PISA 2009. Zientzietako gaitasuna biharko gizarteari begira. II : Itemen adibideak irakasleek erabiltzeko

Existe una versi??n en espa??ol, con el t??tulo "PISA 2009. Competencia cient??fica para el mundo del ma??ana. II : Ejemplos de ??tems para uso del profesorado"

PISA 2009. Irakurmena. II. Itemen adibideak irakasleek erabiltzeko

Existe una versi??n en espa??ol, con el t??tulo "PISA 2009. Comprensi??n Lectora. II : Ejemplos de ??tems para uso del profesorado"

Euskararen B2 maila : Derrigorrezko irakaskuntzaren amaieran (DBH-4) : ISEI-IVEI 2005

Existe una versi??n en espa??ol, con el t??tulo "Nivel B2 de euskera : al finalizar la ense??anza obligatoria (4?? ESO) : ISEI-IVEI 2005"

Euskadiko hezkuntzari buruzko txostena, 2008-2010

Existe una versi??n en espa??ol, con el t??tulo "Informe sobre la educaci??n en Euskadi, 2008-2010"

A reconstrução do homem em Clarice Lispector

Este trabalho é o resultado de uma longa pesquisa doutoral intitulada «A odisséia de si: reconstrução do homem em Clarice Lispector». Em sua vida e obra, essa escritora usou a palavra escrita para tocar aquilo que a própria palavra não consegue revelar por completo: a condição do ser-no-mundo. Sua literatura é um mergulho profundo e introspetivo nos mistérios da linguagem e na complexidade do ser. Em suas tramas as coisas estão sempre «se fazendo». São narrativas erráticas como se estivessem em busca da origem ou dos princípios das coisas, algo que lembra a busca do elemento primário na filosofia pré-socrática. Nessa busca, a escritora ultrapassa as barreiras disciplinares da ciência, os limites da racionalização ocidental e os rigores da linguagem; depara-se com o inominável, com «a coisa em si», sem nome nem linguagem correspondente, mas que – por um estranho paradoxo – somente a linguagem pode dela falar e fazê-la compreensível. Neste artigo, faço uma reflexão sobre a linguagem e a reconstituição do sujeito na obra de Clarice Lispector, especificamente no romance A maçã no escuro porque é nele que podemos melhor perceber o homem inaugurando a odisséia de si mesmo. Martim, o protagonista, é a imagem arquetípica do homem que ao tentar se reconstruir por meio de uma nova linguagem reafirma a si e a linguagem existente. Sujeito e linguagem se fazem em dialogia. A linguagem cria o sujeito que a cria. Esse romance é considerado, aqui, um romance-núcleo, no qual o sujeito vive o problema antropológico de se refazer pela raiz, de se tornar o que é.

Hearing-aid volume control adjustment by deaf children

This paper examines hearing aid volume control adjustments by deaf children. Specifically the study looks at how accurately deaf children set the volume controls of their hearing aids, if deaf children are able to comprehend the effects of talker-microphone distance on stimulus intensity, and do deaf children use their hearing aids to monitor their own voices. Access to thesis is restricted. Contact Archives and Rare Books.

Modelling monsoons: understanding and predicting current and future behaviour

The global monsoon system is so varied and complex that understanding and predicting its diverse behaviour remains a challenge that will occupy modellers for many years to come. Despite the difficult task ahead, an improved monsoon modelling capability has been realized through the inclusion of more detailed physics of the climate system and higher resolution in our numerical models. Perhaps the most crucial improvement to date has been the development of coupled ocean-atmosphere models. From subseasonal to interdecadal time scales, only through the inclusion of air-sea interaction can the proper phasing and teleconnections of convection be attained with respect to sea surface temperature variations. Even then, the response to slow variations in remote forcings (e.g., El Niño—Southern Oscillation) does not result in a robust solution, as there are a host of competing modes of variability that must be represented, including those that appear to be chaotic. Understanding the links between monsoons and land surface processes is not as mature as that explored regarding air-sea interactions. A land surface forcing signal appears to dominate the onset of wet season rainfall over the North American monsoon region, though the relative role of ocean versus land forcing remains a topic of investigation in all the monsoon systems. Also, improved forecasts have been made during periods in which additional sounding observations are available for data assimilation. Thus, there is untapped predictability that can only be attained through the development of a more comprehensive observing system for all monsoon regions. Additionally, improved parameterizations - for example, of convection, cloud, radiation, and boundary layer schemes as well as land surface processes - are essential to realize the full potential of monsoon predictability. A more comprehensive assessment is needed of the impact of black carbon aerosols, which may modulate that of other anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Dynamical considerations require ever increased horizontal resolution (probably to 0.5 degree or higher) in order to resolve many monsoon features including, but not limited to, the Mei-Yu/Baiu sudden onset and withdrawal, low-level jet orientation and variability, and orographic forced rainfall. Under anthropogenic climate change many competing factors complicate making robust projections of monsoon changes. Absent aerosol effects, increased land-sea temperature contrast suggests strengthened monsoon circulation due to climate change. However, increased aerosol emissions will reflect more solar radiation back to space, which may temper or even reduce the strength of monsoon circulations compared to the present day. Precipitation may behave independently from the circulation under warming conditions in which an increased atmospheric moisture loading, based purely on thermodynamic considerations, could result in increased monsoon rainfall under climate change. The challenge to improve model parameterizations and include more complex processes and feedbacks pushes computing resources to their limit, thus requiring continuous upgrades of computational infrastructure to ensure progress in understanding and predicting current and future behaviour of monsoons.

