Uudenmaan vesistöjen ja rannikkovesien tila vuonna 2015

Vuosi 2015 oli edellisen vuoden tapaan poikkeuksellisen, jopa ennätyksellisen lämmin. Helsingin Kaisaniemessä vuoden keskilämpötila oli jopa 1,9 astetta tavanomaista korkeampi. Talvi oli jälleen lyhyt, lauha ja vähäluminen. Suurimmat virtaamat jokivesistöissä mitattiin keväällä ja vuoden lopussa. Jokien mereen kuljettamat ainemäärät olivat vuonna 2015 hiukan edellisvuotta suurempia. Järvien happitilanne lopputalvella 2015 oli kohtalainen johtuen lauhasta talvesta ja lyhyestä jääpeitekaudesta. Kesäaikainen klorofyllipitoisuus oli järvissä keskimäärin samalla tasolla kuin vuonna 2014. Uudenmaan rannikkomerialueella ei ole tapahtunut suuria muutoksia. Merialue on edelleen rehevöitynyt ja pohjien happitilanne on monin paikoin heikko. Sinilevätilanne oli alkukesällä 2015 melko rauhallinen johtuen viileästä ja sateisestä säästä. Sinileväkukinnat runsastuivatkin sekä merialueella että sisävesillä vasta elokuussa. Avomerialueilla loppukesän sinileväkukinnat olivat edellisvuotta suuremmat. Tässä raportissa on käsitelty vain pientä osaa Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen vesistöseurantojen tuloksista. Kaikki alueen järvien, jokien ja rannikkovesien veden laadun seurantatulokset löytyvät internetistä osoitteesta: http://www.syke.fi/fi-FI/Avoin_tieto. Rekisteristä löytyy mm. vedenlaatutuloksia, tietoa vesistöjen pohjaeläin- ja kasviplanktonlajistosta sekä tuloksia kalojen elohopeapitoisuuksista.

Work stress, smoking status and smoking intensity: an observational study of 46 190 employees

Study objective: To examine the relationship between work stress, as indicated by the job strain model and the effort-reward imbalance model, and smoking. Setting: Ten municipalities and 21 hospitals in Finland. Design and Participants: Binary logistic regression models for the prevalence of smoking were related to survey responses of 37 309 female and 8881 male Finnish public sector employees aged 17-65. Separate multinomial logistic regression models were calculated for smoking intensity for 8130 smokers. In addition, binary logistic regression models for ex-smoking were fitted among 16 277 former and current smokers. In all analyses, adjustments were made for age, basic education, occupational status, type of employment and marital status. Main results: Respondents with high effort-reward imbalance or lower rewards were more likely to be smokers. Among smokers, an increased likelihood of higher intensity of smoking was associated with higher job strain and higher effort-reward imbalance and their components such as low job control and low rewards. Smoking intensity was also higher in active jobs in women, in passive jobs and among employees with low effort expenditure. Among former and current smokers, high job strain, high effort-reward imbalance and high job demands were associated with a higher likelihood of being a current smoker. Lower effort was associated with a higher likelihood of ex-smoking. Conclusions: This evidence suggests an association between work stress and smoking and implies that smoking cessation programs may benefit from the taking into account the modification of stressful features of work environment. Key words: effort-reward imbalance; job strain; smoking. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SES, socioeconomic status

Low organisational justice and heavy drinking: a prospective cohort study

Objectives: To investigate whether low perceived organisational injustice predicts heavy drinking among employees. Methods: Data from the prospective occupational cohort study, the 10-Town Study, related to 15 290 Finnish public sector local government employees nested in 2432 work units, were used. Non-drinkers were excluded. Procedural, interactional and total organisational justice, heavy drinking (>=210 g of absolute alcohol per week) and other psychosocial factors were determined by means of questionnaire in 2000-2001 (phase 1) and 2004 (phase 2). Multilevel logistic regression analyses taking into account for the hierarchical structure of the data were conducted and adjustments were made for sex, age, socio-economic position, marital status, baseline heavy drinking, psychological distress and other psychosocial risk factors such as job strain and effort/reward imbalance. Results: After adjustments, participants who reported low procedural justice at phase 1 were about 1.2 times more likely to be heavy drinkers at phase 2 compared with their counterparts with high justice. Low perceived justice in interpersonal treatment and low perceived total organisational justice were associated with an elevated prevalence of heavy drinking only in the socio-demographics adjusted model. Conclusions: This is the first longitudinal study to show that low procedural justice is weakly associated with an increased likelihood of heavy drinking.

