On the population dynamics of Eudiaptomus gracilis Sars and Heterocope borealis Fischer in the Bodensee-Obersee. Part B. Eudiaptomus gracilis Sars. [Translation from: Trudy Instituta Biologii Vnutrennykh Vodnany 12(15) 170-174, 1966.]

Experimental research was conducted to study the development of eggs of Eudiaptomus gracilis Sars. The egg production was studied as well as the population dynamics. Factors like losses in the lake and through the effluent Rhine at Konstanz were considered.

I. Studies on bacteriophage DNA's and minicircular DNA's in M. lysodeikticus and E. coli 15. II. Flow dichroism of DNA solutions

Part I

Chapter 1.....A physicochemical study of the DNA molecules from the three bacteriophages, N1, N5, and N6, which infect the bacterium, M. lysodeikticus, has been made. The molecular weights, as measured by both electron microscopy and sedimentation velocity, are 23 x 10⁶ for N5 DNA and 31 x 10⁶ for N1 and N6 DNA's. All three DNA's are capable of thermally reversible cyclization. N1 and N6 DNA's have identical or very similar base sequences as judged by membrane filter hybridization and by electron microscope heteroduplex studies. They have identical or similar cohesive ends. These results are in accord with the close biological relation between N1 and N6 phages. N5 DNA is not closely related to N1 or N6 DNA. The denaturation T_m of all three DNA's is the same and corresponds to a (GC) content of 70%. However, the buoyant densities in CsCl of Nl and N6 DNA's are lower than expected, corresponding to predicted GC contents of 64 and 67%. The buoyant densities in Cs₂SO₄ are also somewhat anomalous. The buoyant density anomalies are probably due to the presence of odd bases. However, direct base composition analysis of N1 DNA by anion exchange chromatography confirms a GC content of 70%, and, in the elution system used, no peaks due to odd bases are present.

Chapter 2.....A covalently closed circular DNA form has been observed as an intracellular form during both productive and abortive infection processes in M. lysodeikticus. This species has been isolated by the method of CsC1-ethidium bromide centrifugation and examined with an electron microscope.

Chapter 3.....A minute circular DNA has been discovered as a homogeneous population in M. lysodeikticus. Its length and molecular weight as determined by electron microscopy are 0.445 μ and 0.88 x 10⁶ daltons respectively. There is about one minicircle per bacterium.

Chapter 4.....Several strains of E. coli 15 harbor a prophage. Viral growth can be induced by exposing the host to mitomycin C or to uv irradiation. The coliphage 15 particles from E. coli 15 and E, coli 15 T^- appear as normal phage with head and tail structure; the particles from E. coli 15 TAU are tailless. The complete particles exert a colicinogenic activity on E.coli 15 and 15 T^-, the tailless particles do not. No host for a productive viral infection has been found and the phage may be defective. The properties of the DNA of the virus have been studied, mainly by electron microscopy. After induction but before lysis, a closed circular DNA with a contour length of about 11.9 μ is found in the bacterium; the mature phage DNA is a linear duplex and 7.5% longer than the intracellular circular form. This suggests the hypothesis that the mature phage DNA is terminally repetitious and circularly permuted. The hypothesis was confirmed by observing that denaturation and renaturation of the mature phage DNA produce circular duplexes with two single-stranded branches corresponding to the terminal repetition. The contour length of the mature phage DNA was measured relative to φX RFII DNA and λ DNA; the calculated molecular weight is 27 x 10⁶. The length of the single-stranded terminal repetition was compared to the length of φX 174 DNA under conditions where single-stranded DNA is seen in an extended form in electron micrographs. The length of the terminal repetition is found to be 7.4% of the length of the nonrepetitious part of the coliphage 15 DNA. The number of base pairs in the terminal repetition is variable in different molecules, with a fractional standard deviation of 0.18 of the average number in the terminal repetition. A new phenomenon termed "branch migration" has been discovered in renatured circular molecules; it results in forked branches, with two emerging single strands, at the position of the terminal repetition. The distribution of branch separations between the two terminal repetitions in the population of renatured circular molecules was studied. The observed distribution suggests that there is an excluded volume effect in the renaturation of a population of circularly permuted molecules such that strands with close beginning points preferentially renature with each other. This selective renaturation and the phenomenon of branch migration both affect the distribution of branch separations; the observed distribution does not contradict the hypothesis of a random distribution of beginning points around the chromosome.

Chapter 5....Some physicochemical studies on the minicircular DNA species in E. coli 15 (0.670 μ, 1.47 x 10⁶ daltons) have been made. Electron microscopic observations showed multimeric forms of the minicircle which amount to 5% of total DNA species and also showed presumably replicating forms of the minicircle. A renaturation kinetic study showed that the minicircle is a unique DNA species in its size and base sequence. A study on the minicircle replication has been made under condition in which host DNA synthesis is synchronized. Despite experimental uncertainties involved, it seems that the minicircle replication is random and the number of the minicircles increases continuously throughout a generation of the host, regardless of host DNA synchronization.

