Criação de novo procedimento de engenharia que possibilite a rastreabilidade das tubulações de uma indústria química

The number of piping in an industry is high. Through this piping are conducted several kind of products at several temperature and pressure conditions. In a chemical company, the piping quantity conducting harmful chemical products to human health and to the environment is higher. Nowadays the theme sustainability is often mentioned and harm to environment may cause irreversible damage to the human being, to the fauna, to the flora and to company´s credibility. In this context, controlling over the piping to avoid accidents is mandatory. The objective of this monograph is to create a procedure which enables the chemical companies piping traceability. This monograph analyses the several existent traceability system in the three economy sectors and approaches the technical question of industrial piping in order to create a procedure that achieves its objectives as a technical document and at the same time be economically feasible, with low complexibility level and high practicability. Some possibilities to elaborate this procedure had been studied, as the creation of an alphanumeric code and making with a chisel in the pipeline based on ASTM F2897 and the use of chips to store the information. However, the procedure which best meet the requirement as low cost and high applicability is filling out an electronic plan with information about welding process, welding certification, welding consumables and inspections

Síntese e caracterização dielétrica de filmes finos de Bi3NbO7 obtidos pelo método dos precursores poliméricos

Bi3NbO7 thin films were prepared by the polymeric precursor method. The precursor solutions were prepared with excess of bismuth ranging from 0% to 10% and the pH was controlled to be maintained between 8 and 9. This control was done by adding to the solution niobium and ethylene glycol. The final solution was clear and free of precipitation. After obtaining the precursor solution, has begun the process of characterization of powders with thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis and X-ray analysis (XRD). The films were obtained by the polymeric precursors, the method is advantageous because it is simple, and low cost involves steps and controlled stoichiometry. The films were annealed and characterized by XRD and SEM and also characterized according to their dialectics properties. We observed that the best results were obtained when the film is thermally at 800 ° C for two hours and 860 ° C for two hour. Under these conditions we obtain Bi3NbO7 thin films with good homogeneity, uniform distribution of the grains, but with the formation of secondary phase, which does not occur in treatments with lower temperature. The dielectric characterization showed that the produced film showed good characteristics with high dielectric constant and low loss

Produção de polpa solúvel a partir de Eucalyptus urograndis

The wood of the gender Eucalyptus occupies a prominence place in relation to other cellulose sources, due to its chemical composition, its low cost, abundance and availability. The dissolving pulp obtaining occurs basically starting from three stages: prehydrolysis of the wood following by cooking and finally by the bleaching process. In the dissolving pulp production is necessary a pretreatment stage for the hemicelluloses removal. Among the chemical cooking processes, the Kraft process is the most used for cellulosic pulps production starting from eucalyptus, in the additive presence or not. The anthraquinone uses in the pulping process has as main purposes increasing the delignification rate as well as protecting the pulp regarding the degradation of the polysaccharide chains. The ECF bleaching process consists of the purification of the pulp through bleaching agents, being excepted the elementary chlorine. The dissolving pulp is a pulp of high a-cellulose content and purity destined to the cellulose derivatives production as carboxymethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose and microcrystalline cellulose. The production of a certain product, as well as its final application, is determined by the chemical properties of the pulp. The present work had as purpose producing cellulosic pulp with kappa number around 9 destined to the production of dissolving pulp in way to evaluate the use of the anthraquinone (AQ) in the Kraft process according to the chemical properties of the obtained pulps. It has been still intended developing an effective technology of bleaching for the high purity and quality dissolving pulp production. The prehydrolysis was accomplished in laboratory rotational autoclave for 30 minutes at 170ºC in the water:wood rate 3,5:1 (L:kg). The Kraft/AQ pulping were accomplished in laboratory rotational autoclave being initially modified the active alkali load (10, 13, 16 and 19%) at sulfidity of 25% ...

