Biogeoquímica do manganês, ferro, cobre e cádmio em sedimentos da Ria Formosa

A Ria Formosa é uma laguna costeira de características mesotidais, situada na costa Sul de Portugal, que apresenta pronunciadas variações sazonais de temperatura e radiação luminosa. As extensas zonas intertidais desta laguna são inundadas pela maré duas vezes por dia ficando, por isso, também sujeitas a flutuações semidiurnas de temperatura, pressão e radiação luminosa. Estas condições podem afectar os equilíbrios físico-químicos existentes no sedimento. Foi elaborado um esquema de amostragem de sedimentos em suspensão e de fundo em diversos locais da zona intertidal da Ria Formosa em duas escalas de tempo distintas: (a) uma escala sazonal, com o objectivo de estudar a influência das variações anuais de temperatura e os mecanismos por si desenvolvidos na composição elementar dos sedimentos; (b) ao longo de alguns minutos durante a inundação dos sedimentos pela água da maré, com objectivo de estudar o efeito da maré nos equilíbrios físico-químicos existentes no interior do sedimento. Nos sedimentos recolhidos sazonalmente foi medida a temperatura, o pH e o potencial redox, determinado o conteúdo em matéria orgânica e os teores de Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu e Cd na fracção sólida. Na água intersticial foram determinadas as concentrações de Mn(II), Fe, Cu e Cd totais dissolvidos. Nas amostras de água intersticial colhidas durante a inundação dos sedimentos foram determinadas as concentrações de Cl-, Mn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Cu e Cd totais dissolvidos. A variação do teor de cloretos na água intersticial indicou que a inundação dos sedimentos intertidais pela maré causa infiltração da água através da superfície do sedimento e movimentos de água intersticial no seu interior. Estes movimentos de fluídos ocorreram preferencialmente nas camadas de maior permeabilidade. As alterações ao equilíbrio dinâmico da água intersticial foram mais intensas nos primeiros 28 minutos de inundação, diminuindo ao longo do tempo. Os processos físicos acima referidos provocaram a exportação de Mn(II), Fe(III), Cu e Cd totais dissolvidos da água intersticial para a coluna de água e simultaneamente induziram a oxidação das espécies reduzidas de manganês e de ferro. O Mn(II) foi oxidado a Mn(IV) na camada superficial dos sedimentos e, também, exportado para a coluna de água. A oxidação do Fe(II) a Fe(III) ocorreu, por sua vez, no interior do sedimento numa curta escala de tempo (<7 min.), saindo para a coluna de água uma pequena porção de Fe(III). Estas alterações, provocadas pela inundação dos sedimentos intertidais, mascararam eventuais variações sazonais das concentrações de Mn e Fe na fracção intersticial dos sedimentos. Os perfis de Cu e Cd totais dissolvidos na água intersticial mostraram a existência de várias zonas de mobilização nos primeiros 4 cm de sedimento. A mobilização de Cu não apresentou uma variação sazonal enquanto que as concentrações de Cd mostraram um incremento no Verão. Neste período, o cálculo de fluxos difusivos indicou uma intensificação dos processos de transferência destes metais através da interface sedimento-água relativamente aos existentes no interior do sedimento. Os fluxos difusivos de Cu foram uma ordem de grandeza inferiores ao transporte advectivo associado à inundação pela maré, enquanto que para o Cd as estimativas dos fluxos difusivos e do transporte advectivo foram comparáveis. Em suma, os resultados obtidos mostraram que a distribuição destes elementos na água intersticial é reflexo do regime de transporte-reacção induzido pela inundação dos sedimentos intertidais, sendo para o Fe mais importantes os processos de reacção, enquanto que para o Mn, Cu e Cd os transportes advectivos são mais rápidos do que as reacções. Com base nestes resultados é proposto um modelo para os ciclos de Mn, Fe, Cu e Cd nas zonas intertidais de lagunas costeiras.

