Leukotriene B(4)-loaded microspheres: a new therapeutic strategy to modulate cell activation

Background: Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is a potent inflammatory mediator that also stimulates the immune response. In addition, it promotes polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis, chemotaxis, chemokinesis and modulates cytokines release. Regarding chemical instability of the leukotriene molecule, in the present study we assessed the immunomodulatory activities conferred by LTB(4) released from microspheres (MS). A previous oil-in-water emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation method was chosen to prepare LTB(4)-loaded MS. Results: In the mice cremasteric microcirculation, intraescrotal injection of 0.1 ml of LTB(4)-loaded MS provoked significant increases in leukocyte rolling flux, adhesion and emigration besides significant decreases in the leukocyte rolling velocity. LTB(4)-loaded MS also increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha) expression by murine peritoneal macrophages and stimulate them to generate nitrite levels. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-I (MCP-I) and nitric oxide (NO) productions were also increased when human umbilical vein and artery endothelial cells (HUVECs and HUAECs, respectively) were stimulated with LTB(4)-loaded MS. Conclusion: LTB(4)-loaded MS preserve the biological activity of the encapsulated mediator indicating their use as a new strategy to modulate cell activation, especially in the innate immune response.

Components of Surface Charge in Tropical Soils With Contrasting Mineralogies

Study of surface electric charges of soil colloids helps in understanding the physicochemical phenomena that influence the capacity of retaining nutrients and their availability to plants. The structural charge (sigma(0), (min)), the variable charge (sigma(q, min)), and the organic matter (OM) charge (sigma(total) (OM)) of 12 tropical soils with contrasting mineralogies were evaluated based on the difference of selectivity for Cs(+) and Li(+) between the functional ionizable surfaces groups and the mineral 2:1 siloxane surface. Soils were divided into three groups: G1, soils with a predominance of kaolinite and gibbsite in the clay fraction; G2, soils with hydroxy-interlayered 2:1 minerals; and G3, soils with smectite but without hydroxy-interlayered 2:1 minerals. The Cs absorption method was efficient for detecting the charge components in tropical soils. The mineral structural charge contributed 11% and 16%, 28% and 31%, and 52% and 59% of total soil charge of A and B horizons of soils from groups G 1, G2, and G3, respectively. On the other hand, OM contributed 53% and 37%, 48% and 41%, and 21% and 20% of total charge for the same samples, respectively, In highly weathered soils of group G I and, to a lesser extent, in soils in group G2, surface charges depended mainly on their variable components, resulting from the OM (sigma(toal) (OM)), as well as from imperfections found in 1:1 minerals (sigma(q, min)). The importance of OM in determining the magnitude of electric charges in humid tropical soils is highlighted.

Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) and benznidazole treatments during acute infection of two different Trypanosoma cruzi strains

A significant role for hormones in regulating the balance of Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines with a role in modulating diseases has been accumulating. Previously, we reported that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the most abundant steroid hormone synthesized by the adrenal cortex, markedly reduced the blood and tissue parasites in experimentally Trypanosoma cruzi-infected rats. Based on these findings, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate ester (DHEA-S) therapy alone or in combination with benznidazole (BNZ) (recommended in Brazil for the treatment of T. cruzi infection) will be effective during the acute phase of two different lineages of T. cruzi strains: type I (Y strain) and type II (Bolivia strain) of T. cruzi. Administration of either DHEA-S or BNZ alone or in combination significantly reduced the Y strain parasite load as compared with untreated. Furthermore treatment with DHEA-S resulted in Bolivia strain clearance. This protective effect of DHEA-S was associated with the host`s immune response, as evidence by enhanced levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2. DHEA-S treatment also increased peritoneal macrophages levels and nitrite production. DHEA-S treatment was effective in reducing the mortality rate as compared to BNZ alone or to combiner DHEA-S+BNZ treatment of T. cruzi Bolivia strain infected animals. These findings suggest that hormonal therapy may have a protective effect in the treatment of T. cruzi infection. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Gene expression profile of residual breast cancer after doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide neoadjuvant chemotherapy

In breast cancer patients, primary chemotherapy is associated with the same survival benefits as adjuvant chemotherapy. Residual tumors represent a clinical challenge, Lis they may be resistant to additional cycles of the same drugs. Our aim was to identify differential transcripts expressed in residual tumors, after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, that might be related with tumor resistance. Hence, 16 patients with paired tumor samples, collected before and after treatment (4 cycles doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide, AC) had their gene expression evaluated on cDNA microarray slides containing 4,608 genes. Three hundred and eighty-nine genes were differentially expressed (paired Student`s t-test, pFDR<0.01) between pre- and post-chemotherapy samples and among the regulated functions were the JNK cascade and cell death. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified one branch comprising exclusively, eight pre-chemotherapy samples and another branch, including the former correspondent eight post-chemotherapy samples and other 16 paired pre/post-chemotherapy samples. No differences in clinical and tumor parameters could explain this clustering. Another group of I I patients with paired samples had expression of selected genes determined by real-time RT-PCR and CTGF and DUSP1 were confirmed more expressed in post- as compared to pre-chemotherapy samples. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy some residual samples may retain their molecular signature while others present significant changes in their gene expression, probably induced by the treatment. CTGF and DUSP1 overexpression in residual samples may be a reflection of resistance to further administration of AC regimen.

