Constituição, dimensionamento e conservação de pavimentos para baixos volumes de tráfego

As Estradas de baixo volume de tráfego (EBVT) têm um importante papel para o desenvolvimento de um país porque representam uma extensão considerável da malha rodoviária existente, sendo de grande relevância social e económica. A função económica da infraestrutura rodoviária traduz-se, por um lado, pelo montante de recursos investidos na sua construção e manutenção e, por outro lado, pelo suporte que garantem à mobilidade de pessoas e bens. Os pavimentos daquelas infraestruturas são uma componente fundamental para o seu bom desempenho, o que explica a importância de empregar bons métodos de dimensionamento. Pavimentos rodoviários subdimensionados e com estratégias de conservação deficientes sofrerão rotura prematura, o que conduzirá a altos custos de reconstrução e grandes perdas económicas. Por sua vez, pavimentos sobredimensionados envolverão desperdício dos recursos, os quais poderiam ser utilizados para melhorar outras características igualmente relevantes para a infraestrutura. Verifica-se ainda que, nos últimos anos, as empresas construtoras portuguesas têm alargado a sua atividade para países africanos, nos quais as soluções de pavimentação utilizam solos naturais ou estabilizados nas camadas estruturais, e revestimentos betuminosos delgados colocados sobre aquelas, porquanto há escassez de materiais pétreos para uso rodoviário. Por isso, as técnicas de pavimentação utilizadas em Portugal e na Europa não são geralmente utilizadas nos países africanos. Essa realidade leva a que os técnicos portugueses ao serviço de empresas que atuam em mercados africanos necessitem de reunir informação sistematizada sobre o assunto, o que acarreta algumas dificuldades. É, assim, de todo o interesse reunir informação dispersa sobre os materiais a utilizar para as situações referidas, assim como avaliar as metodologias de dimensionamento que poderão utilizar-se, de modo a estabelecer estruturas de pavimentos e as características dos materiais que as constituem, de modo conseguir infraestruturas de transporte rodoviário que suportem a economia de um território. A par da conceção e do dimensionamento estão as estratégias e as técnicas de conservação das estruturas de pavimentos, de modo a contribuir para a durabilidade da infraestrutura e para o desenvolvimento da economia do território servido. Pelas razões aduzidas, na presente dissertação procurou-se reunir informação dispersa sobre os aspetos relevantes da constituição, conceção, dimensionamento e conservação de pavimentos de estruturas pouco espessas de pavimentos, destinados a tráfego de pesados pouco significativo no seu ciclo de vida, mas com picos de solicitação importantes. A sistematização e análise dos aspetos relevantes, e a aplicação a casos concretos, permitiu uma análise comparativa das soluções em confronto, quer no que diz respeito aos aspetos tecnológicos da construção e da conservação, quer no que se refere aos aspetos do dimensionamento deste tipo de pavimentos, constituindo uma contribuição útil para o setor.

Estudo experimental do punçoamento centrado em lages de betão leve

As aplicações do betão com agregados leves foi iniciada há mais de dois milénios pelos Romanos, sendo esse material produzido inicialmente com agregados leves naturais. Apesar do uso em Portugal ainda ser reduzido, quando comparado com outros países da Europa e da América, a utilização do betão estrutural de agregados leves (BEAL) pode ser bastante vantajosa, principalmente em elementos de laje e tabuleiros de pontes, associando a redução do peso próprio a resistências elevadas. Além da eficiência de desempenho estrutural e das vantagens económicas globais, o BEAL apresenta geralmente elevado desempenho de durabilidade, sendo uma solução competitiva em obras de reabilitação e reforço estrutural e de elementos pré-fabricados. Uma vez que a aplicação de BEAL em elementos de laje é particularmente vantajosa e eficiente, o estudo do comportamento e respetiva resistência ao punçoamento é fundamental para os casos de lajes fungiformes em BEAL armado. Apesar dos recentes códigos europeus estabelecerem parâmetros e expressões de dimensionamento para esse tipo de betão, estes são geralmente baseados nos dos betões de densidade normal e corrigidos por coeficientes de correção para os BEAL, os quais resultam, por vezes, em desvios significativos. Aliando a este facto, a escassez de estudos experimentais para essa aplicação, o presente estudo surge nesse contexto. O trabalho de investigação apresentado tem como principal objetivo o estudo do punçoamento centrado em lajes de BEAL, variando a sua resistência. Para o efeito foram produzidas seis lajes, onde se utilizaram três tipos de BEAL com diferentes classes de resistência à compressão. Produziram-se duas lajes de cada classe de resistência e procedeu-se aos ensaios definidos, aplicando uma carga pontual no centro da laje, com aumento gradual até originar a rotura por punçoamento. Através da análise dos resultados dos ensaios, observou-se que, o aumento da resistência do betão à compressão originou maior capacidade resistente ao punçoamento e maior capacidade de deformação das lajes ensaiadas. Estudaram-se também os seguintes parâmetros, em função da resistência do BEAL: carga de fendilhação, rigidez, o ângulo do cone de punçoamento e o perímetro de contorno crítico. Os valores obtidos foram ainda comparados com as previsões de vários códigos de betão armado e apresentam-se as principais conclusões