Achados arqueológicos subaquáticos no Algarve: as atividades comerciais entre a Idade do Ferro e período romano

Dissertação de mestrado, Arqueologia (Teoria e Métodos da Arqueologia), Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Portugal perante as nações: António Ferro e a imagem do país

Comunicação “Portugal perante as nações: António Ferro e a imagem do país” apresentada no I Colóquio Internacional «Construção de identidade(s). Globalização e fronteiras», realizado a 11 de Novembro de 2011, pelo CITCEM (Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar, Cultura, espaço e memória), na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto

Melting the matrices : structure, anti-structure, and the emerging conversation /

This thesis investigates two cases of Christian churches, which as a part of their mission seek to accommodate people who would otherwise not be interested in church. One of these communities consider themselves a part of the global 'emerging church' movement, and the other does not. I argue that both communities are employing what I call 'de-compartmentalization' strategy in order to adopt a pragmatic relationship with social and political issues. Furthermore I discuss the case of the emerging church community as an example of 'paraliminal community '; a concept I develop from the work of Victor Turner and Arnold van Gennep.

Studies of some cocondensations of nickel atoms with unsaturated organic ligands and with mixed ligand systems

The cocondensation of nickel with a number of unsaturated ligands was studied, as was the cocondensation with a number of mixed ligand systems. Enamines were found not to react with nickel while acrylonitrile was polymerized. In the mixed ligand syst.ems different products were obtained than when the ligands were cocondensed individually. Cocondensations of benzyl halide/allyl halide mixtures gave unstable products that were not observed when the halides were cocondensed individually. The effect of Kao-Wool insulation on nickel/benzyl halide cocondensations was found to be significant. Kao-Wool caused the bulk of the benzyl halide to be polymeri zed to a number of poly-benzylic species. An alkali metal reactor was designed for the evaporation of sodium and potassium atoms into cold solutions of metal halide and an or ganic substrate. This apparatus was used to synthesize Ni(P¢3 )3' but proved unsuccessful for synthesizing a nickel-enamine compound.

The effects of temperature on nickel tocicity in goldfish (carassius auratus L.)

Although it is widely assumed that temperature affects pollutant toxicity, few studies have actually investigated this relationship. Moreover, such research as has been done has involved constant temperatures; circumstances which are rarely, if ever, actually experienced by north temperate, littoral zone cyprinid species. To investigate the effects of temperature regime on nickel toxicity in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.), 96- and 240-h LCSO values for the heavy metal pollutant, nickel (NiCI2.6H20), were initially determined at 2DoC (22.8 mg/L and 14.7 mg/L in artificially softened water). Constant temperature bioassays at 10°C, 20°C and 30°C were conducted at each of 0, 240-h and 96-h LCSO nickel concentrations for 240 hours. In order to determine the effects of temperature variation during nickel exposure it was imperative that the effects of a single temperature change be investigated before addressing more complex regimes. Single temperature changes of + 10°C or -10°C were imposed at rates of 2°C/h following exposures of between 24 hand 216 h. The effects of a single temperature change on mortality, and duration of toxicant exposure at high and low temperatures were evaluated. The effects of fluctuating temperatures during exposure were investigated through two regimes. The first set of bioassays imposed a sinewave diurnal cycle temperature (20.±.1DOC) throughout the 10 day exposure to 240-h LeSO Ni. The second set of investigations approximated cyprinid movement through the littoral zone by imposing directionally random temperature changes (±2°C at 2-h intervals), between extremes of 10° and 30°C, at 240-h LC50 Ni. Body size (i.e., total length, fork length, and weight) and exposure time were recorded for all fish mortalities. Cumulative mortality curves under constant temperature regimes indicated significantly higher mortality as temperature and nickel concentration were increased. At 1DOC no significant differences in mortality curves were evident in relation to low and high nickel test concentrations (Le., 16 mg/L and 20 mg/L). However at 20°C and 30°C significantly higher mortality was experienced in animals exposed to 20 mg/L Ni. Mortality at constant 10°C was significantly lower than at 30°C with 16 mg/L and was significantly loWer than each of 2DoC and 39°C tanks at 20 mg/L Ni exposure. A single temperature shift from 20°C to 1DoC resulted in a significant decrease in mortality rate and conversely, a single temperature shift from 20°C to 30°C resulted in a significant increase in mortality rate. Rates of mortality recorded during these single temperature shift assays were significantly different from mortality rates obtained under constant temperature assay conditions. Increased Ni exposure duration at higher temperatures resulted in highest mortality. Diurnally cycling temperature bioassays produced cumulative mortality curves approximating constant 20°C curves, with increased mortality evident after peaks in the temperature cycle. Randomly fluctuating temperature regime mortality curves also resembled constant 20°C tanks with mortalities after high temperature exposures (25°C - 30°C). Some test animals survived in all assays with the exception of the 30°C assays, with highest survival associated with low temperature and low Ni concentration. Post-exposure mortality occurred most frequently in individuals which had experienced high Ni concentrations and high temperatures during assays. Additional temperature stress imposed 2 - 12 weeks post exposure resulted in a single death out of 116 individuals suggesting that survivors are capable of surviving subsequent temperature stresses. These investigations suggest that temperature significantly and markedly affects acute nickel toxicity under both constant and fluctuating temperature regimes and plays a role in post exposure mortality and subsequent stress response.

