967 resultados para Maxwell, Equações de
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We experimentally show that a hybrid-integrated Mach-Zehnder switch with a high performance gate profile allows retiming of optical signals with an accuracy of 500-700fs even if the input timing jitter is increased to 3ps. © 2004 Optical Society of America.
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A modified T-matrix method is presented to compute the scattered fields of various realistically shaped particles; then the radiation forces on the particles can be calculated via the Maxwell stress tenser integral. Numerical results of transverse trapping efficiencies of a focused Gaussian beam on ellipsoidal and spherical particles with the same volume are compared, which show that the shape and orientation of particles affect the maximal transverse trapping force and the displacement corresponding to the maximum. The effect of the polarization direction of the incident beam on the transverse trapping forces is also revealed. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.
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Exact solutions of Maxwell's equations describing the lightwave through 3-layer-structured cylindrical waveguide are obtained and the mode field diameter and nonlinear coefficient of air-core nanowires (ACNWs) are numerically calculated. The simulation results show that ACNWs offer some unique optical properties, such as tight field confining ability and extremely high nonlinearity. At a certain wavelength and air core radius, we optimize the waveguide design to maximize the nonlinear coefficient and minimize the mode field diameter. Our results show that the ACNWs may be powerful potential tools for novel micro-photonic devices in the near future.
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An accurate description of a radially polarized fundamental Gaussian beam is presented on the basis of complex-source-point spherical waves (CSPSWs). In contrast to other descriptions based on the perturbative Lax series, the expressions for the electromagnetic field components of this description have explicit and simple mathematical forms. Numerical calculations show that both paraxial and fifth-order corrected beam descriptions have large relative error when the diffraction angle is large, while the accurate description based on the CSPSW approach proposed here can give field expressions which satisfy Maxwell's equations with great accuracy.
