Brasil en el contexto de la Iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional Sudamericana (IIRSA) y el corredor multimodal Manta-Manaos, periodo 2003-2010

Varias lecturas surgen de los grandes proyectos de integración física latinoamericana. La principal es que el paradigma del nuevo regionalismo latinoamericano ha descuidado los efectos diferenciados de dichos proyectos, que en caso de concretarse ampliarán las asimetrías entre las economías de la región. En el marco de la integración económica regional están claras intenciones brasileras de alcanzar consolidarse como la potencia regional en el vecindario sudamericano, a partir de una destacada participación de su fuerza empresarial en el mercado latinoamericano, lo que afirma contundentemente que la estrategia política de Brasil en este contexto es una respuesta a su plan nacional y pretende beneficiar fundamentalmente a los segmentos capaces de influir en su política exterior como lo son los grandes grupos económicos exportadores. La segunda lectura es que desafortunadamente, países como Ecuador tienen una visión reducida sobre las verdaderas implicaciones que emanarán de participar en megaproyectos de integración física como la IIRSA y su derivación, el corredor multimodal Manta-Manaos. Las provincias amazónicas, principales receptoras de las externalidades que emanen de este corredor son el punto álgido de este proyecto. La capacidad del estado ecuatoriano de responder ante las demandas de este tipo de plan de integración regional, sin descuidar las máximas consagradas en su propio Plan Nacional para el Desarrollo, será el dispositivo que determine el verdadero alcance del mismo. Con estos antecedentes, la presente investigación tiene dos grandes objetivos. El primero es analizar la evolución histórica de los tres pilares de la política exterior de Brasil, desde la mitad del siglo XX hasta el periodo de gobierno del ex presidente Lula da Silva (2003-2010). Dentro de este contexto, esbozar cómo los tres pilares (pragmatismo, estabilidad, y autonomía de decisión) se fusionan con el mayor proyecto de integración física regional, la Iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional Sudamericana (IIRSA), mecanismo que contribuye a la consolidación de Brasil como gran potencia regional. El segundo objetivo es estudiar el tratamiento que le ha otorgado el gobierno ecuatoriano a la ruta Manta-Manaos y la potencialidad de la implementación de este corredor logístico. Las respectivas repercusiones sociales, económicas y medioambientales, así como las dimensiones comerciales en términos locales, regionales e internacionales serán determinadas por la capacidad de Ecuador de establecer una concordancia entre las premisas del Buen Vivir y los compromisos contraídos a partir de su política exterior.

Seeing things: perception, experience and the constraints of excavation

Recent attempts to problematize archaeological fieldwork concerned with excavation at the expense of surface survey, and with questions of procedure more than interpretations of the past. In fact these two kinds of fieldwork offer quite different possibilities and suffer from different constraints. Thought must be given to ways in which they can be combined if they are to make a real contribution to social archaeology. The argument is illustrated by a project carried out at a megalithic cemetery in Scotland.

Perception and modification of plant flavonoid signals by rhizosphere microorganisms

Flavonoids are a diverse class of polyphenolic compounds that are produced as a result of plant secondary metabolism. They are known to play a multifunctional role in rhizospheric plant-microbe and plant-plant communication. Most familiar is their function as a signal in initiation of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis, but, flavonoids may also be signals in the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and are known agents in plant defence and in allelopathic interactions. Flavonoid perception by, and impact on, their microbial targets (e.g. rhizobia, plant pathogens) is relatively well characterized. However, potential impacts on 'non-target' rhizosphere inhabitants ('non-target' is used to distinguish those microorganisms not conventionally known as targets) have not been thoroughly investigated. Thus, this review first summarizes the conventional roles of flavonoids as nod gene inducers, phytoalexins and allelochemicals before exploring questions concerning 'non-target' impacts. We hypothesize that flavonoids act to shape rhizosphere microbial community structure because they represent a potential source of carbon and toxicity and that they impact on rhizosphere function, for example, by accelerating the biodegradation of xenobiotics. We also examine the reverse question, 'how do rhizosphere microbial communities impact on flavonoid signals?' The presence of microorganisms undoubtedly influences the quality and quantity of flavonoids present in the rhizosphere, both through modification of root exudation patterns and microbial catabolism of exudates. Microbial alteration and attenuation of flavonoid signals may have ecological consequences for below-ground plant-microbe and plant-plant interaction. We have a lack of knowledge concerning the composition, concentration and bioavailability of flavonoids actually experienced by microbes in an intact rhizosphere, but this may be addressed through advances in microspectroscopic and biosensor techniques. Through the use of plant mutants defective in flavonoid biosynthesis, we may also start to address the question of the significance of flavonoids in shaping rhizosphere community structure and function.