mRNA Expression Profile of Multidrug Resistance Genes in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Low Expression Levels Associated With a Higher Risk of Toxic Death

Background. Increased activity of multidrug resistance (MDR) genes has been associated with treatment failure in acute leukemias, although with controversial reports. The objective of the present study was to assess the expression profile of the genes related to MDR: ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC3, ABCC2, and LRP/MVP in terms of the clinical and biological variable and the survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Procedure. The levels of mRNA expression of the drug resistance genes ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC3, ABCG2, and LRP/MVP were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR using the median Values as cut-off points, in consecutive samples from 140 children with ALL at diagnosis. Results. Expression levels of the ABCG2 gene in the patient group as a whole (P=0.05) and of the ABCG2 and ABCC1 genes in patients classified as being at high risk were associated with higher rates of 5-year event-free survival (EFS) (P=0.04 and P=0.01). Expression levels of the ABCG2 gene below the median were associated with a greater chance of death related to treatment toxicity for the patient group as a whole (P=0.009) and expression levels below the median of the ABCG2 and ABCC1 genes were associated with a greater chance of death due to treatment toxicity for the high-risk group (P=0.02 and P=0.03, respectively). Conclusion. The present data suggest a low participation of the drug efflux genes in treatment failure in patients with childhood ALL. However, the low expression of some of these genes may be associated with a higher death risk related to treatment toxicity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:996-1004. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Clinical versus laboratory adhesive performance to wet and dry demineralized primary dentin

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of dentin moisture on bond strengths of an etch-and-rinse bonding agent to primary dentin clinically and in the laboratory. Methods: The sample consisted of two groups of 20 caries-free primary second molars: molars in exfoliation period (clinical group) and extracted molars (laboratory group). Class I cavities were prepared in all specimens leaving a flat dentin surface on the pulpal floor. A two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive was vigorously rubbed on either dry (n= 5) or wet demineralized dentin (n= 5) under clinical or laboratory conditions. After restorative procedures, the teeth from the clinical group were extracted after 20 minutes. All samples were processed and underwent microtensile bond strength test and silver nitrate uptake evaluation under scanning electron microscopy. Results: Statistically higher bond strength values were observed when the bonding was performed under laboratory conditions and on a wet demineralized dentin. Most of the failures were adhesive and mixed irrespective of the experimental condition. Silver nitrate uptake occurred in all groups irrespective of the experimental condition. Resin-dentin bond strengths produced in the laboratory in primary teeth may overestimate those produced under clinical circumstances. (Am J Dent 2011;24:221-225).

Topological methods for some boundary value problems

We establish existence of solutions for a finite difference approximation to y = f(x, y, y ') on [0, 1], subject to nonlinear two-point Sturm-Liouville boundary conditions of the form g(i)(y(i),y ' (i)) = 0, i = 0, 1, assuming S satisfies one-sided growth bounds with respect to y '. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Inter-relationships between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease

This review considers the considerable similarities between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). While the etiology of these two diseases may differ, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are remarkably similar and it is possible that individuals manifesting both periodontitis and RA may suffer from a unifying underlying systemic dysregulation of the inflammatory response. In light of these findings, the implications for the use of disease-modifying medications in the management of these two chronic inflammatory conditions is apparent. Further longitudinal studies and medication-based intervention studies are required to determine just how closely these two conditions are allied.

Sex- and race-related differences in cross-sectional geometry and bone density of the femoral mid-shaft in older adults