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低介电常数材料可作为微电子器件的层间或是导线间的绝缘材料,以提高微电子芯片的信号传输速率。在聚合物材料中引入氟元素或引入空洞可以有效降低聚合物材料介电常数。本文利用层层组装的方法在聚合物中引入空洞以降低聚合物材料的介电常数。这样,不仅能够获得低介电常数材料,而且可以得到超薄膜,对于降低电子元件的尺寸、提高芯片的信号传输速率具有实际的应用价值。 对具有笼状结构的八苯代聚倍半硅氧烷(OPS)采取先用发烟硝酸硝化为带有硝基的产物ONPS,然后再以水合肼作为还原剂将硝基还原为胺基的两步反应方法,制得了带有胺基的聚倍半硅氧烷(OAPS)。用NMR、FTIR方法对合成过程从原料、中间产物、及目标产物进行跟踪分析证明反应结束后,OAPS仍然具有完整的笼状结构,并且胺基化很完全。另外,利用发烟硫酸作为磺化试剂,采用一步合成的方法制得了磺化OPS(SOPS)。经NMR、FTIR表征,确认了SOPS的结构,磺酸基是在苯环上Si的间位发生了取代。经XPS分析得知,OPS上约有91%的苯环参与了磺化反应。在合适的条件下SOPS与OAPS都可以溶于水,分别带有负电荷与正电荷。 然后,利用合成的SOPS与聚丙烯胺(PAH)进行组装。当PAH溶液的pH值小于7.5时,SOPS在PAH溶液中产生脱落现象。通过调节PAH溶液的pH值,可以控制SOPS在PAH溶液中的脱落现象。当PAH溶液的pH值为9.0时,SOPS在PAH溶液中不再脱落。紫外数据表明,尽管组装过程中SOPS在PAH溶液中会有部分脱落,但这并不影响SOPS/PAH复合多层膜的组装。当溶液的pH为3.0时,OAPS溶于水中并带有正电荷。带有负电荷的聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)、聚丙烯酸(PAcA)分别与带有正电荷的OAPS实现层层组装。经过QCM、Contact Angle、XPS、UV等方法表征,证明OAPS/PSS与OAPS/PAcA复合多层膜组装过程中生长均匀,并且多层膜厚度可控。用椭圆偏振的方法测得OAPS/PAcA多层膜的折光指数,运用Maxwell方程将其转化为介电常数为2.01,较纯聚丙烯酸的介电常数(2.56)有明显的降低。加热处理OAPS/PAcA多层膜,红外(FTIR)光谱数据显示OAPS与PAcA间发生了交联反应,形成新的酰胺键。紫外可见(UV-Vis)光谱数据也表明,加热后的OAPS/PAcA多层膜在强酸性溶液中的稳定性较加热前的样品有极大的提高。 合成了聚酰胺酸,并将其制成可溶于水的聚酰胺酸三乙胺盐(PAAs)。调节PAAs溶液的pH值为7.5,使之带有负电荷,可以与带有正电荷的OctaAmmonium(OA-POSS)纳米粒子进行组装。QCM数据显示,当OA-POSS的pH为4.5时,PAAs与OA-POSS的组装量相当,组装量比较大。UV-Vis、XPS数据表明,OA-POSS与PAAs可以实现层层组装,并且组装均匀,可控。加热交联后,PAAs能够很容易地转化为聚酰亚胺(PI)。 调节溶液的pH值,使豇豆花叶病毒(CPMV)表面带有负电。以聚阳离子的聚二烯丙基二甲基胺盐酸盐(PDDA)和聚丙烯胺(PAH)作为插层材料可以实现PAAs与CPMV的层层组装,制得复合多层膜[PDDA/CPMV+(PDDA/PAAs)m]n和[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]n。QCM、UV-Vis数据表明,多层组装膜的厚度可以通过改变[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]或[PDDA/CPMV+(PDDA/PAAs)m]的组装循环层数进行调节。而且,薄膜中CPMV与PAAs的比例也可以通过改变(PAH/PAAs)或(PDDA/PAAs)的循环个数进行调节。得到组装多层膜后,将其进行加热处理。FTIR数据显示,以PAH、PDDA作为插层所制备得到的CPMV/PAAs复合多层膜经过加热处理后,PAAs向PI的转化非常完全。用椭圆偏振的方法测试加热交联前后的多层膜样品[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]n的厚度及折光指数,可以得知,加热处理后,薄膜的厚度稍有降低。将折光指数用Maxwell方程转化为介电常数为2.32,这一数值比纯聚酰亚胺的介电常数值(3.40)降低很多,归因于聚酰亚胺中引入带有空洞结构的CPMV,使聚酰亚胺的密度降低,从而降低材料的介电常数。
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We derive formulas for the optical confinement factor Gamma from Maxwell's equations for TE and TM modes in the slab waveguide. The numerical results show that the formulas yield correct mode gain for the modes propagating in the waveguide. We also compare the formulas with the standard definition of Gamma as the ratio of power flow in the active region to the total power flow. The results show that the standard definition will underestimate the difference of optical confinement factors between TE and TM modes, and will underestimate the difference of material gains necessary for polarization insensitive semiconductor laser amplifiers. It is important to use correct optical confinement factors for designing polarization insensitive semiconductor laser amplifiers. For vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers, the numerical results show that Gamma can be defined as the proportion of the product of the refractive index and the squared electric field in the active region. (C) 1996 American Institute of physics.
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关注单轴拉伸条件下裂纹萌生扩展阶段的金属薄膜性能变化.通过运用Parallel、Maxwell和Hashin-Shtrikman等效理论,建立拉伸过程中金属薄膜的裂纹模型,得出了电阻值与应变的关系,并与现有实验结果进行了比较.结果表明, Maxwell等效理论条件下的理论值与实验结果吻合较好.然后运用有限元计算,比较了拉伸能量法和均匀化方法在计算等效弹性模量时的准确性,最后建立了等效电阻和等效弹性模量以及损伤变量的关联.