Ligand Design for Dual Property Single Molecule Magnets

This thesis describes two different approaches for the preparation of polynuclear clusters with interesting structural, magnetic and optical properties. Firstly, exploiting p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (TBC4) macrocycles together with selected Ln(III) ions for the assembly of emissive single molecule magnets, and secondly the preparation and coordination of a chiral mpmH ligand with selected 3d transition metal ions, working towards the discovery of chiral polynuclear clusters. In Project 1, the coordination chemistry of the TBC4 macrocycle together with Dy(III) and Tb(III) afforded two Ln6[TBC4]2 complexes that have been structurally, magnetically and optically characterized. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that both complexes contain an octahedral core of Ln6 ions capped by two fully deprotonated TBC4 macrocycles. Although the unit cells of the two complexes are very similar, the coordination geometries of their Ln(III) ions are subtly different. Variable temperature ac magnetic susceptibility studies reveal that both complexes display single molecule magnet (SMM) behaviour in zero dc field and the energy barriers and associated pre-exponential factors for each relaxation process have been determined. Low temperature solid state photoluminescence studies reveal that both complexes are emissive; however, the f-f transitions within the Dy6 complex were masked by broad emissions from the TBC4 ligand. In contrast, the Tb(III) complex displayed green emission with the spectrum comprising four sharp bands corresponding to 5D4 → 7FJ transitions (where J = 3, 4, 5 and 6), highlighting that energy transfer from the TBC4 macrocycle to the Tb(III) ion is more effective than to Dy. Examples of zero field Tb(III) SMMs are scarce in the chemical literature and the Tb6[TBC4]2 complex represents the first example of a Tb(III) dual property SMM assembled from a p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene macrocycle with two magnetically derived energy barriers, Ueff of 79 and 63 K. In Project 2, the coordination of both enantiomers of the chiral ligand, α-methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (mpmH) to Ni(II) and Co(II) afforded three polynuclear clusters that have been structurally and magnetically characterized. The first complex, a Ni4 cluster of stoichiometry [Ni4(O2CCMe3)4(mpm)4]·H2O crystallizes in a distorted cubane topology that is well known in Ni(II) cluster chemistry. The final two Co(II) complexes crystallize as a linear mixed valence trimer with stoichiometry [Co3(mpm)6]·(ClO4)2, and a Co4 mixed valence complex [Co(II)¬2Co(III)2(NO3)2(μ-mpm)4(ONO2)2], whose structural topology resembles that of a defective double cubane. All three complexes crystallize in chiral space groups and circular dichroism experiments further confirm that the chirality of the ligand has been transferred to the respective coordination complex. Magnetic susceptibility studies reveal that for all three complexes, there are competing ferro- and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. The [Co(II)¬2Co(III)2(NO3)2(μ-mpm)4(ONO2)2] complex represents the first example of a chiral mixed valence Co4 cluster with a defective double cubane topology.

Technology of concrete when pozzolans, slags and chemical admixtures are used

UANL

Proyecto de ferro-carril de San Luis Potosí al puerto de Tampico

UANL