Background : Femoral shaft fracture incidence increases in older adults and is associated with low-energy trauma. Apart from bone density, the distribution and size of bone contributes to its strength. Aim : To examine if bone geometry and density of the femoral mid-shaft in older adults differs by sex and race, we studied 197 White women, 225 Black women, 242 White men, and 148 Black men aged 70-79 years participating in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study; a prospective cohort study in the USA. A secondary purpose of the study was to examine the association of site-specific muscle and fat to bone geometry and density. Subjects and methods : Subjects were community-dwelling and reported no difficulty walking one-quarter of a mile or climbing stairs. Mid-femoral volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD, mg cm -3 ), total area (TA), cortical area (CA), medullary area (MA), cross-sectional moments of inertia (CSMI: I x , I y , J ), and muscle and fat areas (cm 2 ) were determined by computed tomography (CT; GE CT-9800, 10 mm slice thickness). Results : vBMD was greater in men than women with no difference by race ( p < 0.001). Bone areas and area moments of inertia were also greater in men than women ( p < 0.001), with Black women having higher values than White women for TA and CA. Standardizing geometric parameters for body size differences by dividing by powers of femur length did not negate the sex difference for TA and MA. Significant differences ( p < 0.05) among the four groups also remained for I x and J . Mid-thigh muscle area was an independent contributor to TA in all groups (Std beta = 0.181-0.351, p < 0.05) as well as CA in women (Std beta = 0.246-0.254, p < 0.01) and CSMI in White women (Std beta = 0.175-0.185, p < 0.05). Further, muscle area was a significant contributor to vBMD in Black women. Conclusion : These results indicate that bone geometry and density of the femoral diaphysis differs primarily by sex, rather than race, in older well-functioning adults. In addition, site-specific muscle area appears to have a potential contributory role to bone geometry parameters, especially in women.

Distribución de la caries dental en niños preescolares en una región urbana, Argentina, 1992

Se describen los resultados de una investigación desarollada sobre una muestra de 1.115 preescolares (5 años) de jardines de infantes de la Ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina), destinada a establecer la prevalencia y distribución de la caries dental conforme a su nivel económicosocial. El estudio reveló que, respecto a 1973, la prevalencia de caries disminuyó el 55,0%, en tanto que la proporción de niños con dientes sanos fue mayor en el 26,7%. La frecuencia y severidad de la caries aumentó a medida que descendía la ubicación social del niño. En el nivel económicosocial más alto (NES I = burguesías empresarial y gerencial), los índices de caries fueron significativamente menores que en el nivel económicosocial más bajo (NES III = proletariado típico, proletariado no típico y subproletariado): ceo-d de 0,8 y 2,7 y ceo-s de 0,9 y 4,9, respectivamente. En el NES III, los principales componentes del ceo-d fueron dientes cariados y con extracción indicada, mientras que en el NES I fueron los dientes obturados. La proporción de niños sin experiencia de caries fue del 63,1% en el NES I y del 11,5% en el NES III. Inversamente, el índice de salud bucal resultó más alto en el NES I (8,8) que en el NES III (5,1). El gasto demandado por niño para el tratamiento restaurativo es aproximadamente dos veces y media más alto en el NES III que en el NES I. Considerando toda la muestra, el gasto en el NES III resultaría más de diez veces superior al del NES I. Se concluye que la programación de la atención odontológica privilegiando a los niños del NES III, que son los de mayor riesgo de enfermar, puede contribuir a contrarrestar los desniveles en el estado de salud bucal.

Estudo de caso do programa Flash! Vidas : informação ou entretenimento?

O presente estudo de caso resulta de três meses de estágio no Grupo Cofina Media, onde foram desempenhadas funções jornalísticas na secção Vidas, do jornal Correio da Manhã (CM) e no programa televisivo Flash!Vidas, do canal Correio da Manhã TV (CMTV), desde o dia 2 de fevereiro até ao dia 2 de maio de 2015. Foi elaborado no âmbito do Mestrado em Jornalismo, no Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Escola Superior de Comunicação Social, e por objetivo a obtenção do grau de mestre no curso anteriormente referido. A análise tem como propósito perceber se as alegadas peças noticiosas transmitidas pelo programa televisivo Flash!Vidas, no canal Correio da Manhã TV, podem ser consideradas informação, entretenimento ou os dois géneros. É importante referir que o presente trabalho terá como base fundamental os valores-notícias estudados pelo teórico Nelson Traquina e o conceito de infotainment.

Metabolitos secundarios en metaclamideas argentinas

En el presente trabajo se trata fundamentalmente del estudio de plantas argentinas, pertenecientes a las familias: Asteráceas (compuestas), Solanáceas, Apocenáceas y Scrophularáceas. De especies pertenecientes a las mismas, estudiamos la presencia de metabolitos secundarios, principalmente lactonas sesquiterpénicas, lactonas esteroidales o "withanólidos", cardenólidos, flavonoides y eventualmente alcaloides. Todos los compuestos antes mencionados han sido citados en la literatura por su actividad bioquímica. Algunos ejemplos pueden mencionarse como: anticancerígenos, como causantes de alergia; poderosos venenos o sustancias tóxicas para el ganado, etc. Por otro lado, los mismos son potentes herramientas quimiotaxonómicas. Para el último caso que hemos mencionado, se necesita indiscutiblemente de la asociación en el trabajo con un botánico. Desde hace seis meses convenimos con un equipo de la Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia de la Universidad Nacional de San Luis la realización de pruebas biológicas de los productos hallados por nosotros, en cuanto a su actividad antialimentaria. Luego serán probados como insecticidas en el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer de los Estados Unidos, por su actividad anticancerígena y contra el SIDA.