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最近,Homolle和Hadjiconstantinu提出了新的粒子模拟方法———LVDSMC方法[1],该方法采用了减少方差的思想从而提高了低速流动问题中的计算效率。本文针对LVDSMC方法提出两点改进:第一,除了方法中原来已采用的偏差粒子,在计算近自由分子流问题时建议额外地采用一些辅助粒子,从而可以约束计算过程中原始算法在生成偏差粒子时计算误差的累积效应;第二,提出一个可选的用于计算潜在Maxwell Boltzmann分布函数中的速度参数的增量,从而使得表面的应力及热流的计算变得简单。
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回顾了加速器的阻抗模型 ,讨论了空间电荷阻抗和管道壁阻的高频衰减特性 .从Vlasov Maxwell方程出发提出了当存在类似空间电荷阻抗时 ,在任意外场、任意分布下 ,束团定态分布的一般解法 ,并以两种重要分布为例 ,给出重离子加速器强流参数下的定态分布 .解得的定态分布可以进一步应用于稳定性分析和计算机模拟计算 .由定态分布的求解得出了对束团中的朗道阻尼和稳定性研究非常重要的纵向“色散”函数 .
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The vortex solutions of various classical planar field theories with (Abelian) Chern-Simons term are reviewed. Relativistic vortices, put forward by Paul and Khare, arise when the Abelian Higgs model is augmented with the Chern-Simons term. Adding a suitable sixth-order potential and turning off the Maxwell term provides us with pure Chern-Simons theory, with both topological and non-topological self-dual vortices, as found by Hong-Kim-Pac, and by Jackiw-Lee-Weinberg. The non-relativistic limit of the latter leads to non-topological Jackiw-Pi vortices with a pure fourth-order potential. Explicit solutions are found by solving the Liouville equation. The scalar matter field can be replaced by spinors, leading to fermionic vortices. Alternatively, topological vortices in external field are constructed in the phenomenological model proposed by Zhang-Hansson-Kivelson. Non-relativistic Maxwell-Chern-Simons vortices are also studied. The Schrodinger symmetry of Jackiw-Pi vortices, as well as the construction of some time-dependent vortices, can be explained by the conformal properties of non-relativistic space-time, derived in a Kaluza-Klein-type framework. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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We extend the recently proposed Kerr/CFT correspondence to examine the dual conformal field theory of four-dimensional Kaluza-Klein black hole in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theory. For the extremal Kaluza-Klein black hole, the central charge and temperature of the dual conformal field are calculated following the approach of Guica, Hartman, Song and Strominger. Meanwhile, we show that the microscopic entropy given by the Cardy formula agrees with Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of extremal Kaluza-Klein black hole. For the non-extremal case, by studying the near-region wave equation of a neutral massless scalar field, we investigate the hidden conformal symmetry of Kaluza-Klein black hole, and find the left and right temperatures of the dual conformal field theory. Furthermore, we find that the entropy of non-extremal Kaluza-Klein black hole is reproduced by Cardy formula. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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In terms of single-atom induced dipole moment by Lewenstein model, we present the macroscopic high-order harmonic generation from mixed He and Ne gases with different mixture ratios by solving three-dimensional Maxwell's equation of harmonic field. And then we show the validity of mixture formulation by Wagner et al. [Phys. Rev. A 76 (2007) 061403(R)] in macroscopic response level. Finally, using least squares fitting we retrieve the electron return time of short trajectory by formulation in Kanai et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 153904] when the gas jet is put after the laser focus.
