultura, que institui a obrigatoriedade de um laboratório dentro dos campi universitários. Portanto, é de grande importância a contribuição dos laboratórios de cirurgia experimental na grade curricular, tanto na disciplina de Técnica Operatório de Cirurgia Experimental, como no incentivo à pesquisa básica. Assim, o estudo expõe a experiência de 15 anos do Laboratório de Cirurgia Experimental da Universidade do Estado do Pará, com o objetivo de lucidar e frisar a importância deste para a graduação médica e para a universidade.

Sistemas de control de malezas en maiz (Zea mays L.): efecto de metodos de control, densidad y distribucion del cultivo

Con el objetivo de integrar diferentes prácticas culturales en un sistema de control de malezas en maíz, se instaló un ensayo en el Campo Experimental de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (México) (2250 msnm, precipitación media anual 550 mm, suelo franco, 1.7% M.O.) bajo condiciones de secano, en donde se evaluaron dos densidades (44.400 y 66.600 pl/ha), dos distribuciones (normal y equidistante) y siete métodos de control de malezas (cyanazine + alachlor (1,2 + 1,92 kg/ha), atrazine + alachlor (1,2 + 1,44 kg/ha), un escarda, dos escardas, testigo siempre desmalezado, testigo siempre desmalezado + dos escardas y testigo siempre enmalezado). Las principales malezas presentes fueron: quelite (Amaranthus sp.), perlilla (Lopezia mexicana Jacq.), rosilla chita (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.), acahual (Encelia mexicana Mart.), Sporobulus poiretti (Roem, et Sch.) Hichc. y fresadilla (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.). El aumento de la densidad de siembra no se reflejó en el control de malezas, incidencia de enfermedades, crescimiento vegetativo y reproductivo del cultivo. La distribución equidistante aparejó un mejor control de malezas, en relación a la distribución normal, pero la incidencia de enfermedades fue mayor, lo que quizá pudo haber determinado la ausencia de diferencias en crecimiento vegetativo, un menor número de mazorcas/ha y consecuentemente la ausencia de respuesta en rendimiento de grano. De los tratamientos químicos, atrazine + alachlor tuvo un comportamiento superior a cyanazine + alachlor, en control de malezas, aunque sólo fue detectable estadisticamente en las evaluaciones. No hubo diferencia entre ambos en la incidencia de enfermedades, ni en su efecto sobre el cultivo. aunque el rendimiento de cyanazine + alachlor fue ligeramente inferior. Los métodos químicos fueron superiores a los mecánicos en control de malezas, pero no difirie -ron en la incidencia de enfermedades ni en los parámetros de desarrollo del cultivo. La realización de una escarda adicional no mejora significativamente el control de malezas, no afectando tampoco la incidencia de enfermedades, ni el desarrollo del cultivo, por lo cual resulta innecesaria. Las escardas tienen como principal efecto eliminar la interfe rencia presentada por las malezas y si éstas son eliminadas de otra manera, la realización de aquéllas no apareja beneficios significativos.

Determinants of Polylepis (Rosaceae) Forest Distribution and Treeline Formation in the High Andes

High elevation treelines are formed under common temperature conditions worldwide, but the functional mechanisms that ultimately constrain tree growth are poorly known. In addition to environmental constraints, the distribution of high elevation forests is largely affected by human influence. Andean Polylepis (Rosaceae) forests are an example of such a case, forests commonly growing in isolated stands disconnected from the lower elevation montane forests. There has been ample discussion as to the role of environmental versus anthropogenic causes of this fragmented distribution of Polylepis forests, but the importance of different factors is still unclear. In this thesis, I studied functional, environmental and anthropogenic aspects determining Polylepis forest distribution. Specifically, I assessed the degree of genetic determinism in the functional traits that enable Polylepis species to grow in cold and dry conditions. I also studied the role of environment and human influence constraining Polylepis forest distribution. I found evidence of genetically determined climatic adaptations in the functional traits of Polylepis. High elevation species had reduced leaf size and increased root tip abundance compared to low elevation species. Thus these traits have potentially played an important role in species evolution and adaptation to high elevation habitats, especially to low temperatures. I also found reduced photosynthesis rate among high elevation tree species compared to low elevation species, supporting carbon source limitation at treelines. At low elevations, Polylepis forest distribution appeared to be largely defined by human influence. This suggests that the absence of Polylepis forests in large areas in the Andes is the result of several environmental and anthropogenic constraints, the role of environment becoming stronger towards high elevations. I also show that Polylepis trees grow at remarkably low air and soil temperatures near treelines, and present new evidence of the role of air temperatures in constraining tree growth at high elevations. I further show that easily measurable indices of accessibility are related to the degree of degradation of Polylepis forest, and can therefore be used in the rapid identification of potentially degraded Polylepis forests. This is of great importance for the conservation and restoration planning of Polylepis forests in the Andes. In a global context, the results of this thesis add to our scientific knowledge concerning high elevation adaptations in trees, and increase our understanding of the factors constraining tree growth and forest distribution at high-­elevation treelines worldwide.

El tiempo de la historia

Una indagación a partir de la idea general de historia formulada por Vico sirve de cauce para reinterpretar el modo como Marx trata la noción general de historia, entendiéndola no como continuidad de unos sistemas productivos por otros, sino como génesis de las condiciones de unos en los elementos integrantes de otros. Se señala que Althusser ha sido el primer marxista en comprender esa complejidad y en abordar el carácter compuesto del tiempo histórico en Marx. Se cierra con una pequeña reflexión en torno a la peculiaridad de la "idea de tiempo" y a su construcción

Clases de tropos como universales Ersatz

Este trabajo considera el programa de reducción de universales por clases de tropos semejantes. Diversas cuestiones surgen acerca de la relación de semejanza: (1) ¿Presuponen los "respectos" de semejanza un universal? (2) ¿Induce un regres vicioso el hecho de que la relación de semejanza sea una relación? (3) Si hay diferentes respectos de comparación entre tropos, entonces hay espacio para las dificultades tradicionales contra el nominalismo de semejanza: la "comunidad imperfecta" y la "compañía". ¿Pueden ser manejados estos problemas con clases de tropos semejantes? (4) La relación de semejanza requerida es una "semejanza perfecta", esto es, una relación de semejanza transitiva, sin margen para grados y sin variación en los respectos de comparación entre tropos. ¿Hay clases de tropos exactamente semejantes? Después de consideradas estas cuestiones, parece que el defensor de los tropos tiene respuestas para las cuestiones (1), (2) y (3), pero parece no haber respuestas plausibles para la cuestión (4). Las clases de semejanza perfecta que van a reemplazar a los universales deben ser clases de tropos posibles y no hay formas razonables de explicar los hechos modales requeridos para estos tropos.