Tropical climate and vegetation simulations during the Heinrich event 1 using an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC) - the University of Victoria Earth System-Climate Model (UVic ESCM)

Abrupt climate changes from 18 to 15 thousand years before present (kyr BP) associated with Heinrich Event 1 (HE1) had a strong impact on vegetation patterns not only at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, but also in the tropical regions around the Atlantic Ocean. To gain a better understanding of the linkage between high and low latitudes, we used the University of Victoria (UVic) Earth System-Climate Model (ESCM) with dynamical vegetation and land surface components to simulate four scenarios of climate-vegetation interaction: the pre-industrial era, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and a Heinrich-like event with two different climate backgrounds (interglacial and glacial). We calculated mega-biomes from the plant-functional types (PFTs) generated by the model to allow for a direct comparison between model results and palynological vegetation reconstructions. Our calculated mega-biomes for the pre-industrial period and the LGM corresponded well with biome reconstructions of the modern and LGM time slices, respectively, except that our pre-industrial simulation predicted the dominance of grassland in southern Europe and our LGM simulation resulted in more forest cover in tropical and sub-tropical South America. The HE1-like simulation with a glacial climate background produced sea-surface temperature patterns and enhanced inter-hemispheric thermal gradients in accordance with the "bipolar seesaw" hypothesis. We found that the cooling of the Northern Hemisphere caused a southward shift of those PFTs that are indicative of an increased desertification and a retreat of broadleaf forests in West Africa and northern South America. The mega-biomes from our HE1 simulation agreed well with paleovegetation data from tropical Africa and northern South America. Thus, according to our model-data comparison, the reconstructed vegetation changes for the tropical regions around the Atlantic Ocean were physically consistent with the remote effects of a Heinrich event under a glacial climate background.

Collision deformation classification training program: intermediate level - training/reference module.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Intermediate converstional German /

Includes index.

Inflammation du grisou par les filaments incandescents des lampes électriques.

Extrait des Annales des mines de Belgique, t. XVI.

Review of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's change in procedure concerning sales of commodities through the Export Credit Guarantee Program and the Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Tobacco and Peanuts of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, October 6, 1988.

"Serial no. 100-113."

Human spaceflight : activities for the intermediate student.

"10/85."--P. i (1st group)

A course in general science for the intermediate school,

Thesis for degree of Graduate in Education--Univ. of California. May, 1918.

Intermediate range earth motion measurements : final report /

"Issued: March 21, 1963"--Cover ; "October 31, 1962"--Title page.

Intermediate range earth motion measurements : preliminary report /

"Prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission."

A Greek grammar to the New Testament, and to the common or Hellenic diction of the later Greek writers; arranged as a supplement to Dr. Philip Buttmann's "Intermediate, or larger Greek grammar."

Mode of access: Internet.

Intermediate reports of surges and active prominence regions.

Mode of access: Internet.

Subject index to books for intermediate grades.

Previous editions comp. by Eloise Rue.

English grammar and how to teach it : designed as a textbook for common schools, and for the primary, intermediate, and grammar departments of graded schools /

Includes index.