A Label space reduction algorithm for P2MP LSPs using asymmetric tunnels

The aim of traffic engineering is to optimise network resource utilization. Although several works on minimizing network resource utilization have been published, few works have focused on LSR label space. This paper proposes an algorithm that uses MPLS label stack features in order to reduce the number of labels used in LSPs forwarding. Some tunnelling methods and their MPLS implementation drawbacks are also discussed. The algorithm described sets up the NHLFE tables in each LSR, creating asymmetric tunnels when possible. Experimental results show that the algorithm achieves a large reduction factor in the label space. The work presented here applies for both types of connections: P2MP and P2P

Full label space reduction in MPLS networks: asymmetric merged tunneling

Traffic Engineering objective is to optimize network resource utilization. Although several works have been published about minimizing network resource utilization in MPLS networks, few of them have been focused in LSR label space reduction. This letter studies Asymmetric Merged Tunneling (AMT) as a new method for reducing the label space in MPLS network. The proposed method may be regarded as a combination of label merging (proposed in the MPLS architecture) and asymmetric tunneling (proposed recently in our previous works). Finally, simulation results are performed by comparing AMT with both ancestors. They show a great improvement in the label space reduction factor

Label Space Reduction in MPLS Networks: How Much Can A Single Stacked Label Do?

Most network operators have considered reducing LSR label spaces (number of labels used) as a way of simplifying management of underlaying virtual private networks (VPNs) and therefore reducing operational expenditure (OPEX). The IETF outlined the label merging feature in MPLS-allowing the configuration of multipoint-to-point connections (MP2P)-as a means of reducing label space in LSRs. We found two main drawbacks in this label space reduction a)it should be separately applied to a set of LSPs with the same egress LSR-which decreases the options for better reductions, and b)LSRs close to the edge of the network experience a greater label space reduction than those close to the core. The later implies that MP2P connections reduce the number of labels asymmetrically

Fault diagnosis by refining the parameter uncertainty space of nonlinear dynamic systems

This paper deals with fault detection and isolation problems for nonlinear dynamic systems. Both problems are stated as constraint satisfaction problems (CSP) and solved using consistency techniques. The main contribution is the isolation method based on consistency techniques and uncertainty space refining of interval parameters. The major advantage of this method is that the isolation speed is fast even taking into account uncertainty in parameters, measurements, and model errors. Interval calculations bring independence from the assumption of monotony considered by several approaches for fault isolation which are based on observers. An application to a well known alcoholic fermentation process model is presented

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale in women

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Desigualtat de rendes i precarietat a les Illes Balears : una visió multidimensional de la situació al començament del segle XXI. 'Desigualdad de rentas y precariedad en las Islas Baleares : una visión multidimensional de la situación al inicio del siglo XXI'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Incluye gráficos y tablas de datos

Using Panopto in a Common Learning Space

This narrated slideshow provides a step-by-step guide to recording a lecture in a CLS room using Panopto.

Using Zappers in a Common Learning Space (Windows 7)

This 8 minute video provides a step-by-step guide for tutors wishing to use zappers (Turning Point) in a Common Learning Space with Windows 7 and Office 2010.

How to use Turning Point in a Common Learning Space

This is a quick guide based on screenshots which shows you how get started with Turning Point 5 and Office 2013 in Common Learning Spaces.

The Inner Meaning of Outer Space: Human Nature and the Celestial Realm

Kant argued that humans possess a priori knowledge of space; although his argument focused on a physics of bodies, it also has implications for a psychology of beings. Many human cultures organize stars in the night sky into constellations (i.e., impose structure); attribute properties, behaviors, and abilities to objects in the celestial realm (i.e., impose meaning); and use perceived regularity in the celestial realms in development of calendars, long-range navigation, agriculture, and astrology (i.e., seek predictability and control). The physical inaccessibility of the celestial realm allows a potent source of metaphor, and also allows projection of myths regarding origin and ascension, places of power, and dwelling places of gods, immortals, and other souls. Developments in astronomy and cosmology influenced views of human nature and the place of humanity in the universe, and these changes parallel declines in egocentrism with human development. Views regarding alleged beings (e.g., angels, extraterrestrials) from the celestial realm (and to how communicate with such beings) are anthropocentric and ignore evolutionary factors in physical and cognitive development. It is suggested that in considering views and uses of the celestial realm, we learn not just about the universe, but also about ourselves. 