Enrichment of nitrifying microbial communities from shrimp farms and commercial inocula

Nitrifying bacteria were selected from shrimp farm water and sediment (natural seed) in Thailand and from commercial seed cultures. The microbial consortia from each source giving the best ammonia removal during batch culture pre-enrichments were used as inocula for two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). Nitrifiers were cultivated in the SBRs with 100 mg NH4-N/I and artificial wastewater containing 25 ppt salinity. The two SBRs were operated at a 7 d hydraulic retention time (HRT) for 77 d after which the HRT was reduced to 3.5 d. The amounts of ammonia removed from the influent by microorganisms sourced from the natural seed were 85% and 92% for the 7 d HIRT and the 3.5 d HRT, respectively. The ammonia removals of microbial consortia from the commercial seed were 71% and 83% for these HRTs respectively. The quantity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was determined in the SBRs using the most probable number (MPN) technique. Both AOB and NOB increased in number over the long-term operation of both SBRs. According to quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) probing, AOB from the natural seed and commercial seed comprised 21 +/- 2% and 30 +/- 2%, respectively of all bacteria. NOB could not be detected with currently-reported FISH probes, suggesting that novel NOB were enriched from both sources. Taken collectively, the results from this study provide an indication that the nitrifiers from shrimp farm sources are more effective at ammonia removal than those from commercial seed cultures.

Use of stable-isotope probing, full-cycle rRNA analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization-microautoradiography to study a methanol-fed denitrifying microbial community

A denitrifying microbial consortium was enriched in an anoxically operated, methanol-fed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with a mineral salts medium containing methanol as the sole carbon source and nitrate as the electron acceptor. The SBR was inoculated with sludge from a biological nutrient removal activated sludge plant exhibiting good denitrification. The SBR denitrification rate improved from less than 0.02 mg of NO3-.N mg of mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS)(-1) h(-1) to a steady-state value of 0.06 mg of NO3-.N mg of MLVSS-1 h(-1) over a 7-month operational period. At this time, the enriched microbial community was subjected to stable-isotope probing (SIP) with [C-13] methanol to biomark the DNA of the denitrifiers. The extracted [C-13]DNA and [C-12]DNA from the SIP experiment were separately subjected to full-cycle rRNA analysis. The dominant 16S rRNA gene phylotype (group A clones) in the [C-13]DNA clone library was closely related to those of the obligate methylotrophs Methylobacillus and Methylophilus in the order Methylophilales of the Betaproteobacteria (96 to 97% sequence identities), while the most abundant clone groups in the [C-12]DNA clone library mostly belonged to the family Saprospiraceae in the Bacteroidetes phylum. Oligonucleotide probes for use in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were designed to specifically target the group A clones and Methylophilales (probes DEN67 and MET1216, respectively) and the Saprospiraceae clones (probe SAP553). Application of these probes to the SBR biomass over the enrichment period demonstrated a strong correlation between the level of SBR denitrification and relative abundance of DEN67-targeted bacteria in the SBR community. By contrast, there was no correlation between the denitrification rate and the relative abundances of the well-known denitrifying genera Hyphomicrobium and Paracoccus or the Saprospiraceae clones visualized by FISH in the SBR biomass. FISH combined with microautoradiography independently confirmed that the DEN67-targeted cells were the dominant bacterial group capable of anoxic [C-14] methanol uptake in the enriched biomass. The well-known denitrification lag period in the methanol-fed SBR was shown to coincide with a lag phase in growth of the DEN67-targeted denitrifying population. We conclude that Methylophilales bacteria are the dominant denitrifiers in our SBR system and likely are important denitrifiers in full-scale methanol-fed denitrifying sludges.

