L'influence thérapeutique de la perception de justice informationnelle et interpersonnelle sur les symptômes de stress post-traumatique des victimes d'actes criminels

À la suite d’un crime, les victimes vont ressentir différents besoins et celui d’être informé serait fondamental (Baril, 1984). Les recherches ont permis d’établir que les policiers ont un rôle important à jouer dans la transmission des informations aux victimes puisqu’ils sont les premiers acteurs du système pénal avec lesquels celles-ci sont en contact (Laxminarayan, 2013). De plus, la perception des victimes quant à la façon dont elles ont été traitées par les policiers peut avoir un impact significatif sur leur rétablissement psychologique. Cette étude a pour but de mesurer l’effet thérapeutique des interactions entre les victimes et les policiers ainsi que de la transmission des informations aux victimes à la suite d’un crime sur l’état de stress post-traumatique (ÉSPT). Pour ce faire, l’instrument qui a été administré aux participants (n=188) est l’Échelle modifiée des symptômes du trouble de stress post-traumatique. Cet instrument est une version adaptée et validée en français (Guay, Marchand, Iucci et Martin, 2002) de l’échelle MPSS-SR élaborée par Falsetti, Resnick, Resick et Kilpatrick (1993). Cette échelle permet d’évaluer la présence des symptômes de stress post-traumatique en terme de fréquence et de sévérité. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que l’information est un déterminant important d’un traitement juste et la qualité de ce traitement à un effet thérapeutique sur les symptômes de stress post-traumatique. Une discussion des résultats dans une perspective plus globale concernant les théories en victimologie sur la perception de justice, la problématique de la victimisation secondaire et les implications pour les politiques en matière de droits des victimes sera présentée à la fin de cette recherche.

La justice scolaire

Ce mémoire a pour but d’explorer la littérature sur le sujet de la justice scolaire. L’étude sera divisée sous trois axes. Il sera question d’abord de l’accessibilité à l’éducation. Il y a au moins quatre grands principes au libéralisme : (1) les individus sont libres et égaux ; (2) les individus ont tous droit à des chances égales de mener à terme leur projet de vie ; (3) les individus sont détenteurs d’un ensemble de droits garantis par la société ; (4) l’État adopte une posture de neutralité. Partant de ces valeurs, nous établissons des liens avec la nécessité d’une accessibilité à l’éducation. En second lieu, ce mémoire étudiera trois modèles d’école : l’école parentale, l’école étatique, et l’école orientée vers l’autonomie. Nous argumenterons, avec Harry Brighouse, à l’effet que l’éducation orientée vers l’autonomie constitue l’objectif qui respecte le plus les valeurs du libéralisme, dont l’impératif de neutralité, et les intérêts des jeunes. Dans la dernière partie de cette étude, nous étudierons trois conceptions de l’égalité : égalité des ressources (Jean-Fabien Spitz), égalité des opportunités (Richard Arneson) de bien-être et le suffisantisme (Debra Satz). Afin de juger de leurs qualités respectives, nous tenterons de les appliquer au système éducatif afin d’en faire ressortir les forces et les faiblesses.

Cyberjustice in Brazil : the use of technology to enhance access to justice and procedural celerity