La actitud y el rendimiento escolar en Matemáticas : un acercamiento multidimensional.

1) Determinar por qué se produce el rechazo de los alumnos hacia las Matemáticas y el bajo rendimiento en esta materia. 2) Estudiar conjuntamente toda la serie de variables que inciden en el rendimiento negativo de las Matemáticas. 1.024 profesores, entre los 23 y los 62 años; 2.680 alumnos, de los que 600 casos fueron considerados válidos. 313 eran niños y 255 niñas; las edades estaban entre los 9 y 15 años. 321 eran de zona rural y 274 de zona urbana; 3) La muestra de padres se mantuvo alrededor de 300, entre los 30 y 70 años para los padres y los 26 y 56 para las madres. Se llevó a cabo un análisis correlacional. Variables predictoras: a) variables sociales: sexo del alumno, nivel educativo de los padres, etc., b) variables aptitudinales: comprensión y fluidez verbal, rapidez de cálculo y razonamiento aritmético, c) variables actitudinales: actitudes del alumno hacia las asignaturas que forman el currículum escolar, hacia las Matemáticas en particular y las actitudes de padres y profesores hacia las mismas, d) variables perceptivas y atribucionales: que el propio alumno hace sobre sí mismo, que hace el profesor. También la percepción que profesor y alumno tienen uno sobre otro, e) variables de expectativas: notas habituales del niño en Matemáticas, nota que espera el niño, nota que estima el profesor, nota que espera el padre. 1) La aportación más importante le corresponde a la comprensión verbal, seguida de la rapidez de cálculo. La fluidez verbal no alcanzó significación; 2) El nivel educativo de los padres tiene una incidencia más destacada en razonamiento y comprensión verbal, que con rapidez de cálculo, fluidez verbal; 3) Los resultados obtenidos por el alumno en Matemáticas van de acuerdo con las percepciones del profesor; 4) La atribución de éxito o fracaso la refieren los niños a la razón de haber o no estudiado y el profesor al esfuerzo y luego al talento; 5) La relación entre actitud de los hijos y actitud de los padres, fue débil; menos significativa aún fue la actitud del profesor. 1) Existe una estrecha relación entre la habilidad específica y el rendimiento específico en una materia dada; 2) Las variables de expectativas son las que presentan valores más altos respecto al rendimiento del niño; 3) La sola variable expectativa de nota del profesor,explica un porcentaje superior de varianza en el rendimiento en Matemáticas que el total de las variables aptitudinales del niño. 4) Cuanto más se atribuye el éxito a causas externas, más probable es que las previsiones del profesor sean más exactas.

The incidents of housing policies in the process of nesting the urban space (Buenos Aires, 1870-1999)

This article describes the housing policies displayed historically in B.A. that affected the processes of configuration and of giving hierarchy to the urban space. Since the process of modernization of B.A., at the end of the XIXth century, housing measures, urbanistic projects and political decisions have influenced the building of the city and the space distribution of their inhabitants: in this way, they have integrated some people and excluded others. No wonder, that, historically, popular sectors have established themselves in the South of the city (and in outskirt villages). These zones have been disregarded by the state, which has invested less in these areas. We will see how the connection between state housing policies and the population redistribution in the city, confirms the persistence of a strong process of urban and residential segregation that tends to expel the inhabitants of popular sectors and to attract the ones of the middle-class and high class sectors.

Rearrangement of the urban space in the sector of Saint Victorino and Saint Ines (Bogota) in relation with the dynamics of informality and marginality (1948-2010)

The present article analyze the urban transformations happened in the sector of Saint Victorino and Saint Ines in the city of Bogota D.C. between 1948 and 2010, making use of the "Genealogical Methodology" during the process of inquiry that allow to contrast the visions that are usually accepted of "progress" and "urban renovation" in the urban market context by the existence of a informal economic and a population in conditions of marginality that configures a good part of the "popular urban culture" of the Bogota in the 20th and 21st century. This vision permit to observe from various perspectives the changes that happened in this sector of the city, the impacts of the history facts occurred en this time period and, in special, the real effects of a rearrangement urban process that began in 1998 and has been prolonged to date, which has left a significant mark about the urban and social physiognomy of the place.