A novel wastewater treatment process: Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) via the nitrite pathway and anaerobic-anoxic enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) are two processes that can significantly reduce the COD demand for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The combination of these two processes has the potential of achieving simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal with a minimal requirement for COD. A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated in alternating anaerobic-aerobic mode with a low dissolved oxygen concentration (DO, 0.5 mg/L) during the aerobic period, and was demonstrated to accomplish nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal. Under anaerobic conditions, COD was taken up and converted to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), accompanied with phosphorus release. In the subsequent aerobic stage, PHA was oxidized and phosphorus was taken up to less than 0.5 mg/L at the end of the cycle. Ammonia was also oxidised during the aerobic period, but without accumulation of nitrite or nitrate in the system, indicating the occurrence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. However, off-gas analysis found that the final denitrification product was mainly nitrous oxide (N2O) not N-2. Further experimental results demonstrated that nitrogen removal was via nitrite, not nitrate. These experiments also showed that denitrifying glycogen.-accumulating organisms rather than denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms were responsible for the denitrification activity.

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor using propionate as the sole carbon source

An enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) system was developed in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using propionate as the sole carbon source. The microbial community was followed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques and Candidatus 'Accumulibacter phosphatis' were quantified from the start up of the reactor until steady state. A series of SBR cycle studies was performed when 55% of the SBR biomass was Accumulibacter, a confirmed polyphosphate accumulating organism (PAO) and when Candidatus 'Competibacter phosphatis,' a confirmed glycogen-accumulating organism (GAO), was essentially undetectable. These experiments evaluated two different carbon sources (propionate and acetate), and in every case, two different P-release rates were detected. The highest rate took place while there was volatile fatty acid (VFA) in the mixed liquor, and after the VFA was depleted a second P-release rate was observed. This second rate was very similar to the one detected in experiments performed without added VFA. A kinetic and stoichiometric model developed as a modification of Activated Sludge Model 2 (ASM2) including glycogen economy, was fitted to the experimental profiles. The validation and calibration of this model was carried out with the cycle study experiments performed using both VFAs. The effect of pH from 6.5 to 8.0 on anaerobic P-release and VFA-uptake and aerobic P-uptake was also studied using propionate. The optimal overall working pH was around 7.5. This is the first study of the microbial community involved in EBPR developed with propionate as a sole carbon source along with detailed process performance investigations of the propionate-utilizing PAOs. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Competition between polyphosphate and glycogen accumulating organisms in enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems with acetate and propionate as carbon sources

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a widely used process for achieving phosphorus removal from wastewater. A potential reason for EBPR failure is the undesirable growth of glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs), which can compete for carbon sources with the bacterial group responsible for phosphorus removal from wastewater: the polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). This study investigates the impact of carbon source on EBPR performance and the competition between PAOs and GAOs. Two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated during a 4-6 month period and fed with a media containing acetate or propionate, respectively, as the sole carbon source. It was found that the acetate fed SBR rarely achieved a high level of phosphorus removal, and that a large portion of the microbial community was comprised of Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis, a known GAO. The propionate fed SBR, however, achieved stable phosphorus removal throughout the study, apart from one brief disturbance. The bacterial community of the propionate fed SBR was dominated by Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis, a known PAO, and did not contain Competibacter In a separate experiment, another SBR was seeded with a mixture of PAOs and a group of alphaproteobacterial GAOs, both enriched with propionate as the sole carbon source. Stable EBPR was achieved and the PAO population increased while the GAOs appeared to be out-competed. The results of this paper suggest that propionate may provide PAOs with a selective advantage over GAOs in the PAO-GAO competition, particularly through the minimisation of Competibacter Propionate may be a more suitable substrate than acetate for enhancing phosphorus removal in EBPR systems. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of free ammonia and free nitrous acid concentration on the anabolic and catabolic processes of an enriched Nitrosomonas culture

