Le couvent de Romainmôtier du début de l'époque clunisienne à la fin du XIIe siècle : étude archivistique, diplomatique et historique, suivie de l'édition du chatrier

Les chartes de l'ancien couvent de Romainmôtier constituent une source d'information essentielle pour l'histoire du Pays de Vaud aux Xe et XIe siècles. Toutefois, malgré leur importance, elles n'ont jamais fait l'objet d'une étude d'ensemble. Les historiens dépendent encore aujourd'hui de transcriptions partielles et fautives, imprimées au XIXe siècle. Afin de remédier à cette carence historiographique, Alexandre Pahud, qui a réuni l'ensemble des documents entre 888 et 1190, propose dans sa thèse de doctorat, soutenue à l'Université de Lausanne le 25 novembre 2008, une édition critique de tous ces textes, selon les principes de l'érudition moderne. Si les Archives cantonales vaudoises conservent la majeure partie de la documentation, d'autres institutions en Suisse et à l'étranger fournissent un apport substantiel concernant Romainmôtier avant le XIIIe siècle. Il s'agit en particulier des Archives de l'Etat de Fribourg, des Archives de l'Etat de Berne et de la Bibliothèque royale de Turin. En raison d'une importante dispersion des fonds, A. Pahud a entrepris de reconstituer le chartrier du couvent, tel qu'il devait exister à l'époque médiévale. Pour cela, il s'est basé sur les notes dorsales qui figurent au verso des parchemins, ainsi que sur les anciens inventaires. La méthode utilisée a permis de retrouver plusieurs chartes du début de l'an mil, sous la forme de copies intégrales, ainsi qu'une vingtaine de notices en allemand résumant des actes des Xe-XIIe siècles, tous ces textes étant demeurés inconnus des spécialistes. Ainsi, la thèse de A. Pahud démontre qu'il est possible d'apporter de nouveaux matériaux destinés à enrichir notre connaissance de cette période reculée et mal documentée au niveau local. En parallèle, l'auteur de la thèse a mené une expertise diplomatique des chartes de Romainmôtier, c'est-à-dire une étude de leurs caractéristiques matérielles et formelles. A l'examen, il apparaît que les moines ont davantage acquis de biens qu'ils n'en ont concédé à des tiers, symptôme d'un patrimoine en voie de formation. Les actes privés, qui relatent des transactions entre le monastère et ses voisins, représentent le 80% du corpus étudié. Ils sont rédigés tantôt au présent et à la première personne, tantôt au passé et à la troisième personne, lorsqu'ils ne mélangent pas les deux types de discours. Leur valeur juridique est assurée par une liste de témoins, à défaut de tout scellement. Dans la majorité des cas, un unique scribe établit son texte en une seule fois, après la cérémonie sanctionnant le transfert de propriété. Jusqu'en 1050, ce sont généralement des personnes extérieures à Romainmôtier qui instrumentent au profit du couvent; par la suite, les clunisiens reprennent à leur compte la confection des actes qui les concernent. Curieusement, on constate une disparition radicale de l'acte privé à Romainmôtier entre 1167 et 1198, phénomène qui tranche complètement sur la conjoncture régionale. Dans la dernière partie de sa thèse, A. Pahud présente une nouvelle histoire du couvent de Romainmôtier, qui aborde à la fois les questions politiques et les structures socioéconomiques. Durant le premier tiers du XIe siècle, les clunisiens de Romainmôtier bénéficient de la protection du dernier roi de Bourgogne, Rodolphe III (993-1032), qui fonde la puissance temporelle du monastère. A cette époque, l'institution est administrée directement par l'abbé de Cluny, Odilon, responsable de Romainmôtier à titre personnel. Cependant, la disparition de Rodolphe III, dont la succession est contestée, inaugure une période de grave insécurité dans nos régions. Ces troubles profitent avant tout aux seigneurs locaux, qui prennent appui sur un château pour imposer leur domination au détriment des pouvoirs ecclésiastiques. Au milieu du XIe siècle, les possessions de Romainmôtier, qui s'étendent de chaque côté du Jura, sont menacées par trois puissants lignages, les Grandson, les Salins et les Joux. Face à cette situation périlleuse, les religieux s'adressent tour à tour au pape, à l'empereur germanique, ainsi qu'aux comtes de Bourgogne, dépositaires d'une autorité publique en Franche-Comté. Mais bien souvent, les moines doivent transiger avec leurs adversaires, en passant avec eux des accords coûteux et fragiles. Cela n'empêche pas qu'une certaine coopération s'établisse à l'occasion avec le monde laïque, qui contribue par ses aumônes au développement économique du monastère. Romainmôtier tire ses principales ressources de l'agriculture, tant au Pays de Vaud qu'en Franche-Comté; le travail de la vigne est bien attesté sur La Côte, dès la fin du Xe siècle, tandis que l'élevage ne joue qu'un rôle secondaire; là où ils sont bien implantés, les moines parviennent à prendre le contrôle des moulins; à Salins (France), ils exploitent eux-mêmes le sel nécessaire à leurs besoins. L'ensemble de ces observations s'appuie sur des tableaux et des annexes, qui ajoutent à la critique interne des sources une dimension quantitative. Afin de divulguer les résultats obtenus, A. Pahud envisage de publier prochainement sa thèse dans les Mémoires et documents de la Société d'histoire de la Suisse romande.