Part II

The flow dichroism of dilute DNA solutions (A₂₆₀≈0.1) has been studied in a Couette-type apparatus with the outer cylinder rotating and with the light path parallel to the cylinder axis. Shear gradients in the range of 5-160 sec.^-1 were studied. The DNA samples were whole, "half," and "quarter" molecules of T4 bacteriophage DNA, and linear and circular λb₂b₅c DNA. For the linear molecules, the fractional flow dichroism is a linear function of molecular weight. The dichroism for linear A DNA is about 1.8 that of the circular molecule. For a given DNA, the dichroism is an approximately linear function of shear gradient, but with a slight upward curvature at low values of G, and some trend toward saturation at larger values of G. The fractional dichroism increases as the supporting electrolyte concentration decreases.

The periodicity in the consumption of oxygen in Asellus aquaticus [Translation from: Vestnik ceskoslovenske zoologicke Spolecnosti, 15, 1, 89-97, 1951]

The consumption of oxygen in Asellus aquaticus was measured to find if there existed a periodicity in the consumption of oxygen and how this showed itself during the course of the day, year and in various experimental conditions. From the figures obtained comparative values were calculated and from these curves were plotted of the changes in the consumption of oxygen during the day and year.

Morfologia e biodegradação de compósitos de poli(ε-caprolactona) com fibra de coco verde

Neste trabalho foram analisadas a morfologia e a biodegradação de compósitos de poli(ε-caprolactona) com fibras provenientes da casca de coco verde. Parte destas fibras foi submetida à modificação química por meio da reação de acetilação. A avaliação da morfologia foi realizada nas amostras de poli(ε-caprolactona) puro e seus compósitos antes e após o teste de biodegradação. O teste de biodegradação foi feito pelo enterro das amostras em solo simulado por períodos distintos, variando de vinte a trinta semanas, seguindo a Norma ASTM G 160 03. Após cada período de teste, as amostras foram retiradas do solo e analisadas por microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia de força atômica (AFM), calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), difratômetro de raios X (DRX) e ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de baixo campo no estado sólido. Pelas análises, foram verificados perda de massa, alteração morfológica da superfície e variação no percentual de cristalinidade das amostras. O PCL e os compósitos sofreram biodegradabilidade e a presença das fibras retarda ligeiramente esse processo

Análisis comparativo de traducciones comerciales en medios audiovisuales. Subtitulado I. “Hubble: 15 años de descubrimientos”

En este trabajo se realiza un estudio descriptivo-comparativo de la traducción de los subtítulos correspondientes al documental de divulgación científica titulado Hubble: 15 Years of Discovery (2005). Antes de realizar el análisis comparativo del corpus se sitúa la traducción comercial de este documento en el campo de estudio que abarca la traducción audiovisual, y en particular en el relativo a la subtitulación. El corpus textual seleccionado pertenece al género textual de la divulgación científica cuyas características se analizan. Tras abordar la cuestión de la selección del texto objeto de estudio, se detalla el proceso de recopilación del corpus, prestando especial atención a la elección del programa que se ha utilizado para la extracción de subtítulos a partir de la copia comercial del texto seleccionado (Hubble, 2005) en formato DVD. Se da cuenta de la compilación del corpus en forma de tabla que contiene el total de unidades bitextuales (subtítulos en inglés y español, identificados por los respectivos códigos de tiempo). El análisis del corpus bi-textual correspondiente a los subtítulos del documental (20 000 palabras, 715 SubtO y 724 SubtM), se efectúa mediante la clasificación de todos aquellos procedimientos de traducción observados. La taxonomía empleada para la clasificación de dichos procedimientos permite establecer cuatro grandes categorías: modulación, supresión, inequivalencia y adición. Dicha división cuatripartita da pie para establecer aquellas subcategorías que reflejan y ayudan a describir los procedimientos de traducción identificados en el proceso de análisis comparativo del corpus bitextual. Por razones de espacio, en la redacción final del presente trabajo se ofrece únicamente una muestra del conjunto total de ejemplos analizados para la realización de este estudio. Se pretende que dicha muestra represente por orden de incidencia, todos los fenómenos de traducción identificados y descritos, utilizando la taxonomía seleccionada, en el proceso de comparación del doblaje original inglés de Hubble y la traducción al español (subtítulos). Por último, se han recogido los datos relativos a la frecuencia de aparición de cada uno de los procedimientos de traducción para poder realizar una valoración global de los resultados obtenidos y relacionarlos con el género textual al que pertenece el documental objeto de estudio.