Utilização da instrumentação virtual em Labview para criação da interface gráfica do amplificador lock-in utilizado em estudos fisiológicos a partir da comunicação via porta serial

This work presents the development of a graphical interface to the Lock-in Amplifier, which is used in physiological studies on the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in rats and signal processing. With a simple and low cost instrumentation, the resources offered by the virtual interface of LabVIEW software allows the creation of commands similar to the actual instrument that, through communication via standard serial port, transmits data between a PC and peripheral device performing specific and particular needs in the amplifier. Created for the lock-in amplifier model SR830 Stanford Research Systems, the remote manipulation gives the user greater accessibility in the process of configuration and calibration. And, since the software is installed, there is the advantage of eliminating the need of purchase new devices to upgrade the system. The commands created were made to perform six basic modifications that are used in routine of the Biomagnetism Laboratory. The instrumentation developed has the following controls: Amplitude, Frequency, Time Constant, slope low pass filter, sensitivity and offset

Estudo da influência das resinas termofixas uréia formaldeído (UF) e melamina formaldeído (MF) nas características físicas e mecânicas de painéis MDF

Thermosetting resins are very important in the production of MDF panels. They act as an adhesive in the process of compacting and consolidating the fiberboard. Thermoset resins commonly used in this process are based resin urea formaldehyde (UF) and melamine formaldehyde (MF). The first has a higher demand due to its low cost and good performance in meeting the specifications and standards. The second has a high cost compared to MF resin, but adds greater value to the MDF panel, because it gives greater moisture resistance. The process of manufacture of MDF boards was briefly presented in this study to facilitate the understanding of the work. Samples of thermosetting resins (UF and MF) were subjected to physical-chemical seeking to relate these results to the technological performance presented by their respective samples of MDF boards. Two other samples of MDF panels were subjected to physical and mechanical tests. Results were analyzed and related to the award of their respective thermoset resin. Instruments like Dahmos Trend Manager ® and Grecon Dax 5000 and TG - DSC analysis were used in this study to assist in the analysis of the results. It was observed that the results of the analysis of thermosetting resins were within the specified. Such resins do not directly influence the technological tests provided by the MDF panels, but it has been found that the process variables such as humidity and fiber production rate interfere with the performance of the resin accelerating the reaction and therefore their influence on the physical-mechanical properties of the panels MDF. Samples of MDF panels with UF and MF met all the specifications required by the Brazilian standard with regard to the technological quality. The increased demand for UF resin market is justified by the service specifications...

Biosusceptometria de corrente alternada para avaliação do trânsito gastrintestinal de alimentos líquidos em ratos

The gastrointestinal tract is the main route of nutrients absorption and drugs delivery. Is important to know the parameters related to the tract, like gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit, in order to better understand the behavior of different kind of meals or drugs passing through the GIT. Many techniques are used to study these parameters, such as manometry, scintigraphy, phenol red, activated charcoal and carbon-13 reading. However, these methods use radiation, are invasive and require animal sacrifice. As an alternative proposal, the Alternate Current Biosusceptometry (ACB), a magnetic technique, has proved to be effective for these studies with small animals, in a noninvasive way, low cost, radiation free and avoiding the animal death. Associating the ACB to magnetic micro or nanoparticles used as tracers, it is possible to observe the meal behavior inside of the GIT. Focusing meanly on liquid meals digestion, this paper had the objective to evaluate the efficiency of the ACB technique in gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit evaluation of liquid meals in rats. To perform the experiments, magnetic nanoparticles (ferrite, MgFe2O4) were used on a 1,5 ml solution introduced by gavage on similar weight and age rats. The sensor made by 2 pairs of coils, capable of generating and detecting magnetic fields, creates a field on the interest place and when this field is in contact with the marked meal, it changes, resulting on a variation of the measured voltage. The voltage variation is analyzed and is obtained a particle concentration on the interest region. The results showed that is possible to apply the ACB technique on the GIT evaluation of liquid particles digestion, gastric emptying and meal cecum arrival time curves were obtained and from that, is possible to observe a pattern of gastrointestinal transit. Both mean process time values were acquired, proving the technique capability of ...

