DNA methylation analysis of phenotype specific stratified Indian population

Background: DNA methylation and its perturbations are an established attribute to a wide spectrum of phenotypic variations and disease conditions. Indian traditional system practices personalized medicine through indigenous concept of distinctly descriptive physiological, psychological and anatomical features known as prakriti. Here we attempted to establish DNA methylation differences in these three prakriti phenotypes. Methods: Following structured and objective measurement of 3416 subjects, whole blood DNA of 147 healthy male individuals belonging to defined prakriti (Vata, Pitta and Kapha) between the age group of 20-30years were subjected to methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and microarray analysis. After data analysis, prakriti specific signatures were validated through bisulfite DNA sequencing. Results: Differentially methylated regions in CpG islands and shores were significantly enriched in promoters/UTRs and gene body regions. Phenotypes characterized by higher metabolism (Pitta prakriti) in individuals showed distinct promoter (34) and gene body methylation (204), followed by Vata prakriti which correlates to motion showed DNA methylation in 52 promoters and 139 CpG islands and finally individuals with structural attributes (Kapha prakriti) with 23 and 19 promoters and CpG islands respectively. Bisulfite DNA sequencing of prakriti specific multiple CpG sites in promoters and 5'-UTR such as; LHX1 (Vata prakriti), SOX11 (Pitta prakriti) and CDH22 (Kapha prakriti) were validated. Kapha prakriti specific CDH22 5'-UTR CpG methylation was also found to be associated with higher body mass index (BMI). Conclusion: Differential DNA methylation signatures in three distinct prakriti phenotypes demonstrate the epigenetic basis of Indian traditional human classification which may have relevance to personalized medicine.

Anthropogenic aerosol fraction over the Indian region: model simulations versus multi-satellite data analysis

Anthropogenic aerosols play a crucial role in our environment, climate, and health. Assessment of spatial and temporal variation in anthropogenic aerosols is essential to determine their impact. Aerosols are of natural and anthropogenic origin and together constitute a composite aerosol system. Information about either component needs elimination of the other from the composite aerosol system. In the present work we estimated the anthropogenic aerosol fraction (AF) over the Indian region following two different approaches and inter-compared the estimates. We espouse multi-satellite data analysis and model simulations (using the CHIMERE Chemical transport model) to derive natural aerosol distribution, which was subsequently used to estimate AF over the Indian subcontinent. These two approaches are significantly different from each other. Natural aerosol satellite-derived information was extracted in terms of optical depth while model simulations yielded mass concentration. Anthropogenic aerosol fraction distribution was studied over two periods in 2008: premonsoon (March-May) and winter (November-February) in regard to the known distinct seasonality in aerosol loading and type over the Indian region. Although both techniques have derived the same property, considerable differences were noted in temporal and spatial distribution. Satellite retrieval of AF showed maximum values during the pre-monsoon and summer months while lowest values were observed in winter. On the other hand, model simulations showed the highest concentration of AF in winter and the lowest during pre-monsoon and summer months. Both techniques provided an annual average AF of comparable magnitude (similar to 0.43 +/- 0.06 from the satellite and similar to 0.48 +/- 0.19 from the model). For winter months the model-estimated AF was similar to 0.62 +/- 0.09, significantly higher than that (0.39 +/- 0.05) estimated from the satellite, while during pre-monsoon months satellite-estimated AF was similar to 0.46 +/- 0.06 and the model simulation estimation similar to 0.53 +/- 0.14. Preliminary results from this work indicate that model-simulated results are nearer to the actual variation as compared to satellite estimation in view of general seasonal variation in aerosol concentrations.

Tracking the migration of the Indian continent using the carbonate clumped isotope technique on Phanerozoic soil carbonates

Approximately 140 million years ago, the Indian plate separated from Gondwana and migrated by almost 90 degrees latitude to its current location, forming the Himalayan-Tibetan system. Large discrepancies exist in the rate of migration of Indian plate during Phanerozoic. Here we describe a new approach to paleo-latitudinal reconstruction based on simultaneous determination of carbonate formation temperature and delta O-18 of soil carbonates, constrained by the abundances of C-13-O-18 bonds in palaeosol carbonates. Assuming that the palaeosol carbonates have a strong relationship with the composition of the meteoric water, delta O-18 carbonate of palaeosol can constrain paleo-latitudinal position. Weighted mean annual rainfall delta O-18 water values measured at several stations across the southern latitudes are used to derive a polynomial equation: delta(18)Ow = -0.006 x (LAT)(2) - 0.294 x (LAT) - 5.29 which is used for latitudinal reconstruction. We use this approach to show the northward migration of the Indian plate from 46.8 +/- 5.8 degrees S during the Permian (269 M. y.) to 30 +/- 11 degrees S during the Triassic (248 M. y.), 14.7 +/- 8.7 degrees S during the early Cretaceous (135 M. y.), and 28 +/- 8.8 degrees S during the late Cretaceous ( 68 M. y.). Soil carbonate delta O-18 provides an alternative method for tracing the latitudinal position of Indian plate in the past and the estimates are consistent with the paleo-magnetic records which document the position of Indian plate prior to 135 +/- 3 M. y.