Apaf-1 Inhibitors Protect from Unwanted Cell Death in In Vivo Models of Kidney Ischemia and Chemotherapy Induced Ototoxicity

Background: Excessive apoptosis induces unwanted cell death and promotes pathological conditions. Drug discovery efforts aimed at decreasing apoptotic damage initially targeted the inhibition of effector caspases. Although such inhibitors were effective, safety problems led to slow pharmacological development. Therefore, apoptosis inhibition is still considered an unmet medical need. Methodology and Principal Findings: The interaction between Apaf-1 and the inhibitors was confirmed by NMR. Target specificity was evaluated in cellular models by siRNa based approaches. Cell recovery was confirmed by MTT, clonogenicity and flow cytometry assays. The efficiency of the compounds as antiapoptotic agents was tested in cellular and in vivo models of protection upon cisplatin induced ototoxicity in a zebrafish model and from hypoxia and reperfusion kidney damage in a rat model of hot ischemia. Conclusions: Apaf-1 inhibitors decreased Cytc release and apoptosome-mediated activation of procaspase-9 preventing cell and tissue damage in ex vivo experiments and in vivo animal models of apoptotic damage. Our results provide evidence that Apaf-1 pharmacological inhibition has therapeutic potential for the treatment of apoptosis-related diseases.

Atenção à saúde bucal: avaliação dos serviços no âmbito da 15 Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná.

Esta dissertação analisou a atenção à saúde bucal nos trinta municípios que compõem a 15 Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, a partir do processo de descentralização, das políticas públicas de saúde e das diretrizes da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal (PNSB). Neste trabalho buscou-se contextualizar a implantação das Estratégias de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, Saúde da Família e Saúde Bucal. Para que tal objetivo fosse alcançado foram feitas pesquisas junto às bases de nacionais, estaduais e municipais, além de entrevistas com os Coordenadores Municipais de Saúde Bucal (CMSB) para conhecer a realidade de cada um dos municípios. Foram entregues questionários contendo questões a respeito dos modelos de prática, de organização, de gestão e de formação dos profissionais envolvidos na atenção à saúde bucal. A metodologia utilizada inicialmente por Mendes-Silva (2007), na Regional de Saúde de Bauru SP, serviu de base para compararmos os resultados obtidos nas duas Regionais com relação aos principais indicadores sociais, a organização da atenção à saúde e o perfil profissional dos CMSB. Sem perder de vista as diferenças regionais e também o panorama nacional, conclui-se que os indicadores sociais, o percentual de gastos com a saúde e o perfil dos CMSB são muito parecidos. Com relação à PNSB, a 15 RS-PR apresenta números maiores de cobertura populacional nas três estratégias (ACS, SF e SB) e, ainda que com limitações, a análise dos dados provenientes do DATASUS mostra melhores indicadores de saúde bucal no Pacto de Atenção Básica.

Structural role of fluoride in aluminophosphate sol-gel glasses: High-resolution double-resonance NMR studies

The local structure of Na-Al-P-O-F glasses, prepared by a novel sol-gel route, was extensively investigated by advanced solid-state NMR techniques. Al-21{F-19} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) results indicate that the F incorporated into aluminophosphate glass is preferentially bonded to octahedral Al units and results in a significant increase in the concentration of six-coordinated aluminum. The extent of Al-F and Al-O-P connectivities are quantified consistently by analyzing Al-27{P-31} and Al-21{F-19} REDOR NMR data. Two distinct types of fluorine species were identified and characterized by various F-19{Al-27}, F-19{Na-23}, and F-19{P-31} double resonance experiments, which were able to support peak assignments to bridging (Al-F-Al, -140 ppm) and terminal (Al-F, -170 ppm) units. On the basis of the detailed quantitative dipole-dipole coupling information obtained, a comprehensive structural model for these glasses is presented, detailing the structural speciation as a function of composition.

Investigation on nonradiative decay of the (Er3+I13/2)-I-4 -> I-4(15/2) transition in different tellurite glass matrix

Three kinds of Er3+-doped tellurite glasses with different hydroxyl groups are prepared by the conventional melt-quenching method. Infrared spectra are measured to estimate the exact content of OH- groups in samples. The maximum phonon energy in glasses are obtained by measuring the Raman scattering spectra. The strength parameters Omega(t) (t = 2, 4, 6) for all the samples are calculated and compared. The nonradiative decay rate of the Er3+ I-4(13/2) -> I-4(15/2) transition are calculated for the glass samples with different phonon energy and OH- group contents. Finally, the effect of OH- groups on fluorescence decay rate of Er3+ is analysed, the constant KOH-Er Of TWN, TZPL and TZL glasses are calculated to be 9.2 x 10(-19) cm(4)s(-1), 5.9 x 10(-19) cm(4)s(-1), and 3.5 x 10(-19) cm(4)s(-1), respectively.