Desenvolvimento de filmes finos de Bi3NbO7 pelo método dos precursores poliméricos em diferentes eletrodos óxidos

Technology always advances and thus the device miniaturization and improved performance, besides multifunctionality, they become extremely necessary. A wave of research on the area tends to grow in number and importance in today's market, it is necessary to search for new materials, new applicability of the existing ones and new processes for increasingly cheaper costs. Dielectric materials are considered a key element in this sector being the main electrical properties its high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss. The Polymeric Precursor Method appears as a good alternative because is a low cost, simple process with controlled stoichiometry. In this method, two steps were performed. In a first step, the precursor solution was decomposed into powders and in a second step the precursor solution was converted in thin films. In this work, was used the polymeric precursor methods to get thin films where they were heat treated and characterized by XRD, SEM and AFM. We have obtained Bi3NbO7 thin films with good homogeneity and uniform distribution of grains were noted. We observed that the best condition to obtain the tetragonal phase is annealing the film at high temperatures for a longer soaking time and with excess of bismuth. Several oxides electrodes were evaluated aiming to obtain textured dielectric thin films

Microencapsulação de óleo de palma por coacervação complexa em matrizes de gelatina/goma arábica e gelatina/alginato

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Microbiota contaminante em bebidas lácteas fermentadas comerciais

Lately, the acceptability of fermented dairy beverages has been increased, due to the nutritional benefits, the practical consumption and the low cost of product for the manufacturers, and consequently for final market price to the consumers. During the manufacturing process, these products can be susceptible to microbiological contamination. The present study investigated the contaminant microbiota in fermented dairy beverages produced by small- and medium-sized companies, by means of analyses on moulds and yeasts counting, determination of the Most Probable Number (MPN) of total and thermo tolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. detection, and determination of pH value. In spite of the absence of Salmonella spp., a high counts of yeasts and moulds were found, and E. coli was detected in five samples (16.67 %); and the sample were classified as “products in poor sanitary conditions”, because they showed thermo-tolerant coliforms counting higher than the standard established by the legislation in force. Therefore, quality programs such as Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) should be employed to prevent any contamination risk, in order to provide safe products to consumers.

Fibrolytic enzyme production of Myceliophthora thermophila M.7.7. using inexpensive carbon sources and mineral nutrients

This study investigated the effect of inexpensive carbon and nitrogen sources on enzyme production by Myceliophthora thermophila M.7.7 in solid-state fermentation. Three kinds of lignocellulosic waste (corn straw, sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane straw) and six nitrogen sources (urea, calcium nitrate, analytical ammonium sulphate, yeast extract, agricultural fertilizer NPK 20-05-20 and fertilizing grade ammonium sulphate) were tested. Some physical-chermical parameters of the fermentation, such as temperature, initial pH and moisture content of the substrate on enzyme production, were evoluated. The maximum activities of xylanase (446.9 U/ml) endoglucanase (94.7 U/ml) and beta-glucosidase (2.8 U/ml) were observed in a mixture of corn straw and wheat bran (1:1 w/w) as the carbon source using fertilizer grade ammonium sulphate as the nitrogen source. This production occurred for an incubation period of 96 h, at 40°C, with initial moisture content of 70% and pH 5.0. These results have significant interest since they could be used for the future production of enzymes in a low-cost industrial process.

Estudo sobre uma turbina a gás instalada em uma refinaria de petróleo

The gas turbine (GT) is known to have: low cost of capital over the amount of energy, high flexibility, high reliability, short delivery time, commissioning and commercial operation at the beginning and quick departure. The gas turbine is also recognized for its superior environmental performance, manifested in air pollution containment and reducing greenhouse gases (Mahi, 1994). Gas turbines in simple cycle mode (SC) have long been used by utilities to limited power generation peak. In addition, manufacturing facilities use gas turbines for power generation units on site, often in combination with the process of heat production, such as hot water and steam process. In recent years, the performance of industrial gas turbines has been improved due to significant investments in research and development, in terms of fuel to electricity conversion efficiency, plant capacity, availability and reliability. The greater availability of energy resources such as natural gas (NG), the significant reduction of capital costs and the introduction of advanced cycles, have also been a success factor for the increased use of gas turbines to load applications base (Poulikas, 2004). Open Cycle Gas Turbine with a greater degree of heat to the atmosphere may alternatively be used to produce additional electricity using a steam cycle, or to compose a cogeneration process. The combined cycle (CC) uses the heat from the gas turbine exhaust gas to increase the power output and increase the overall efficiency of more than 50% second (Najjar, 2001). The initial discovery of these cycles in the commercial power generation market was possible due to the development of the gas turbine. Only from the 1970s that gas turbine inlet temperature and therefore the exhaust gas temperature was sufficiently high to allow a better efficiency in the combined cycle ... (Complete Abstract click electronic access below)