Nursing Activities Score: an updated guideline for its application in the Intensive Care Unit

ABSTRACT Objective To describe nursing workload in Intensive Care Units (ICU) in different countries according to the scores obtained with Nursing Activities Score (NAS) and to verify the agreement among countries on the NAS guideline interpretation. Method This cross-sectional study considered 1-day measure of NAS (November 2012) obtained from 758 patients in 19 ICUs of seven countries (Norway, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, Egypt, Greece and Brazil). The Delphi technique was used in expertise meetings and consensus. Results The NAS score was 72.8% in average, ranging from 44.5% (Spain) to 101.8% (Norway). The mean NAS score from Poland, Greece and Egypt was 83.0%, 64.6% and 57.1%, respectively. The NAS score was similar in Brazil (54.0%) and in the Netherlands (51.0%). There were doubts in the understanding of five out 23 items of the NAS (21.7%) which were discussed until researchers’ consensus. Conclusion NAS score were different in the seven countries. Future studies must verify if the fine standardization of the guideline can have a impact on differences in the NAS results.

The customer valuations game as a basis for revenue management

I describe the customer valuations game, a simple intuitive game that can serve as a foundation for teaching revenue management. The game requires little or no preparation, props or software, takes around two hours (and hence can be finished in one session), and illustrates the formation of classical (airline and hotel) revenue management mechanisms such as advanced purchase discounts, booking limits and fixed multiple prices. I normally use the game as a base to introduce RM and to develop RM forecasting and optimization concepts off it. The game is particularly suited for non-technical audiences.

What do outside experts bring to a committee? Evidence from the Bank of England

We test whether outside experts have information not available to insiders by usingthe voting record of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee. Memberswith more private information should vote more often against conventional wisdom,which we measure as the average belief of market economists about future interest rates. We find evidence that external members indeed have information notavailable to internals, but also use a quasi-natural experiment to show they mayexaggerate their expertise to obtain reappointment. This implies that an optimalcommittee, even outside monetary policy, should potentially include outsiders, butneeds to manage career concerns.

L'IST : une référence en matière de santé au travail

Affilié aux universités de Lausanne et de Genève, l'Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (IST) est actif dans la promotion de la santé au travail. Il intervient dans l'enseignement, la recherche, l'expertise et le conseil et agit sur le terrain en tant que consultant ou expert. Différents spécialistes sont réunis, tels que médecins du travail, ergonomes, psychologues, hygiénistes, chimistes, ingénieurs et experts de laboratoire. Toute entreprise peut ainsi faire appel au secteur expertise et conseil de l'institut pour des analyses de situation en milieu professionnel : hygiène et sécurité, gestion de la santé dans l'entreprise, ergonomie, analyse de l'exposition aux produits toxiques et prévention du burnout notamment.

Estimating Bayesian decision problems with heterogeneous priors

In many areas of economics there is a growing interest in how expertise andpreferences drive individual and group decision making under uncertainty. Increasingly, we wish to estimate such models to quantify which of these drive decisionmaking. In this paper we propose a new channel through which we can empirically identify expertise and preference parameters by using variation in decisionsover heterogeneous priors. Relative to existing estimation approaches, our \Prior-Based Identification" extends the possible environments which can be estimated,and also substantially improves the accuracy and precision of estimates in thoseenvironments which can be estimated using existing methods.