Individual differences in the effects of perceived controllability on pain perception: critical role of the prefrontal cortex

The degree to which perceived controllability alters the way a stressor is experienced varies greatly among individuals. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural activation associated with individual differences in the impact of perceived controllability on self-reported pain perception. Subjects with greater activation in response to uncontrollable (UC) rather than controllable (C) pain in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and posterior insula/SII reported higher levels of pain during the UC versus C conditions. Conversely, subjects with greater activation in the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in anticipation of pain in the UC versus C conditions reported less pain in response to UC versus C pain. Activation in the VLPFC was significantly correlated with the acceptance and denial subscales of the COPE inventory [Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283, 1989], supporting the interpretation that this anticipatory activation was associated with an attempt to cope with the emotional impact of uncontrollable pain. A regression model containing the two prefrontal clusters (VLPFC and pACC) predicted 64% of the variance in pain rating difference, with activation in the two additional regions (PAG and insula/SII) predicting almost no additional variance. In addition to supporting the conclusion that the impact of perceived controllability on pain perception varies highly between individuals, these findings suggest that these effects are primarily top-down, driven by processes in regions of the prefrontal cortex previously associated with cognitive modulation of pain and emotion regulation.

Students’ perception of the safety and value of a herbal vs. a conventional medicine for treating insomnia

University students suffer from variable sleep patterns including insomnia;[1] furthermore, the highest incidence of herbal use appears to be among college graduates.[2] Our objective was to test the perception of safety and value of herbal against conventional medicine for the treatment of insomnia in a non-pharmacy student population. We used an experimental design and bespoke vignettes that relayed the same effectiveness information to test our hypothesis that students would give higher ratings of safety and value to herbal product compared to conventional medicine. We tested another hypothesis that the addition of side-effect information would lower people’s perception of the safety and value of the herbal product to a greater extent than it would with the conventional medicine.

The imminent availability of a potent weight-loss medicine in pharmacies: public perception of effectiveness

Orlistat is an effective weight-loss medicine, which will soon be available for purchase in pharmacies. We used a factorial experiment and found that informing people about the availability for purchase of this medicinal product previously only available on prescription resulted in higher ratings of perceived value and effectiveness compared to a natural health supplement even though we used the same statement about effectiveness. This positive perception of orlistat was not impaired by the provision of side-effect information. Orlistat will soon be available in pharmacies. Health professionals must act to prevent its misuse by those not overweight.

Modelling risk perception and trust in food safety information within the theory of planned behaviour

This study suggests a statistical strategy for explaining how food purchasing intentions are influenced by different levels of risk perception and trust in food safety information. The modelling process is based on Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour and includes trust and risk perception as additional explanatory factors. Interaction and endogeneity across these determinants is explored through a system of simultaneous equations, while the SPARTA equation is estimated through an ordered probit model. Furthermore, parameters are allowed to vary as a function of socio-demographic variables. The application explores chicken purchasing intentions both in a standard situation and conditional to an hypothetical salmonella scare. Data were collected through a nationally representative UK wide survey of 533 UK respondents in face-to-face, in-home interviews. Empirical findings show that interactions exist among the determinants of planned behaviour and socio-demographic variables improve the model's performance. Attitudes emerge as the key determinant of intention to purchase chicken, while trust in food safety information provided by media reduces the likelihood to purchase. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.