Scope and Limitations of The Co-Drug Approach to Topical Drug Delivery

Many currently available drugs show unfavourable physicochemical properties for delivery into or across the skin and temporary chemical modulation of the penetrant is one option to achieve improved delivery properties. Pro-drugs are chemical derivatives of an active drug which is covalently bonded to an inactive pro-moiety in order to overcome pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic barriers. A pro-drug relies upon conversion within the body to release the parent active drug (and pro-moiety) to elicit its pharmacological effect. The main drawback of this approach is that the pro-moiety is essentially an unwanted ballast which, when released, can lead to adverse effects. The term ‘co-drug’ refers to two or more therapeutic compounds active against the same disease bonded via a covalent chemical linkage and it is this approach which is reviewed for the first time in the current article. For topically applied co-drugs, each moiety is liberated in situ, either chemically or enzymatically, once the stratum corneum barrier has been overcome by the co-drug. Advantages include synergistic modulation of the disease process, enhancement of drug delivery and pharmacokinetic properties and the potential to enhance stability by masking of labile functional groups. The amount of published work on co-drugs is limited but the available data suggest the co-drug concept could provide a significant therapeutic improvement in dermatological diseases. However, the applicability of the co-drug approach is subject to strict limitations pertaining mainly to the availability of compatible moieties and physicochemical properties of the overall molecule.

Topical delivery of a naproxen-dithranol co-drug: in vitro skin penetration, permeation, and staining

Purpose This work probed the topical delivery and skin-staining properties of a novel co-drug, naproxyl-dithranol (Nap-DTH), which comprises anti-inflammatory (naproxen) and anti-proliferative (dithranol) moieties. Method Freshly excised, full-thickness porcine ear skin was dosed with saturated solutions of the compounds. After 24 h, the skin was recovered and used to prepare comparative depth profiles by the tape-stripping technique and to examine the extent of skin staining. Results Depth profiles showed that Nap-DTH led to a 5-fold increase in drug retention in the skin compared to dithranol. The application of Nap-DTH also demonstrated improved stability, resulting in lower levels of dithranol degradation products in the skin. Furthermore, significantly less naproxen from hydrolysed Nap-DTH permeated into the receptor phase compared to naproxen when applied alone (0.08 ± 0.03 nmol cm-² and 180 ± 60 nmol cm-², respectively). Moreover, the reduced staining of the skin was very apparent for Nap-DTH compared to dithranol. Conclusions Topical delivery of Nap-DTH not only improves the delivery of naproxen and dithranol, but also reduces unwanted effects of the parent moieties, in particular the skin staining, which is a major issue concerning the use of dithranol.

Comparison of sample size formulae for 2x2 cross-over designs applied to bioequivalence studies

We consider the comparison of two formulations in terms of average bioequivalence using the 2 × 2 cross-over design. In a bioequivalence study, the primary outcome is a pharmacokinetic measure, such as the area under the plasma concentration by time curve, which is usually assumed to have a lognormal distribution. The criterion typically used for claiming bioequivalence is that the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the means should lie within the interval (0.80, 1.25), or equivalently the 90% confidence interval for the differences in the means on the natural log scale should be within the interval (-0.2231, 0.2231). We compare the gold standard method for calculation of the sample size based on the non-central t distribution with those based on the central t and normal distributions. In practice, the differences between the various approaches are likely to be small. Further approximations to the power function are sometimes used to simplify the calculations. These approximations should be used with caution, because the sample size required for a desirable level of power might be under- or overestimated compared to the gold standard method. However, in some situations the approximate methods produce very similar sample sizes to the gold standard method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.