La terminología de la compraventa inmobiliaria en España y Finlandia

Este trabajo terminológico trata de los términos en la compraventa inmobiliaria en España y Finlandia. Es un trabajo de carácter descriptivo, y su objetivo es estudiar las diferencias entre los conceptos y términos utilizados en estos dos países y crear una terminología bilingüe que pueda ser útil tanto para los profesionales del sector inmobiliario, los traductores de los contratos como para los consumidores que participen como partes contratantes. El trabajo comienza por una parte teórica, en la que se revisan, por un lado, la terminología como campo de estudio y su situación entre las ciencias cercanas, y, por otro lado, el lenguaje jurídico y sus características, con especial interés en lenguaje utilizado en España y Finlandia. En cuanto a las teorías terminológicas, además de la Teoría General de la Terminología desarrollado por Wüster, se revisan algunas de las teorías más recientes, como la teoría comunicativa de Cabré o la sociocognitiva de Temmerman. Además, para este estudio ha resultado especialmente útil el método de modelado de procesos de Nuopponen que se aplica en dos de los sistemas de conceptos en este trabajo. La segunda parte del trabajo consiste en la terminología de la compraventa inmobiliaria en España y Finlandia. Este trabajo se basa en la recopilación y análisis de los términos utilizados en los contratos de compraventa inmobiliaria, además de los cuales se ha estudiado la legislación pertinente de ambos países. Además, se han utilizado como fuentes páginas web de órganos gubernamentales y de algunas empresas de los sectores inmobiliario y jurídico. Los términos recopilados se han estudiado mediante los métodos terminológicos, analizando las características de cada concepto y definiendo así su significado y relación con los demás conceptos. Estas relaciones se han descrito gráficamente en los sistemas de conceptos que, para facilitar la comprensión, se han dividido en subtemas. En total son nueve sistemas de conceptos, además de dos sistemas que describen el proceso de la compraventa en la práctica. Después de cada sistema de conceptos, se presentan los términos pertinentes en registros terminológicos, en los cuales se incluyen también sus definiciones, términos equivalentes en el otro idioma de la terminología bilingüe, si existen, y posibles notas adicionales. En caso de no existir un término equivalente en el otro idioma, generalmente en este trabajo no se ha propuesto uno, sino que se ha limitado a ofrecer información sobre el significado del término en forma de una nota explicativa.

Effort-reward imbalance and sedentary lifestyle: an observational study in a large occupational cohort

Objectives: To investigate the association between effort-reward imbalance (ERI) at work and sedentary lifestyle. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the ongoing Finnish Public Sector Study related to 30 433 women and 7718 men aged 17-64 were used (n = 35 918 after exclusion of participants with missing values in covariates). From the responses to a questionnaire, an aggregated mean score for ERI in a work unit was assigned to each participant. The outcome was sedentary lifestyle defined as <2.00 metabolic equivalent task (MET) hours/day. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used as an analysis method to include both individual and work unit level predictors in the models. Adjustments were made for age, marital status, occupational status, job contract, smoking, and heavy drinking. Results: Twenty five percent of women and 27% of men had a sedentary lifestyle. High individual level ERI was associated with a higher likelihood of sedentary lifestyle both among women (odds ratio (OR) = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.16) and men (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.33). These associations were not explained by relevant confounders and they were also independent of work unit level job strain measured as a ratio of job demands and control. Conclusions: A mismatch between high occupational effort spent and low reward received in turn seems to be associated with an elevated risk of sedentary lifestyle, although this association is relatively weak.

Effort-reward imbalance at work and the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors: cross-sectional survey in a sample of 36,127 public sector employees

Background In occupational life, a mismatch between high expenditure of effort and receiving few rewards may promote the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors, however, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute this hypothesis. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which the dimensions of the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model – effort, rewards and ERI – are associated with the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors. Methods Based on data from the Finnish Public Sector Study, cross-sectional analyses were performed for 28,894 women and 7233 men. ERI was conceptualized as a ratio of effort and rewards. To control for individual differences in response styles, such as a personal disposition to answer negatively to questionnaires, occupational and organizational -level ecological ERI scores were constructed in addition to individual-level ERI scores. Risk factors included current smoking, heavy drinking, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and physical inactivity. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of having one risk factor, two risk factors, and three or four risk factors. The associations between ERI and single risk factors were explored using binary logistic regression models. Results After adjustment for age, socioeconomic position, marital status, and type of job contract, women and men with high ecological ERI were 40% more likely to have simultaneously ≥3 lifestyle risk factors (vs. 0 risk factors) compared with their counterparts with low ERI. When examined separately, both low ecological effort and low ecological rewards were also associated with an elevated prevalence of risk factor co-occurrence. The results obtained with the individual-level scores were in the same direction. The associations of ecological ERI with single risk factors were generally less marked than the associations with the co-occurrence of risk factors. Conclusion This study suggests that a high ratio of occupational efforts relative to rewards may be associated with an elevated risk of having multiple lifestyle risk factors. However, an unexpected association between low effort and a higher likelihood of risk factor co-occurrence as well as the absence of data on overcommitment (and thereby a lack of full test of the ERI model) warrant caution in regard to the extent to which the entire ERI model is supported by our evidence.

Uso de dexmedetomidina como tratamiento coadyuvante de síndrome de abstinencia alcohólica: revisión sistemática

El objetivo de este estudio es establecer si la dexmedetomidina (DEX) es segura y efectiva para el manejo coadyuvante de síndrome de abstinencia a alcohol (SAA) a través de la búsqueda de evidencia científica. Metodología: se realiza una revisión sistemática de literatura publicada y no publicada desde enero de 1989 hasta febrero 2016 en PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Bireme, Cochrane library y en otras bases de datos y portales. Los criterios de inclusión fueron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y no aleatorizados, estudios cuasi-experimentales, estudios de cohorte, y estudios de casos y controles; que incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados con diagnóstico de SAA y donde se usó DEX como terapia coadyuvante. Resultados: 7 estudios, 477 pacientes, se incluyeron en el análisis final. Se encontraron dos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, tres estudios de casos y controles y dos estudios de cohorte retrospectivo. Solo uno de los estudios fue doble ciego y utilizó placebo como comparador. Análisis y conclusiones: en los estudios experimentales se determinan que el uso de DEX como terapia coadyuvante en el manejo de SAA tiene significancia clínica y estadística para disminuir dosis de BZD en las primeras 24 horas de tratamiento; pero no demostraron tener otros beneficios clínicos. En los estudios no aleatorizados existe consenso que relaciona el uso de DEX con menores dosis de BZD de forma temprana. Recomendaciones: no se recomienda el uso de DEX en SAA de forma rutinaria. Se recomienda usar DEX solo en casos en el que exista evidencia fallo terapéutico a BZD.