Dans une société mondialisée, où les relations sont intégrées à une vitesse différente avec l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et des communications, l'accès à la justice gagne de nouveaux concepts, mais elle est encore confrontée à de vieux obstacles. La crise mondiale de l'accès à la justice dans le système judiciaire provoque des débats concernant l'égalité en vertu de la loi, la capacité des individus, la connaissance des droits, l'aide juridique, les coûts et les délais. Les deux derniers ont été les facteurs les plus importants du mécontentement des individus avec le système judiciaire. La présente étude a pour objet d'analyser l'incidence de l'utilisation de la technologie dans l’appareil judiciaire, avec l'accent sur la réalité brésilienne, la voie législative et des expériences antérieures dans le développement de logiciels de cyberjustice. La mise en œuvre de ces instruments innovants exige des investissements et de la planification, avec une attention particulière sur l'incidence qu'ils peuvent avoir sur les routines traditionnelles des tribunaux. De nouveaux défis sont sur la voie de ce processus de transformation et doivent être traités avec professionnalisme afin d'éviter l'échec de projets de qualité. En outre, si la technologie peut faire partie des différents aspects de notre quotidien et l'utilisation de modes alternatifs de résolution des conflits en ligne sont considérés comme un succès, pourquoi serait-il difficile de faire ce changement dans la prestation de la justice par le système judiciaire? Des solutions technologiques adoptées dans d'autres pays ne sont pas facilement transférables à un environnement culturel différent, mais il y a toujours la possibilité d'apprendre des expériences des autres et d’éviter de mauvaises voies qui pourraient compromettre la définition globale de l'accès à la justice.

Impact of International Norms on Criminal Justice Administration

This study is an attempt to look at the impact of international norms on the criminal justice administration in India. It has been confined to the criminal justice administration since it is here that the concept of sovereignty is affected the most. The study is intended to give a fair idea as to the position India holds in the matter of implementation of international norms in the area of criminal justice administration and the areas that require urgent attention. The study suggests that the country’s system is on the right track towards the implementation of the international norms. The position of law in India and the requirements under international norms with respect to criminal justice administration have been studied by considering the same at three stages – pre trial, trial and post trial stages. The question as to whether they comply with the international standards and the approaches of the court has been inquired into this study

Population Characteristics of Prawns in Natural and Selective Stocking System

present work deals with the various aspects of population characteristics of penaeus indicus ,Metapenaeus dobsoni and metapenaeus monoceros during their nursery phase in tidal ponds and adjacent backwaters.Importance of the present study is to suggest scientific basis for the management of penaeid resources in tidal ponds and backwaters based on their biological characteristics to ensure better yield.Seasonal closure of fishing will be effective in improving the size of the shrimp at harvest.Hydrology of tidal ponds varied with location, but showed a common seasonal pattem.Seasonal variation in temperature was very small. It fluctuated between 27.5 to 32.3°C in tidalponds and 26.9 to 29.9°C in open backwaters.Improvement of nursery habitats with due consideration for biological requirements of the resource will ensure better growth, survival and abundance of the stock.The recruitment, growth and emigration data of prawns from their nurseries can be used successfully for fishery forecasting. projecting juvenile growth forward through time, it is possible to establish, which cohort contributes to offshore fishery each year. So, by interpreting the recruitment and growth data of species in their nurseries with offshore catch data, fishery can be forecasted successfully.

Difference in competence for in vitro proliferation and ex vitro growth of genetically identical mature and juvenile clones of apomictic Malus species

The apomictic system in Malus wits Used Is a model to examine rejuvenation by generating genetically identical tissue culture lines that had two entirely different developmental origins: either embryo-derived tissues (juvenile clones) or somatic tissue from the adult/mature tree (mature clones). These two lines were then subsequently used to examine in vitro difference between mature (M) and juvenile (J) tissues in potential for shoot, root proliferation and ex vitro (glasshouse) growth. The M clones of M. hupehensis and M. toringoides in vitro had significantly fewer total shoots and shoot more than 2 cm in length per proliferating explant than the J clones and also rooted less efficiently. Ex vitro (glasshouse) juvenile clones had shorter internodes, a greater number of leaves and more dry weight compared to their mature counterparts.