Strategic Marketing and Innovation Performance of Indian MSMEs

Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is an integral part of the Indian industrial sector. The distinctive features of MSMEs are less capital investment and high labour absorption which has created unprecedented importance to this sector. As per the Development Commissioner of MSME, the sector has the credit of being the second highest in employment in India, which stands next to agricultural sector. The MSMEs are very much needed in efficiently allocating the enormous labour supply and scarce capital by implementing labour intensive production processes. Associated with this high growth rates, MSMEs are also facing a number of problems like sub-optimal scale of operation, technological obsolescence, supply chain inefficiencies, increasing domestic and global competition, fund shortages, change in manufacturing & marketing strategies, turbulent and uncertain market scenario. To survive with such issues and compete with large and global enterprises, MSMEs need to adopt innovative approaches in their regular business operations. Among the manufacturing sectors, we find that they are unable to focus themselves in the present competition. This paper presents a brief literature of work done in MSMEs, Innovation and Strategic marketing with reference to Indian manufacturing firms.

El Nino and the Indian rainfall in June

We have addressed the question of whether the massive deficit of 42% in rainfall over the Indian region in June 2014 can be attributed primarily to the El Nino. We have shown that the variation of convection over the Northern part of the Tropical West Pacific (NWTP: 120-150E, 20-30N) plays a major role in determining the all-India rainfall in June with deficit (excess) in rainfall associated with enhancement (suppression) of convection over NWTP. In June 2014, the outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) anomaly over this region was unfavourable, whereas in June 2015, the OLR anomaly over NWTP was favourable and the all-India rainfall was 16% higher than the long-term average. We find that during El Nino, when the convection over the equatorial central Pacific intensifies, there is a high propensity for intensification of convection over NWTP. Thus, El Nino appears to have an impact on the rainfall over the Indian region via its impact on the convection over the West Pacific, particularly over NWTP. This occurred in June 2014, which suggests that the large deficit in June 2014, could be primarily attributed to the El Nino acting via intensification of convection over NWTP.

The 2014 M-w 6.1 Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, Earthquake: A Possible Association with the 85 degrees E Ridge

Oceanic intraplate earthquakes are known to occur either on active ridge-transform structures or by reactivation of their inactive counterparts, generally referred to as fossil ridges or transforms. The Indian Ocean, one of the most active oceanic intraplate regions, has generated large earthquakes associated with both these types of structures. The moderate earthquake that occurred on 21 May 2014 (M-w 6.1) in the northern Bay of Bengal followed an alternate mechanism, as it showed no clear association either with active or extinct ridge-transform structures. Its focal depth of >50 km is uncommon but not improbable, given the similar to 90 Ma age of the ocean floor with 12-km-thick overlying sediments. No tectonic features have been mapped in the near vicinity of its epicenter, the closest being the 85 degrees E ridge, located similar to 100 km to its west, hitherto regarded as seismically inactive. The few earthquakes that have occurred here in the past are clustered around its southern or northern limits, and a few are located midway, at around 10 degrees N. The 2014 earthquake, sourced close to the northern cluster, seems to be associated with a northwest-southeast-oriented fracture, located on the eastern flanks of the 85 degrees E ridge. If this causal association is possible, we believe that reactivation of fossil hotspot trails could be considered as another mechanism for oceanic intraplate seismicity.

Diversidad de aves en ocho comunidades del territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaisca Kum, Reserva de Biósfera Bosawás, Nicaragua