The effects of free ammonia (FA; NH3) and free nitrous acid (FNA; HNO2) concentrations on the metabolisms of an enriched ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) culture were investigated using a method allowing the decoupling of growth and energy generation processes. A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated for the enrichment of an AOB culture. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that 82% of the bacterial population in the SBR bound to the NEU probe specifically designed for Nitrosomonas europaea. Batch tests were carried out to measure the oxygen and ammonium consumption rates by the culture at various FA and FNA levels, in the presence or absence of inorganic carbon (CO2, HCO3, and CO32-). It was revealed that FA of up to 16.0 mgNH(3)-N (.) L-1, which was the highest concentration used in this study, did not have any inhibitory effect on either the catabolic or anabolic processes of the Nitrosomonas culture. In contrast, FNA inhibited both the growth and energy production capabilities of the Nitrosomonas culture. The inhibition on growth initiated at approximately 0.10 mgHNO(2)-(NL-1)-L-., and the data suggested that the biosynthesis was completely stopped at an FNA concentration of 0.40 mgHNO(2)-N (.) L-1. The inhibition on energy generation initiated at a slightly lower level but the Nitrosomonas culture was still oxidizing ammonia at half of the maximum rate at an FNA concentration of 0.50-0.63 mgHNO(2)-N (.) L-1. The affinity constant of the Nitrosomonas culture with respect to ammonia was determined to be 0.36 mgNH3-N (.) L-1, independent of the presence or absence of inorganic carbon. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Identifying causes for N2O accumulation in a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor performing simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal

The recently described process of simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal (SNDPR) has a great potential to save capital and operating costs for wastewater treatment plants. However, the presence of glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) and the accumulation of nitrous oxide (N2O) can severely compromise the advantages of this process. In this study, these two issues were investigated using a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor performing SNDPR over a 5-month period. The reactor was highly enriched in polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and GAOs representing around 70% of the total microbial community. PAOs were the dominant population at all times and their abundance increased, while GAOs population decreased over the study period. Anoxic batch tests demonstrated that GAOs rather than denitrifying PAOs were responsible for denitrification. NO accumulated from denitrification and more than half of the nitrogen supplied in a reactor cycle was released into the atmosphere as NO. After mixing SNDPR sludge with other denitrifying sludge, N2O present in the bulk liquid was reduced immediately if external carbon was added. We therefore suggest that the N2O accumulation observed in the SNDPR reactor is an artefact of the low microbial diversity facilitated by the use of synthetic wastewater with only a single carbon source. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Stoichiometric and kinetic characterisation of Nitrobacter in mixed culture by decoupling the growth and energy generation processes

The growth, maintenance and lysis processes of Nitrobacter were characterised. A Nitrobacter culture was enriched in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Fluorescent in situ hybridisation showed that Nitrobacter constituted 73% of the bacterial population. Batch tests were carried out to measure the oxygen uptake rate and/or nitrite consumption rate when both nitrite and CO2 were in excess, and in the absence of either of these two substrates. The results obtained, along with the SBR performance data, allowed the determination of the maintenance coefficient and in situ cell lysis rate of Nitrobacter. Nitrobacter spends a significant amount of energy for maintenance, which varies considerably with the specific growth rate. At maximum growth, Nitrobacter consume nitrite at a rate of 0.042 mgN/mgCOD(biomass)center dot h for maintenance purposes, which increases more than threefold to 0.143 mgN/mgCOD(biomass)center dot h in the absence of growth. In the SBR, where Nitrobacter grew at 40% of its maximum growth rate, a maintenance coefficient of 0.113 mgN/mgCOD center dot h was found, resulting in 42% of the total amount of nitrite being consumed for maintenance. The above three maintenance coefficient values obtained at different growth rates appear to support the maintenance model proposed in Pirt (1982). The in situ lysis rate of Nitrobacter was determined to be 0.07/day under aerobic conditions at 22 C and pH 7.3. Further, the maximum specific growth rate of Nitrobacter was estimated to be 0.02/h (0.48/day). The affinity constant of Nitrobacter with respect to nitrite was determined to be 1.50 mgNO(2)(-)-N/L, independent of the presence or absence of CO2. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Stoichiometric and kinetic characterisation of Nitrosomonas sp in mixed culture by decoupling the growth and energy generation processes