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提供了一种新型的微观气体探测器:RETGEM(thick GEM with electrodes made of a resistive material),它是由标准PCB技术加工而成,厚度和孔直径在毫米量级。 本文主要分两个部分对RETGEM在常温、常压下的工作机制和性能作了初步研究:第一部分是模拟部分:MAXWELL计算电场分布和GARFIELD模拟物理过程;第二部分是对RETGEM的初步测试,表明该探测器具有400Hz的计数率,100V左右的计数率坪长, 放射源下可取得28%的能量分辨、 的有效增益和5%以下的打火率。结果表明RETGEM是一个稳定、可靠的探测器,其性能达到了设计的基本要求,为今后的工作打下了很好的基础
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在过去的几年里,利用兰州重离子加速器(HIRFL)提供的束流,以及在OUVERTURE合作研究中,利用意大利国家核物理研究院南方实验室(INFN-LNS)超导回旋提供的束流,进行了多次中能区重离子核反应实验研究工作。如,最初的46.7MeV/u ~(12)C+~(58)Ni,~(115)In,~(197)Au的实验及30MeV/u ~(40)Ar+~(58)Ni,~(64)Ni~(115)In和30MeV/u Ni轰击Ni,Au,Al在MULTICS+MEDEA:4π装置上进行的实验工作。此外,本人还从事过一些理论研究工作,包括多粒子散射形式理论和相关数学物理问题研究,量子分子动力学和量子统计模型计算。本文是从事这些核物理研究工作的积累,主要侧重于实验结果的物理内容分析,而不强调实验技术,数据处理的技巧。主要的物理内容有以下几个方面:1.对于利用双同位素产额比提取同位素核温度的方法进行研究推广,使得对于实验中碰到的仅有部分能谱可以实现很好同位素分辩的情况,即使不能得到总的同位素产额,仅仅通过一段能区的同位素产额也可提取核温度。用于具体的实验研究工作中后,对于46.7MeV/u ~(12)C+~(58)Ni,~(115)In,~(197)Au核反应过程,同一体系利用这种方法得到的同位素核温度和利用粒子非稳态布居提取的核温度一致。2.围绕核反应过程中核温度的参量的提取,对于双同位素产额比与核温度的刻度关系进行了分析研究,通过计算考虑中等质量碎片(IMF)内部激发能后的内部配分函数表明,中等质量碎片的内部激发对刻度关系有重要影响。零阶近似下区域密度近似的结果和Gemini模拟计算的结果反映了相同的情况。3.研究核反应机制,多个粒子散射的形式理论的必需的,对于两体散射,其形式理论已经比较成熟,但是对于多个粒子散射问题出现的严重的困难是多体Lippmann-Schwinger方程无唯一收敛的解。作为一种探索性的研究工作,开展了多体散射理论研究工作,发展了一些具有普遍意义的数学物理方法。在本项研究工作中,通过能基础数学中的约当引理的推广,发现一个特例:对非连接图,Lippmann-Schwingwer方程存在收敛的解,因此多体散射形式理论,有可能重新建立。由于核力和多体问题是当今核物理研究的两大难点,世界各国的科学家都在努力以图攻克它们,而且多体问题还是物理学的其它许多领域的难题,因而多体散射还是引起诸多研究学科广泛兴趣的课题。通过发展一些新的数学理论和方法,我们已得到一些有意义的结果。4.将量子分子动力学这种中高能量区域所用的理论分析方法扩展至较低能区,通过对相空间中初始位置和动量抽样增加限制条件。如结合能和实验值要求一致,平均核势,核内Pauli阻塞更强一些,在演化中能量和动量守恒等等。得到一个很稳定的初始基态。均方半径保持不弥散的时间可达1600fm/c,用于研究10.6MeV/u Ne~(20)+Al~(27)的实验分析过程中。另外,量子统计模型(QSM)主要描述中心核-核碰撞,将它和碎裂模型结合,作一些改进后,可以对核-核碰撞进行统一描述。5.在中能核反应研究中发现,核反应过程中有大量的中子,轻带电粒子以及中等质量碎片发射出来,可以将这些粒子发射机制大致分为两大类。其中一类可以归结为动力学发射过程的产物。另一类则可以归于统计发射的产物。在低能核反应中,其发射能谱的斜率的负倒数,可作为复合核的核温度。而在中能重离子核反应中,其发射能谱变得很复杂,不再具有Maxwell分布。通常的三源拟合所给出的温度参数,已不能反映物理实质。提出多阶矩分析方法用于分析中能核反应中统计发射规律及受动力学过程的影响。
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本研究利用PPAC和11组#diamond open#E-E望远镜对25MeV/u ~(40)Ar+~(108)Ag反应中的裂变碎片和轻带粒子联测量。用得到的裂变碎片角关联来确定系统的线性动量转移(LMT)。将符合测量得到的对应于不同