Coronary MR angiography clinical applications and potential for imaging coronary artery disease.

Over the past decade, CMRA has emerged as a unique clinical imaging tool with applications in selected populations. Patients with suspected coronary artery anomalies and patients with Kawasaki disease and coronary aneurysms are among those for whom CMRA has demonstrated clinical usefulness. For assessment of patients with atherosclerotic CAD, CMRA is useful for detection of patency of bypass grafts. At centers with appropriate expertise and resources, CMRA also appears to be of value for exclusion of severe proximal multivessel CAD in selected patients. Data from multicenter trials will continue to define the clinical role of CMRA, particularly as it relates to assessment of CAD. Future developments and enhancements of CMRA promise better lumen and coronary artery wall imaging. This may become the new target in noninvasive evaluation of CAD.

A problemática do risco cambial na importação estudo de caso: Empresas Importadoras de Automóveis em Cabo Verde

A problemática do risco cambial surge a partir do momento em que agentes económicos decidem efectuar as suas transacções internacionais em divisas. Neste contexto, a necessidade de conhecer e compreender o mercado cambial é peremptório. Como forma de se protegerem das exposições de taxas de câmbio, os agentes sentem necessidade de recorrer a instrumentos de protecção cambial, de forma a proporcionar uma maior segurança à negociação. O presente trabalho teve como objectivo identificar e avaliar o risco cambial nas empresas de importação de automóveis em Cabo Verde, bem como estudar o mercado cambial Cabo-verdiano, procurando, simultaneamente identificar os instrumentos de protecção disponíveis na nossa praça. No entanto, observou-se que no mercado nacional não há utilização dos derivados financeiros, embora, já seja prevista a sua implementação. Deste modo, as empresas de importação de automóveis encontram-se totalmente expostas a esse risco de mercado, e sem qualquer experiência em lidar com os instrumentos de protecção cambial. Para a consecução dos objectivos propostos, realizou-se um estudo de caso, com o propósito de estudar a problemática do risco cambial nas empresas de importação de automóveis em Cabo Verde. A colecta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionários aplicados às empresas importadoras de automóveis e foi complementada com uma entrevista não estruturada aplicada a um especialista com know-how na área. Com o estudo foi possível descrever todas as etapas do processo de importação de automóveis e analisar a expressividade dos riscos cambiais nessas empresas. The problem of currency risk arises from the moment when economic agents decide to perform their international transactions in any foreign exchange. In this respect, the need to know and understand the exchange market is peremptory. As a way to protect themselves from the exposure of rates exchange, agents feel the need to resort to cambial instruments of protection, to provide a greater security to negotiations. This present work had as objectives to identify and survey the currency risk in importing cars companies in Cape Verde, as well as studying the Cape Verdean exchange market to, simultaneously, identify the instruments of protection existent. However, it was observed that in the national market there is no use of financial derivatives, although its implementation is decided. Thus, importing cars companies are entirely exposed to this market risk and without any experience in dealing with the hedging risks these transactions imply. To the attainment of the proposed objectives, we performed a case study with the purpose of studying the problem of currency risk in the importing cars companies in Cape Verde. The data collection was held through questionnaires to the cars importing companies and was complemented with an unstructured interview applied to a specialist with expertise in the area. With the study it was possible to describe all the stages of importing cars process and analyze the expressiveness of currency risks in these companies.

What comes to mind

We present a model of intuitive inference, called local thinking, in which anagent combines data received from the external world with information retrieved frommemory to evaluate a hypothesis. In this model, selected and limited recall ofinformation follows a version of the respresentativeness heuristic. The model canaccount for some of the evidence on judgment biases, including conjunction anddisjunction fallacies, but also for several anomalies related to demand for insurance.