A novel method that relies on the decoupling of the energy production and biosynthesis processes was used to characterise the maintenance, cell lysis and growth processes of Nitrosomonas sp. A Nitrosolnonas culture was enriched in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with ammonium as the sole energy source. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that Nitrosomonas bound to the NEU probe constituted 82% of the bacterial population, while no other known ammonium or nitrite oxidizing bacteria were detected. Batch tests were carried out under conditions that both ammonium and CO, were in excess, and in the absence of one of these two substrates. The oxygen uptake rate and nitrite production rate were measured during these batch tests. The results obtained from these batch tests, along with the SBR performance data, allowed the determination of the maintenance coefficient and the in situ cell lysis rate, as well as the maximum specific growth rate of the Nitrosomonas culture. It is shown that, during normal growth, the Nitrosomonas culture spends approximately 65% of the energy generated for maintenance. The maintenance coefficient was determined to be 0.14 - 0.16 mgN mgCOD(biomass)(-1) h(-1), and was shown to be independent of the specific growth rate. The in situ lysis rate and the maximum specific growth rate of the Nitrosomonas culture were determined to be 0.26 and 1.0 day(-1) (0.043 h(-1)), respectively, under aerobic conditions at 30 degrees C and pH7. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Atalia rainha de Judá - Leitura Exegética e Histórica de 2Rs 11,1-3.13-16

Esta pesquisa busca reconstruir um período da história de Israel os seis anos de governo da Rainha Atalia, em Judá (841-836 aC) tendo como base a análise exegética e histórica de 2Rs11,1-3.13-16. O cenário e o estilo de 2Rs 11 permitem afirmar que o autor pertencia ao círculo dos escribas da corte ou da instituição religiosa. A pesquisa recorre às ocorrências dos termos rainha-mãe e gebirah, presentes no Antigo Testamento, e às contribuições das tradições dos países vizinhos, a fim de explicar a ascensão de Atalia ao trono de Judá. Atalia ocupou a função de rainha-mãe. Com isso competia-lhe a importante função de cuidar da estabilidade da realeza e, eventualmente, exercer a regência até que a ocupação por direito se tornasse viável. Atalia foi soberana por seis anos em Judá. Para manter-se tanto tempo no poder, Atalia contou com forças aliadas, ou seja, um grupo que a garantiu no trono. Atalia é filha da casa de Omri com mãe israelita de fé javista. A vinda de Atalia para Jerusalém é resultado de um período de paz entre os dois reinos irmãos. A durabilidade de seu governo deve-se, não a atos de beligerância, e provavelmente sim à sua exemplar administração, baseada principalmente na atividade comercial, favorecida pela posição estratégica de Jerusalém no cruzamento de importantes rotas comerciais da época. Atalia estava preparada para liderar um país com metas no comércio internacional.

Inspeção e reabilitação de pontes e viadutos em betão armado na R.A.M.