La introducción de ganado en las áreas tradicionalmente agrícolas en el territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaiska Kum ha influido en una modificación en su orden territorial para dar cabida a éste nuevo rubro por parte de sus habitantes. Es comúnmente conocido que la ganadería es una de las actividades productivas más incompatiblescon el bosque y la conservación de los elementos dentro de éste último, pero la rotación de las áreas de cultivo y pastoreo, y el uso de sistemas silvopastoriles podría reducir el impacto hacia los ambientes naturales. Con este estudio se plantea determinar la diversidad biológica de avifauna en los sistemas silvopastoriles ubicados en las cercanías de ocho comunidades del territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaiska Kum, con el fin de determinar su potencial para preservar aves, en especial, aves de importancia para la conservación nacional. Para lograr los objetivos se realizó conteos de aves mediante el uso de puntos de conteo por comunidad, en las áreas donde suele llevarse a pastorear al ganado. En el estudio se invirtieron tres días por comunidad y se realizaron al menos dos observaciones por día, una entre las 06:00-10:00 y otra entre las 16:00 – 18:00. Con los datos obtenidos se calculó diferentes parámetros de diversidad biológica. Como resultado se observó un total de 423 individuos los cuales están agrupados en 67 especies y 27 familias. Las especies de aves más abundantes fueron: Brotogeris jugularis,Ramphocelus passerinii y Amazona auropaliata. Las comunidades Amarrana,Shiminka y Yakalpanani son las que registraron los mayores valores de los parámetros de biodiversidad. Se determinaron 14 especies en algún grado de conservación según la lista de los apéndices de CITES para Nicaragua y las listas del Sistema Nacional de Vedas 2012, entre éstas se incluyen Brotogeris jugularis y Amazona aurapaliata,as cuales resultaron también abundantes. La comunidad que concentró la mayor cantidad de aves en algún estado de con servación fue Yakalpanani. Las especies de plantas asociadas con la mayor diversidad de aves fueron especies de estadíos tempranos de sucesión como:Cecropia peltata ,Inga sp, Guazuma ulmifolia y Muntingia calabura. Aunque Yakalpanani es una de las comunidades más grandes, comparado con Boca de Plis, la ubicación de su área de pastoreo entre masas boscosas conservadas ha garantizado que los parámetros de diversidad biológica hayan resultado significativamente mayores en ésta, dado a una conectividad hasta el momento poco irrumpida.

Determinación del nivel de conocimiento y aplicación del Instrumento “Evaluación de Efectividad de Manejo de la Reserva Biosfera Bosawas” en las comunidades del Territorio Miskitus Indian Tasbaika Kum, Nicaragua

El presente estudio fue realizado en El Territorio ―Miskitu Indian Tasbaika Kum‖ (MITK), ubicada en la zona núcleo de la Reserva de Biosfera Bosawás (RBB). El propósito del mismo consistió en evaluar el Instrumento Metodológico de evaluación de la efectividad de manejo de la Reserva de Biosfera Bosawas considerando las prácticas, costumbres y tradiciones del Territorio. Para identificar el nivel de conocimiento sobre el instrumento, formas de manejo de los RRNN, alcance de su gestión local y administrativa, su cosmovisión y cultura indígenas del mismo, se implementó la siguiente metodología: (1) Aplicación de entrevista dirigida a un promedio de 25 líderes pre seleccionados en las comunidades del territorio y a 14 estudiantes del territorio que cursan carreras en la UNA; (2) implementación de 3 talleres locales y 1 en las instalaciones de la UNA para la revisión del instrumento (ámbitos, criterios e indicadores) y su posible modificación; (3) Análisis de los resultados: de las entrevistas, de los talleres y de los aportes o comentarios recabados, para estimar el estado de los recursos naturales, del nivel de conocimiento y evaluación de la efectividad de manejo de sus potenciales naturales a partir de la implementación del instrumento. Del total de participantes, en los diferentes encuentros con los líderes asistieron un promedio de 9 mujeres, y en el encuentro con los estudiantes solamente asistió una mujer. Del total de participantes, el 93.3 % desconoce de la existencia del instrumento; solamente el 6.7 %, tiene conocimiento respecto del instrumento metodológico de la efectividad de manejo de RBB, dado que algunos de ellos participaron de su construcción, pero no lo divulgaron en las asambleas del territorio. La evaluación del Instrumento metodológico por los líderes indígenas es considerada en un nivel del cumplimiento del 56 %, en cambio los estudiantes indígenas la evalúan con el 47.2%; significa que para los participantes los Recursos Naturales del territorio se manejan con una efectividad entre la condición de Aceptable y Regular, respectivamente. Lo que significa que hay deficiencia en el cumpliendo de las gestiones administrativas tanto del Gobierno Territorial Indígena (GTI) como de los habitantes indígenas del territorio. A partir de su aplicación, los participantes coinciden en que el instrumento es una vía importante que necesitan divulgar y manejar en los territorios para el desarrollo de capacidades de autogestiones locales en el manejo satisfactorio para sus pueblos.

Interim report on geology and ground-water resources of Indian River County, Florida

In the area of this investigation a partial inventory was made of the estimated 2,000 existing wells to obtain information on location, depth, and yield of representative wells. Also, data were obtained on the quality of water from the various aquifers, and on the fluctuation of water levels in certain wells in the Floridan aquifer. The hydraulic characteristics of the Floridan aquifer at several sites were determined by means of pumping tests. (PDF has 80 pages.)