Analyse der Hepatitis-C-Situation bei den drogenkonsumierenden Personen in der Schweiz

Die Analyse der Hepatitis-C-Situation bei den drogenkonsumierenden Personen in der Schweiz beruht auf verschiedenen Methoden: Analyse der publizierten und grauen Literatur zu diesem Thema, Sekundäranalyse verfügbarer Daten, Befragung nationaler Fachpersonen, Befragung drogenkonsumierender Personen (DU), Fallstudien in vier Kantonen (Zürich, Waadt, Aargau, Wallis), Internetumfrage bei den Einrichtungen, die DU stationär oder ambulant behandeln, sowie bei den niederschwelligen Einrichtungen zur Risikominderung. In den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten erreichte die Zahl der neu gemeldeten Infektionen mit dem Hepatitis-C-Virus (HCV) Ende der 90er-Jahre eine Spitze mit mehr als 2500 Fällen pro Jahr, wobei mehr als 30 % dieser Fälle Personen betrafen, die intravenös Drogen konsumieren (IDU). Die Zahl neu gemeldeter Fälle sank anschliessend bis auf 1500 Fälle im Jahr 2011 und stieg dann wieder auf mehr als 1700 Fälle im Jahr 2013 an. Der Anteil der IDU belief sich auf etwas mehr 20 % (436 Fälle, kein Wiederanstieg der Anzahl neuer Fälle in dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe). Die für die Gesamtbevölkerung der Schweiz geschätzte Prävalenz der HCV-Infektionen bewegt sich je nach Autor zwischen 0,7 % und 1,75 %. Bei Männern, die Sex mit Männern haben (MSM), ist dieser Wert etwas höher (2 %). Bei Staatsangehörigen aus Ländern mit einer höheren Prävalenz (Afrika südlich der Sahara, bestimmte Länder des Nahen Ostens und Südostasiens) ist die Prävalenzrate vermutlich erhöht; es sind jedoch keine Werte bekannt. Auch in Gefängnissen ist die HCV-Prävalenz höher als in der Gesamtbevölkerung, da DU und Staatsangehörige aus Ländern mit höherer Prävalenz stärker vertreten sind (zwischen 5 und 10 %). Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass es bei etwa zwei Drittel der Fälle zu einem chronischen Krankheitsverlauf kommt.

A transnacionalização das políticas educativas : itinerários da cooperação portuguesa em Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau e S. Tomé e Príncipe (1974-2002)

The main focus of the present investigation is on the transnationalization of the education policies in Cape Verde, Guine-Bissau and San Tome and Prince from 1974 to 2002 and it deals mostly with the role played by the Portuguese co operants in this field, namely teachers, teacher trainers and education technicians. Our investigation is based mostly on the theoretical and empiric analysis of the problematic of the transnatio nalizaton of the education policies, bearing in mind the concepts formulated by several renowned authors like those by Stone(2001, 2004) as well as by Dolowitz and Marsch (2002) concerning the area of knowledge transfer. The concept transnationalization we have used throughout this dissertationshould be interpreted as a carrefour , that is, a crossroad of technical knowledge, resulting from the way the different mediators have shared their expertise and who gradually contributed to the implementation of the new education systems and the consolidation of the education policies of the countries just mentioned before. We have also analyzed specific points of reference connected both with globalization and organization sociology theories since the school is the main scope of action where the participants interact using diversified strategies due to their different interests and aims. Those schools are more and more confronted with education policies resulting from neoliberal assumptions therefore we label them terminals of the education policy journeys. The naturalist paradigm, which includes a qualitative and interpretative approach, answers for the design of this investigation, whose main strategy is the Oral History. The primary sources analyzed and the interviews made have enabled us to build our knowledge based on the grounded theory method (Glasser and Strauss, 1967), supported by the informatic programme Atlas TI. We conclude that despite the weaknesses and fragilities of the Portuguese cooperation, this is the right arena for a more convergent transference of values and education (al) systems; it is a kind of hybrid territory where the knowledge transfer suits the local reality, independently of all the dilemmas resulting from globalization.

First nationwide study on driving under the influence of drugs in Switzerland.