A presente dissertação insere-se na área da inspeção e da reabilitação de obras de arte, mais especificamente pontes e viadutos rodoviários. Uma das principais motivações para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho justifica-se pelo facto de existir na Região Autónoma da Madeira, um elevado número de obras de arte relativamente à sua área, sendo necessário cada vez mais investir em meios e conhecimento especializado na procura de formas economicamente interessantes de inspeção, diagnóstico, gestão da conservação e da monitorização dessas obras de arte. O trabalho desenvolvido teve por objetivo identificar as principais anomalias de pontes e viadutos de betão armado, e, através do auxílio fornecidos por técnicas de inspeção e monitorização, indicar intervenções preventivas e corretivas, visando assegurar a durabilidade dessas obras de arte durante as suas vidas úteis. Numa primeira fase procurou-se enquadrar os conceitos relacionados com as anomalias associadas aos elementos de betão armado enquanto material de construção, bem como na importância durabilidade. Identificou-se os agentes e os mecanismos de deterioração quer do betão e quer do aço, de forma a direcionar o estudo para as principais anomalias que podem-se verificar nos diversos componentes de uma ponte ou viaduto. A seguinte fase do trabalho consiste na identificação dos principais métodos e procedimentos necessários para efetuar-se uma correta inspeção, tendo como objetivo avaliar a natureza e a extensão das anomalias, o que possibilitará na definição de intervenções adequadas de manutenção, conservação, reabilitação ou reforço. Por fim, com base nas fichas de inspeção fornecidas pelas Betar1, fez-se análise do estado de manutenção e do estado de conservação de um conjunto de pontes e viadutos na R.A.M., bem como das anomalias mais frequentes. Elaborou-se ainda um guia de anomalias, indicando-se as principais diretrizes para a realização de inspeções em pontes e viadutos, evidenciando as anomalias que podem verificar-se com maior frequência, bem como os trabalhos recomendados para cada situação.

Polymer modified cement: hydration microstructure and diffusion properties

Investigations concentrated on the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) latex and formulations included standard carboxylated and special carboxylated latexes. The aqueous component, containing the stabilisers and antifoaming agent but not the polymer solids, was also used. For comparison, limited investigations were carried out using other polymer types e.g. acrylic, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), and redispersible powders rather than emulsions. The major findings were: 1) All latex systems investigated acted as retarders for cement hydration. The extent of retardation depends on the type of polymer. The mechanism for cement hydration may be changed, and excessive retardation influences properties. 2) Polymer modified cements exhibited either similar or coarser pore structures compared with unmodified cements. Results suggest that polymer mainly exists in a mixture of cement hydrates and polymer phase. Very little evidence was found for the formation of a distinct polymer film phase. 3) During the first few days of curing the polymer solids are removed from the pore solution and concentrations of OH-, Na+ and K+ are reduced. These observations are probably a result of polymer-cement surface interactions since there was no evidence of any chemical reactions or degradation of the polymer. 4) Improved diffusional resistance of modified cements depends on the ability to achieve adequate workability at low w/c ratio, rather than modification of matrix structure.

Properties and performance of polymer modified cements and mortars

Polymer modified cements and mortars have become popular for use as patch repair materials. General evidence suggests that these materials offer considerable improvements compared to traditional mortars although the mechanisms for this are not fully understood. This work elucidates the factors which govern some properties and performance of different polymer systems. In view of the wide range of commercial systems available, investigations concentrated on the use of three of the most commonly available groups of polymers. These were: (1) Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), (2) Acrylics and, (3) Ethylene Vinyl Acetates (EVA). The later two were in the form of both emulsions and redispersible powders. Experiments concentrated on: (1) Rheological behaviour of polymer modified cement pastes; (2) Workability of polymer modified mortars; (3) Influence of curing conditions on the pore size distribution and diffusion of chloride ions; (4) Bond strength of polymer modified cement and mortar patches; and (5) Microscopic examination and semi-quantitative analyses of the bulk and interfacial microstructures. The following main conclusions were reached: (1) The addition of polymer emulsions have a considerable influence on the workability of fresh cement pastes, the extent of this depending on the type of system used. (2) The rheological parameters of fresh polymer modified mortars can be established using a two-point workability test which may be used when comparing the properties of different systems at constant workability. (3) Curing conditions affect the properties of polymer modified systems and a wet/dry curing regime was essential for good adhesion of these materials to mortar substrates. (4) In contrast, the wet/dry curing regime resulted in a curing affected zone at the surface of patch materials. This can result in a much coarser pore structure and enhanced diffusion of e.g. chloride ions. (5) The microstructure of polymer modified systems was very different compared with the unmodified cement/mortar and varied depending on curing conditions.