Efeito do tratamento alcalino da fibra na resistência mecânica do compósito epóxi/capim-sapê

Due to growing concerns for reducing environmental damage caused by the use of non-renewable raw materials, there is a growing demand for research related to aggregate technology with environmental preservation. Thus, the use of non-renewable materials and less aggressive materials has been gaining attention. About composite materials, the exchange of synthetic fibers by natural fibers, especially vegetable fiber as reinforcement, has been increasing, due to its physical-chemical properties such as mechanical strength, nontoxic, low cost, low density, processing flexibility, non-abrasive to the process equipment, requiring simple surface treatments, etc. This objective was to process composites reinforced with long fibers of sapegrass in epoxy matrix and characterize the composites through mechanical tests. Three groups of composites were prepared according to the treatment received by the reinforcement: without treatment, alkali treatment at concentration of 5% w/v and alkali treatment at 10% w/v concentration. The materials were analyzed by tensile and flexural, and tests also optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were statistically analyzed. As the main result, the alkali treatment of 5% in the sapegrass fibers increases the tensile and flexural strength, as a consequence of the improve adhesion between matrix and reinforcement

Analysis of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human plasma by HPLC-UV using a high purity C18 silica-based SPE sorbent

This paper reports on the development and validation of a simple and sensitive method that uses solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection to analyze fluoxetine (FLX) and norfluoxetine (NFLX) in human plasma samples. A lab-made C18 SPE phase was synthesized by using a sol–gel process employing a low-cost silica precursor. This sorbent was fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to check the particles' shape, size and C18 functionalization. The lab-made C18 silica was used in the sample preparation step of human plasma by the SPE-HPLC-UV method. The method was validated in the 15 to 500 ng mL 1 range for both FLX and NFLX using a matrix matched curve. Detection limits of 4.3 and 4.2 ng mL 1 were obtained for FLX and NFLX, respectively. The repeatability and intermediary precision achieved varied from 7.6 to 15.0% and the accuracy ranged from 14.9 to 9.1%. The synthesized C18 sorbent was compared to commercial C18 sorbents. The average recoveries were similar (85–105%), however the lab-made C18 silica showed fewer interfering peaks in the chromatogram. After development and validation, the method using the lab-made C18 SPE was applied to plasma samples of patients under FLX treatment (n ¼ 6). The concentrations of FLX and NFLX found in the samples varied from 46.8–215.5 and 48.0–189.9 ng mL 1 , respectively.

Evaluation of stryphnodendron sp. release using natural rubber latex membrane as carrier

Natural rubber latex from Hevea brasiliensis has interesting characteristics related to this work such as: it is easy to manipulate, low cost, can stimulate the natural angiogenesis, is a biocompatible material and presents high mechanical resistance. The aim of this study was to develop a novel sustained delivery system for Stryphnodendron sp. based on Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) membranes and to study the Stryphnodendron sp. delivery system behavior. Stryphnodendron sp., commonly known as barbatimao is extensively used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea, gynaecological problems and for healing wounds. The stem bark of this species is mentioned in the Brazilian Pharmacopeia with a content of at least 20% of tannins. Previous studies showed significant cicatrizant properties, anti-inflammatory activity and gastric anti-ulcerogenic effects for the stem bark crude extract. One possible way to accelerate the tissue repair process, it was incorporated the Stryphnodendron sp. extract in NRL membranes. Stryphnodendron sp extract was incorporated into the NRL, by mixing it in solution for in vitro protein delivery experiments. Results show that the NRL membrane can release Stryphnodendron sp. for up to 49.89% of its Stryphnodendron sp. content for up 400 h. The kinetics of the extract release could be fitted with double exponential function, with two characteristic times of 0.78 and 133.22 h. In this study, we demonstrated that the induced angiogenesis provided by NRL membranes combined with a controlled release of extract is relevant for biomedical applications.

Análise do uso das águas de uma empresa do ramo petroquímico via análise de sobrevivência

Pós-graduação em Biometria - IBB