In Switzerland, a two-tier system based on impairment by any psychoactive substances which affect the capacity to drive safely and zero tolerance for certain illicit drugs came into force on 1 January 2005. According to the new legislation, the offender is sanctioned if Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol THC is >or=1.5ng/ml or amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), cocaine, free morphine are >or=15ng/ml in whole blood (confidence interval+/-30%). For all other psychoactive substances, impairment must be proven in applying the so-called "three pillars expertise". At the same time the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving was lowered from 0.80 to 0.50g/kg. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of drugs in the first year after the introduction of the revision of the Swiss Traffic Law in the population of drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). A database was developed to collect the data from all DUID cases submitted by the police or the Justice to the eight Swiss authorized laboratories between January and December 2005. Data collected were anonymous and included the age, gender, date and time of the event, the type of vehicle, the circumstances, the sampling time and the results of all the performed toxicological analyses. The focus was explicitly on DUID; cases of drivers who were suspected to be under the influence of ethanol only were not considered. The final study population included 4794 DUID offenders (4243 males, 543 females). The mean age of all drivers was 31+/-12 years (range 14-92 years). One or more psychoactive drugs were detected in 89% of all analyzed blood samples. In 11% (N=530) of the samples, neither alcohol nor drugs were present. The most frequently encountered drugs in whole blood were cannabinoids (48% of total number of cases), ethanol (35%), cocaine (25%), opiates (10%), amphetamines (7%), benzodiazepines (6%) and methadone (5%). Other medicinal drugs such as antidepressants and benzodiazepine-like were detected less frequently. Poly-drug use was prevalent but it may be underestimated because the laboratories do not always analyze all drugs in a blood sample. This first Swiss study points out that DUID is a serious problem on the roads in Switzerland. Further investigations will show if this situation has changed in the following years.

Social value orientation as a moral intuition: Decision-making in the dictator game

We studied the decision making process in the Dictator Game and showed that decisions are the result of a two-step process. In a first step, decision makers generate an automatic, intuitive proposal. Given sufficient motivation and cognitive resources, they adjust this in a second, more deliberated phase. In line with the social intuitionist model, we show that one s Social Value Orientation determines intuitive choice tendencies in the first step, and that this effect is mediated by the dictator s perceived interpersonal closeness with the receiver. Self-interested concerns subsequently leadto a reduction of donation size in step 2. Finally, we show that increasing interpersonal closeness can promote pro-social decision-making.

Hippocampal volume predicts fluid intelligence in musically trained people.

Recently, age-related hippocampal (HP) volume loss could be associated with a decrease in general fluid intelligence (gF). In the present study we investigated whether and how extensive musical training modulates human HP volume and gF performance. Previously, some studies demonstrated positive effects of musical training on higher cognitive functions such as learning and memory, associated with neural adaptations beyond the auditory domain. In order to detect possible associations between musical training and gF, we bilaterally segmented the HP formation and assessed the individual gF performance of people with different levels of musical expertise. Multiple regression analyses revealed that HP volume predicts gF in musicians but not in nonmusicians; in particular, bilaterally enhanced HP volume is associated with increased gF exclusively in musically trained people (amateurs and experts). This result suggests that musical training facilitates the recruitment of cognitive resources, which are essential for gF and linked to HP functioning. Musical training, even at a moderate level of intensity, can thus be considered as a potential strategy to decelerate age-related effects of cognitive decline. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Virtual autopsy with multiphase postmortem computed tomographic angiography versus traditional medical autopsy to investigate unexpected deaths of hospitalized patients: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: "Virtual" autopsy by postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) can replace medical autopsy to a certain extent but has limitations for cardiovascular diseases. These limitations might be overcome by adding multiphase PMCT angiography. OBJECTIVE: To compare virtual autopsy by multiphase PMCT angiography with medical autopsy. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01541995) SETTING: Single-center study at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, between 1 April 2012 and 31 March 2013. PATIENTS: Hospitalized patients who died unexpectedly or within 48 hours of an event necessitating cardiopulmonary resuscitation. MEASUREMENTS: Diagnoses from clinical records were compared with findings from both types of autopsy. New diagnoses identified by autopsy were classified as major or minor, depending on whether they would have altered clinical management. RESULTS: Of 143 eligible patients, 50 (35%) had virtual and medical autopsy. Virtual autopsy confirmed 93% of all 336 diagnoses identified from antemortem medical records, and medical autopsy confirmed 80%. In addition, virtual and medical autopsy identified 16 new major and 238 new minor diagnoses. Seventy-three of the virtual autopsy diagnoses, including 32 cases of coronary artery stenosis, were identified solely by multiphase PMCT angiography. Of the 114 clinical diagnoses classified as cardiovascular, 110 were confirmed by virtual autopsy and 107 by medical autopsy. In 11 cases, multiphase PMCT angiography showed "unspecific filling defects," which were not reported by medical autopsy. LIMITATION: These results come from a single center with concerted interest and expertise in postmortem imaging; further studies are thus needed for generalization. CONCLUSION: In cases of unexpected death, the addition of multiphase PMCT angiography increases the value of virtual autopsy, making it a feasible alternative for quality control and identification of diagnoses traditionally made by medical autopsy. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf.