Étude de la toxicité causée par le gène C9orf72 dans la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique

La Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie neurodégénérative qui affecte les neurones moteurs. 10% des cas sont des cas familiaux et l’étude de ces familles a mené à la découverte de plusieurs gènes pouvant causer la SLA, incluant SOD1, TARDBP et FUS. L’expansion de la répétition GGGGCC dans le gène C9orf72 est, à ce jour, la cause la plus connue de SLA. L’impact de cette expansion est encore méconnu et il reste à déterminer si la toxicité est causée par un gain de fonction, une perte de fonction ou les deux. Plusieurs gènes impliqués dans la SLA sont conservés entre le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans et l’humain. C. elegans est un vers transparent fréquemment utilisé pour des études anatomiques, comportementales et génétiques. Il possède une lignée cellulaire invariable qui inclue 302 neurones. Aussi, les mécanismes de réponse au stress ainsi que les mécanismes de vieillissement sont très bien conservés entre ce nématode et l’humain. Donc, notre groupe, et plusieurs autres, ont utilisé C. elegans pour étudier plusieurs aspects de la SLA. Pour mieux comprendre la toxicité causée par l’expansion GGGGCC de C9orf72, nous avons développé deux modèles de vers pour étudier l’impact d’une perte de fonction ainsi que d’un gain de toxicité de l’ARN. Pour voir les conséquences d’une perte de fonction, nous avons étudié l’orthologue de C9orf72 dans C. elegans, alfa-1 (ALS/FTD associated gene homolog). Les vers mutants alfa-1(ok3062) développent des problèmes moteurs causant une paralysie et une dégénérescence spécifique des neurones moteurs GABAergiques. De plus, les mutants sont sensibles au stress osmotique qui provoque une dégénérescence. D’autre part, l’expression de la séquence d’ARN contenant une répétition pathogénique GGGGCC cause aussi des problèmes moteurs et de la dégénérescence affectant les neurones moteurs. Nos résultats suggèrent donc qu’un gain de toxicité de l’ARN ainsi qu’une perte de fonction de C9orf72 sont donc toxiques pour les neurones. Puisque le mouvement du vers peut être rapidement évalué en cultivant les vers dans un milieu liquide, nous avons développé un criblage de molécules pouvant affecter le mouvement des vers mutants alfa-1 en culture liquide. Plus de 4 000 composés ont été évalués et 80 ameliore la mobilité des vers alfa-1. Onze molécules ont aussi été testées dans les vers exprimant l’expansion GGGGCC et huit diminuent aussi le phénotype moteur de ces vers. Finalement, des huit molécules qui diminent la toxicité causée par la perte de fonction de C9orf72 et la toxicité de l’ARN, deux restaurent aussi l’expression anormale de plusieurs transcrits d’ARN observée dans des cellules dérivées de patient C9orf72. Avec ce projet, nous voulons identifier des molécules pouvant affecter tous les modes de toxicité de C9orf72 et possiblement ouvrir de nouvelles avenues thérapeutiques

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with bradyphrenia and psychiatric disorders: a case with 18F-FDG PET imaging and a literature review

Background and Objectives: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid-storage disease caused by mutations in the CYP27A1. The purpose of this study is to determine the clinical characteristics, neuroimaging and mutation detect in a family with CTX systematically. Methods: Collecting history materials and detecting the routine clinical biochemical tests and imaging examination, and for the first time taking the whole body positron emission tomography (PET)-CT examination for probed in the world to research abnormal metabolism activities in CTX. To observe the effect of treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and stains before and after the intervention, using serum lipid level detection and neuropsychological evaluation. Genetic testing was carried out to screen the nine exons and exon-intron boundaries about 200-300bq of CYP27A1. Results: A 37-year-old woman with typical clinical characteristics of CTX. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain showed bilateral lesions in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, then, PET images revealed multiple abnormal hypermetabolism areas at distal tendon, and multifocal areas of hypometabolism in bilateral sides of cerebellar hemispheres, the frontal lobe and temporal lobe. Histopathology reveals accumulation of xanthoma cells and dispersed lipid crystal clefts in xanthomas. In genetic analysis, it shown an insertion of cytosine (77-78insC) located in the first exon of CYP27A1 in the proband. Conclusions: We found that a Chinese patient presented a typical clinical feature of CTX along with clear correlation on both structural and functional imaging had a novel mutation in the CYP27A1 gene.

Étude de la toxicité causée par le gène C9orf72 dans la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique

La Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie neurodégénérative qui affecte les neurones moteurs. 10% des cas sont des cas familiaux et l’étude de ces familles a mené à la découverte de plusieurs gènes pouvant causer la SLA, incluant SOD1, TARDBP et FUS. L’expansion de la répétition GGGGCC dans le gène C9orf72 est, à ce jour, la cause la plus connue de SLA. L’impact de cette expansion est encore méconnu et il reste à déterminer si la toxicité est causée par un gain de fonction, une perte de fonction ou les deux. Plusieurs gènes impliqués dans la SLA sont conservés entre le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans et l’humain. C. elegans est un vers transparent fréquemment utilisé pour des études anatomiques, comportementales et génétiques. Il possède une lignée cellulaire invariable qui inclue 302 neurones. Aussi, les mécanismes de réponse au stress ainsi que les mécanismes de vieillissement sont très bien conservés entre ce nématode et l’humain. Donc, notre groupe, et plusieurs autres, ont utilisé C. elegans pour étudier plusieurs aspects de la SLA. Pour mieux comprendre la toxicité causée par l’expansion GGGGCC de C9orf72, nous avons développé deux modèles de vers pour étudier l’impact d’une perte de fonction ainsi que d’un gain de toxicité de l’ARN. Pour voir les conséquences d’une perte de fonction, nous avons étudié l’orthologue de C9orf72 dans C. elegans, alfa-1 (ALS/FTD associated gene homolog). Les vers mutants alfa-1(ok3062) développent des problèmes moteurs causant une paralysie et une dégénérescence spécifique des neurones moteurs GABAergiques. De plus, les mutants sont sensibles au stress osmotique qui provoque une dégénérescence. D’autre part, l’expression de la séquence d’ARN contenant une répétition pathogénique GGGGCC cause aussi des problèmes moteurs et de la dégénérescence affectant les neurones moteurs. Nos résultats suggèrent donc qu’un gain de toxicité de l’ARN ainsi qu’une perte de fonction de C9orf72 sont donc toxiques pour les neurones. Puisque le mouvement du vers peut être rapidement évalué en cultivant les vers dans un milieu liquide, nous avons développé un criblage de molécules pouvant affecter le mouvement des vers mutants alfa-1 en culture liquide. Plus de 4 000 composés ont été évalués et 80 ameliore la mobilité des vers alfa-1. Onze molécules ont aussi été testées dans les vers exprimant l’expansion GGGGCC et huit diminuent aussi le phénotype moteur de ces vers. Finalement, des huit molécules qui diminent la toxicité causée par la perte de fonction de C9orf72 et la toxicité de l’ARN, deux restaurent aussi l’expression anormale de plusieurs transcrits d’ARN observée dans des cellules dérivées de patient C9orf72. Avec ce projet, nous voulons identifier des molécules pouvant affecter tous les modes de toxicité de C9orf72 et possiblement ouvrir de nouvelles avenues thérapeutiques

A truncation in the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor of the CRL:WI(Han) rat does not affect the developmental toxicity of TCDD

The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) is required for the toxicity of TCDD, and so the AhR of CRL:WI and CRL:WI(Han) rats was characterised. Western blot showed AhR proteins of ~110 and ~97 kDa in individual rats from both strains. The AhR cDNA from a CRL:WI(Han) rat with the ~110kDa protein revealed a sequence that was identical to that of the CRL:WI and SD rat. However, cloning of the AhR from a rat with the ~97kDa protein revealed a point mutation, and five variants encoding two C-terminally truncated variants of the AhR protein, arising from a point mutation in the intron/exon junction and consequent differential splicing. These C-terminally truncated variants were expressed and shown to give rise to a protein of ~97kDa; the recombinant AhR bound TCDD with an affinity that was not statistically different from the full-length protein. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay was developed, and showed that both alleles were represented in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in samples of CRL:WI and CRL:WI(Han) populations; both alleles are abundant. Rats from two studies of TCDD developmental toxicity were genotyped, and the association with toxicity investigated using statistical analysis. There was no plausible evidence that the AhR allele had a significant effect on the toxic endpoints examined. These data show that the two AhR alleles are common in two strains of Wistar rat, and that the AhR alleles had no effect on TCDD-induced developmental toxicity in two independent studies.

Friedreich Ataxia

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is the most common autosomal recessive hereditary ataxia in Caucasians. Neurological symptoms dominate the clinical picture. The underlying neuropathology affects the dorsal root ganglia, the spinal cord, and the deep cerebellar nuclei. In addition, most cases present a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that may cause premature death. Other problems include a high risk of diabetes, skeletal abnormalities such as kyphoscoliosis, and pes cavus. Most patients carry a homozygous expansion of GAA trinucleotide repeat within the first intron of the FXN gene, leading to repressed transcription through epigenetic mechanisms. The encoded protein, frataxin, is localized in mitochondria and participates in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters. Frataxin deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, altered iron metabolism, and oxidative damage. Thanks to progress in understanding pathogenesis and to the development of animal and cellular models, therapies targeted to correct frataxin deficiency or its downstream consequences are being developed and tested in clinical trials.

Friedreich Ataxia

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive neurological and cardiac abnormalities. It has a prevalence of around 2×10⁵ in whites, accounting for more than one-third of the cases of recessively inherited ataxia in this ethnic group. FRDA may not exist in nonwhite populations.The first symptoms usually appear in childhood, but age of onset may vary from infancy to adulthood. Atrophy of sensory and cerebellar pathways causes ataxia, dysarthria, fixation instability, deep sensory loss, and loss of tendon reflexes. Corticospinal degeneration leads to muscular weakness and extensor plantar responses. A hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may contribute to disability and cause premature death. Other common problems include kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus, and, in 10% of patients, diabetes mellitus.The FRDA gene (FXN) encodes a small mitochondrial protein, frataxin, which is produced in insufficient amounts in the disease, as a consequence of the epigenetic silencing of the gene triggered by a GAA triplet repeat expansion in the first intron of the gene. Frataxin deficiency results in impaired iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in mitochondria, in turn leading to widespread dysfunction of iron-sulfur center containing enzymes (in particular respiratory complexes I, II and III, and aconitase), impaired iron metabolism, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therapy aims to restore frataxin levels or to correct the consequences of its deficiency.

Association of the solute carrier family 11 member 1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to leprosy in a Brazilian sample

Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1/solute carrier family 11 member 1 gene (Nramp1/Slc11a1) is a gene that controls the susceptibility of inbred mice to intracellular pathogens. Polymorphisms in the human Slc11a1/Nramp1 gene have been associated with host susceptibility to leprosy. This study has evaluated nine polymorphisms of the Slc11a1/Nramp1 gene [(GT)n, 274C/T, 469+14G/C, 577-18G/A, 823C/T, 1029 C/T, 1465-85G/A, 1703G/A, and 1729+55del4] in 86 leprosy patients (67 and 19 patients had the multibacillary and the paucibacillary clinical forms of the disease, respectively), and 239 healthy controls matched by age, gender, and ethnicity. The frequency of allele 2 of the (GT)n polymorphism was higher in leprosy patients [p = 0.04, odds ratio (OR) = 1.49], whereas the frequency of allele 3 was higher in the control group (p = 0.03; OR = 0.66). Patients carrying the 274T allele (p = 0.04; OR = 1.49) and TT homozygosis (p = 0.02; OR = 2.46), such as the 469+14C allele (p = 0.03; OR = 1.53) of the 274C/T and 469+14G/C polymorphisms, respectively, were more frequent in the leprosy group. The leprosy and control groups had similar frequency of the 577-18G/A, 823C/T, 1029C/T, 1465-85G/A, 1703G/A, and 1729+55del4 polymorphisms. The 274C/T polymorphism in exon 3 and the 469+14G/C polymorphism in intron 4 were associated with susceptibility to leprosy, while the allele 2 and 3 of the (GT)n polymorphism in the promoter region were associated with susceptibility and protection to leprosy, respectively.

Molecular analysis of exons 8, 9 and 10 of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene in two families with index cases of Apert Syndrome

Introduction: Apert syndrome (AS) is a craniosynostosis condition caused by mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. Clinical features include cutaneous and osseous symmetric syndactily in hands and feet, with variable presentations in bones, brain, skin and other internal organs. Methods: Members of two families with an index case of Apert Syndrome were assessed to describe relevant clinical features and molecular analysis (sequencing and amplification) of exons 8, 9 and 10 of FGFR2 gen. Results: Family 1 consists of the mother, the index case and half -brother who has a cleft lip and palate. In this family we found a single FGFR2 mutation, S252W, in the sequence of exon 8. Although mutations were not found in the study of the patient affected with cleft lip and palate, it is known that these diseases share signaling pathways, allowing suspected alterations in shared genes. In the patient of family 2, we found a sequence variant T78.501A located near the splicing site, which could interfere in this process, and consequently with the protein function.

Association of kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) gene polymorphism/ haplotypes with recurrent spontaneous abortion and genetic structure

Background: Recurrent spontaneous abortion is one of the diseases that can lead to physical, psychological, and, economical problems for both individuals and society. Recently a few numbers of genetic polymorphisms in kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) gene are examined that can endanger the life of the fetus in pregnant women. Objective: The risk of KDR gene polymorphisms was investigated in Iranian women with idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Materials and Methods: A case controlled study was performed. One hundred idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion patients with at least two consecutive pregnancy losses before 20 weeks of gestational age with normal karyotypes were included in the study. Also, 100 healthy women with at least one natural pregnancy were studied as control group. Two functional SNPs located in KDR gene; rs1870377 (Q472H), and rs2305948 (V297I) as well as one tag SNP in the intron region (rs6838752) were genotyped by using PCR based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Haplotype frequency was determined for these three SNPs’ genotypes. Analysis of genetic STRUCTURE and K means clustering were performed to study genetic variation. Results: Functional SNP (rs1870377) was highly linked to tag SNP (rs6838752) (D´ value=0. 214; χ2 = 16.44, p<0. 001). K means clustering showed that k = 8 as the best fit for the optimal number of genetic subgroups in our studied materials. This result was in agreement with Neighbor Joining cluster analysis. Conclusion: In our study, the allele and genotype frequencies were not associated with RSA between patient and control individuals. Inconsistent results in different populations with different allele frequencies among RSA patients and controls may be due to ethnic variation and used sample size.

Wild carrot differentiation in Europe and positive selection at DcAOX1 gene

By definition, the domestication process leads to an overall reduction of crop genetic diversity. This lead to the current search of genomic regions in wild crop relatives (CWR), an important task for modern carrot breeding. Nowadays massive sequencing possibilities can allow for discovery of novel genetic resources in wild populations, but this quest could be aided by the use of a surrogate gene (to first identify and prioritize novel wild populations for increased sequencing effort). Alternative oxidase (AOX) gene family seems to be linked to all kinds of abiotic and biotic stress reactions in various organisms and thus have the potential to be used in the identification of CWR hotspots of environment-adapted diversity. High variability of DcAOX1 was found in populations of wild carrot sampled across a West-European environmental gradient. Even though no direct relation was found with the analyzed climatic conditions or with physical distance, population differentiation exists and results mainly from the polymorphisms associated with DcAOX1 exon 1 and intron 1. The relatively high number of amino acid changes and the identification of several unusually variable positions (through a likelihood ratio test), suggests that DcAOX1 gene might be under positive selection. However, if positive selection is considered, it only acts on some specific populations (i.e. is in the form of adaptive differences in different population locations) given the observed high genetic diversity. We were able to identify two populations with higher levels of differentiation which are promising as hot spots of specific functional diversity.

Molecular simulations and modeling of pharmaceutically relevant RNA-processing enzymes

The two-metal-ion architecture is a structural feature found in a variety of RNA processing metalloenzymes or ribozymes (RNA-based enzymes), which control the biogenesis and the metabolism of vital RNAs, including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Notably, such ncRNAs are emerging as key players for the regulation of cellular homeostasis, and their altered expression has been often linked to the development of severe human pathologies, from cancer to mental disorders. Accordingly, understanding the biological processing of ncRNAs is foundational for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and tools. Here, we use state-of the-art molecular simulations, complemented with X-ray crystallography and biochemical experiments, to characterize the RNA processing cycle as catalyzed by two two-metal-ion enzymes: the group II intron ribozymes and the RNase H1. We show that multiple and diverse cations are strategically recruited at and timely released from the enzymes’ active site during catalysis. Such a controlled cations’ trafficking leads to the recursive formation and disruption of an extended two-metal ion architecture that is functional for RNA-hydrolysis – from substrate recruitment to product release. Importantly, we found that these cations’ binding sites are conserved among other RNA-processing machineries, including the human spliceosome and CRISPR-Cas systems, suggesting that an evolutionarily-converged catalytic strategy is adopted by these enzymes to process RNA molecules. Thus, our findings corroborate and sensibly extend the current knowledge of two-metal-ion enzymes, and support the design of novel drugs targeting RNA-processing metalloenzymes or ribozymes as well as the rational engineering of novel programmable gene-therapy tools.