Manejo de patógenos que habitan el suelo en cultivos de tomate protegidos

El tomate es la hortaliza más cultivada bajo cubierta en la Argentina, con aproximadamente 60 ha. en Córdoba. La apertura de nuestros mercados a la exportación duplicó la superficie cultivada. Diferencias pronunciadas en la producción bajo cobertura (140.000-160.000 kg/ha) y a campo (60.000-80.000 kg/ha) más la posibilidad de entrar en el mercado en épocas no normales (primicia) con altos precios, hacen de esta tecnología un importante recurso para obtener mayores divisas. La problemática fitopatológica de los cultivos hortícolas en invernáculo adquiere particular importancia ya que posee características especiales y diferentes de las que se plantean en cultivos a campo. Los hongos patógenos que tienen su hábitat en el suelo encuentran en el ambiente protegido condiciones ideales para su desarrollo, lo que dificulta los métodos de lucha. Las condiciones ambientales favorables del invernáculo, alta humedad con condensación del vapor de agua en paredes y techos en los meses de otoño e invierno y el goteo continuo sobre las plantas, crean un microclima que facilita el establecimiento de patógenos. (...) Esfuerzos para reducir el uso de productos químicos en este tipo de sistemas productivos donde su impacto es muy alto, así como el hecho de que funguicidas y esterilizantes del suelo están siendo retirados del mercado por su toxicidad aumentaron en los últimos años el interés por el control cultural y biológico. El Objetivo general: manejo cultural-químico-biológico de Rhizoctonia solani y Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Licopersii en cultivos protegidos de tomate. Los Objetivos específicos son: a) Aislamiento, identificación y caracterización de antagonistas de Rhizoctonia solani. b) Control de Rhizoctonia solani a través de diferentes tipos de biomasa y esporos de antagonistas.

La corteza orbitofrontal: sus relaciones anátomo-funcionales con sectores del complejo amigdalino implicados en la regulación del apetito por el sodio. Un estudio comparativo

El presente proyecto tiene por objetivo investigar las relaciones hodológicas y morfofuncionales existentes entre la corteza presupraorbitaria del armadillo Chetipractus vellerosus y otras formaciones corticales y subcorticales implicadas en la regulación del apetito por el sodio. Entre estas últimas estructuras se encuentra el continuo neuronal corrientemente conocido como amígdala extendida que estaría comportamentalizada al menos en dos divisiones mayores, lateral y medial según establece la literatura pertinente. Por ello se utilizarán diversos procedimientos neuroanatómicos que permitirán discriminar no sólo las divisiones mayores de las áreas corticales y agregados neuronales subcorticales bajo estudio, sino individualizar dentro de una población neuronal heterogénea tanto desde el punto de vista morfológico como citoquímico, elementos concernidos en la emisión de proyecciones y/o funciones específicas. Las técnicas de inmunolocalización propuestas permitirán vincular los hallazgos anatómicos con las funciones que las estructuras implicadas desempeñarían en el apetito por el sodio. (...) Objetivos: 1. Objetivos propiamente neuroanatómicos. El propósito de este proyecto en su fase neuroanatómica pura es: a- Establecer si las regiones de la corteza presupraorbitaria que participan en la recepción de impulsos olfatorios directos (vías olfato-presupraorbitarias) y que a su vez las reciprocar [sic], son estructural y hodológicamente homologables con áreas de corteza prefrontal orbitaria en roedores y primates. b- Establecer si la corteza presupraorbitaria, a semejanza de lo que sucede con algunas de las áreas prefrontales en mamíferos más evolucionados, se encuentran en relación sináptica directa con las distintas divisiones de la amígdala extendida. 2. Objetivos morfofuncionales. a- Caracterizar el fenotipo neuroquímico e identificar las conexiones sinápticas de los grupos neuronales de la lámina terminalis (OSF y OVLT) inmunoreactivas a Fos después de una depleción aguda de sodio corporal. En particular se analizarán las relaciones anátomofuncionales con núcleos amigdalinos (AM y CeA) y NLST. bi- Investigar en forma comparativa las áreas del cerebro inmunoreactivas a Fos en los modelos de control de apetito por el sodio: -inducido por ALDO, -natriofilico o libre de necesidad. bii- Caracterizar el fenotipo neuroquímico y la conectividad sináptica de las áreas activadas o ir-Fos en los modelos anteriormente estudiados.