The variability of baroreflex sensitivity in juvenile, spontaneously hypertensive rats

In this study the baroreflex sensitivity of conscious, juvenile, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) was compared. The study population consisted of 19 eight-week-old male SHRs. The baroreflex sensitivity was quantified as the derivative of the variation in heart rate (HR) and the variation of mean arterial pressure (baroreflex sensitivity = Delta HR/Delta MAP). MAP was manipulated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and phenylephrine (PHE), administered via an inserted cannula in the right femoral vein. The SHRs were divided into four groups: (1) low bradycardic baroreflex (LB) where the baroreflex gain (BG) was between 0 and 1 bpm/mmHg with PHE; (2) high bradycardic baroreflex (HB), where the BG was < -1 bpm/mmHg with PHE; (3) low tachycardic baroreflex (LT) where the BC was between 0 and 3 bpm/mmHg with SNP; (4) high tachycardic baroreflex (HT) where the BG was > 3 bpm/mmHg with SNP. We noted that 36.8% of the rats presented with an increased bradycardic reflex, while 27.8% demonstrated an attenuated tachycardic reflex. No significant alterations were noted regarding the basal MAP and HR. There were significant differences in the baroreflex sensitivity between SHRs in the same laboratory. One should be careful when interpreting studies employing the SHR as a research model.

Characterizations of juvenile stages of some semaeostome Scyphozoa (Cnidaria), with recognition of a new family (Phacellophoridae)

Phacellophora camtschatica has long been assigned to the semaeostome scyphozoan family Ulmaridae. Early stages (scyphistomae, strobilae, ephyrae, postephyrae, and young medusae) of the species were compared with those of several other semaeostomes currently assigned to Ulmaridae, Pelagiidae, and Cyaneidae. Juveniles of P. camtschatica did not strictly conform with characters of those of any of these families, and appeared intermediate between Cyaneidae and Ulmaridae. A new family, Phacellophoridae, is proposed to accommodate P. camtschatica.

A scenario-driven decision support system for serious crime investigation

Consideration of a wide range of plausible crime scenarios during any crime investigation is important to seek convincing evidence and hence to minimize the likelihood of miscarriages of justice. It is equally important for crime investigators to be able to employ effective and efficient evidence-collection strategies that are likely to produce the most conclusive information under limited available resources. An intelligent decision support system that can assist human investigators by automatically constructing plausible scenarios, and reasoning with the likely best investigating actions will clearly be very helpful in addressing these challenging problems. This paper presents a system for creating scenario spaces from given evidence, based on an integrated application of techniques for compositional modelling and Bayesian network-based evidence evaluation. Methods of analysis are also provided by the use of entropy to exploit the synthesized scenario spaces in order to prioritize investigating actions and hypotheses. These theoretical developments are illustrated by realistic examples of serious crime investigation.

Exploring distributive justice in health care

The allocation of resources to providers and the way in which the resources are then prioritised to specific service areas and patients remain the critical ethical decisions which determine the type of health system a community receives. Heath care providers will never be given enough resources to satisfy all the demands placed upon them by a community that is becoming increasingly informed and demanding. This paper discusses the matter of justice as it relates to the distribution of health resources. It translates the theoretical constructs of distribution into a practical situation that arose at The Geelong Hospital. It is important to emphasise that the aim of giving the example is not necessarily to provide the right answer but rather to assist in determining what ought to be the questions.

Procedural justice and tax compliance

Throughout the 1990s, tens of thousands of Australian taxpayers invested in mass-marketed tax effective schemes. They enjoyed generous tax breaks until the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) told them in 1998 that they abused the system. This study examines the circumstances surrounding taxpayers' decision to invest in scheme arrangements. It also explores investors' perceptions of the way the ATO handled the schemes issue and, perhaps more importantly, why such a large number of investors defied the ATO's demands that they pay back taxes. Data were taken from in-depth interviews conducted with 29 scheme investors. Consistent with the procedural justice literature, the findings revealed that many of the scheme investors interviewed defied the ATO's demands because the procedures the ATO used to handle the situation were perceived to be unfair. Given these findings, it will be argued that to effectively shape desired behaviour, regulators will need to move beyond enforcement strategies linked purely to deterrence. A strategy that aims to emphasise the procedural justice aspects of a regulatory encounter will be discussed.