Incidental capture of loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtles by the pelagic longline fishery off southern Brazil

Incidental capture in fishing gear is one of the main sources of injury and mortality of juvenile and adult sea turtles (NRC, 1990; Lutcavage et al., 1997; Oravetz, 1999). Six out of the seven extant species of sea turtles — the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), the hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and the Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) — are currently classified as endangered or critically endangered by the World Conservation Union (IUCN, formerly the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), which makes the assessment and reduction of incidental capture and mortality of these species in fisheries priority conservation issues (IUCN/Species Survival Commission, 1995).

Age and size composition, growth rate, reproductive biology, and habitats of the West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum) and their relevance to the management of this species

Samples of the commercially and recreationally important West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum) were obtained from the lower west coast of Australia by a variety of methods. Fish <300 mm TL were caught over flat, hard substrata and low-lying limestone reefs, whereas larger fish were caught over larger limestone and coral reef formations. Maximum total lengths, weights, and ages were 981 mm, 15.3 kg, and 39 years, respectively, for females and 1120 mm, 23.2 kg, and 41 years, respectively, for males. The von Bertalanffy growth curves for females and males were significantly different. The values for L∞, k, and t0 in the von Bertalanffy growth equations were 929 mm, 0.111/year, and –0.141 years, respectively, for females, and 1025 mm, 0.111/year, and –0.052 years, respectively, for males. Preliminary estimates of total mortality indicated that G. hebraicum is now subjected to a level of fishing pressure that must be of concern to fishery managers. Glaucosoma hebraicum, which spawns between November and April and predominantly between December and March, breeds at a wide range of depths and is a multiple spawner. The L50’s for females and males at first maturity, i.e. 301 and 320 mm, respectively, were attained by about the end of the third year of life and are well below the minimum legal length (MLL) of 500 mm. Because females and males did not reach the MLL until the end of their seventh and sixth years of life, respectively, they would have had, on average, the opportunity of spawning during four and three spawning seasons, respectively, before they reached the MLL. However, because G. hebraicum caught in water depths >40 m typically die upon release, a MLL is of limited use for conserving this species. Alternative approaches, such as restricting fishing activity in highly fished areas, reducing daily bag limits for recreational fishermen, introducing quotas or revising specific details of certain commercial hand-line licences (or doing both) are more likely to provide effective conservation measures.

Improving pinniped diet analyses through identification of multiple skeletal structures in fecal samples

Marine mammal diet is typically characterized by identifying fish otoliths and cephalopod beaks retrieved from stomachs and fecal material (scats). The use and applicability of these techniques has been the matter of some debate given inherent biases associated with the method. Recent attempts to identify prey using skeletal remains in addition to beaks and otoliths are an improvement; however, difficulties incorporating these data into quantitative analyses have limited results for descriptive analyses such as frequency of occurrence. We attempted to characterize harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) diet in an area where seals co-occur with several salmon species, some endangered and all managed by state or federal agencies, or both. Although diet was extremely variable within sampling date, season, year, and between years, the frequency and number of individual prey were at least two times greater for most taxa when prey structures in addition to otoliths were identified. Estimating prey mass in addition to frequency and number resulted in an extremely different relative importance of prey in harbor seal diet. These data analyses are a necessary step in generating estimates of the size, total number, and annual biomass of a prey species eaten by pinnipeds for inclusion in fisheries management plans.

Pinniped diet composition: a comparison of estimation models

Along the west coast of the United States, the potential impact of increasing pinniped populations on declining salmonid (Oncorhynchus spp.) stocks has become an issue of concern. Fisheries managers need species-specific estimates of consumption by pinnipeds to evaluate their impact on salmonid stocks. To estimate consumption, we developed a model that estimates diet composition by reconstructing prey biomass from fecal samples. We applied the model to data collected from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) that are present year-round in the lower Columbia River where endangered stocks of salmonids pass as returning adults and as seaward-migrating smolts. Using the same data, we applied the split-sample frequency of occurrence model, which avoids reconstructing biomass by assuming that each fecal sample represents an equal volume of consumption and that within each sample each prey item represents an equal proportion of the volume. The two models for estimating diet composition yielded size-specific differences in consumption estimates that were as large as tenfold for the smallest and largest prey. Conclusions about the impact of harbor seal predation on adult salmonids, some of their largest prey species, remain uncertain without some appropriate rationale or further information (e.g. empirical captive studies) to discriminate between these models.

Turtle excluder devices -- Are the escape openings large enough?

All five species of sea turtles in continental U.S. waters are protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the population sizes of all species remain well below historic levels. Shrimp trawling was determined to be the largest source of anthropogenic mortality of many of the species. As a mechanism to reduce the incidental catch of turtles in trawl nets, turtle excluder devices have been required intermittently in the shrimp fishery since 1987, and at all times since 1994. The expanded turtle excluder device (TED) regulations, implemented in 1994, were expected to reduce shrimp trawl capture of sea turtles by 97%. Recent evidence has indicated that the sizes of turtles stranding were not representative of the animals subjected to being captured by the shrimp trawlers. The purpose of our study was to compare the sizes of stranded sea turtles with the size of the TED openings. We compared the sizes of stranded loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), and Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) sea turtles, the three species most commonly found stranded, to the minimum widths and heights of TED openings. We found that annually a large proportion of stranded loggerhead turtles (33–47%) and a small proportion of stranded green turtles (1–7%) are too large to fit through the required minimum-size TED openings. The continued high mortality of sea turtles caused by bottom trawling is reason for concern, especially for the northern subpopulation of loggerhead turtles, which currently is not projected to achieve the federal recovery goal of reaching and maintaining prelisting levels of nesting.

濒危植物秦岭冷杉的种实特性和幼苗适应性

　　秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)是松科冷杉属常绿乔木，我国国家二级濒危植物，主要分布在我国的秦岭。迄今为止，国内外有关秦岭冷杉的研究鲜有报道。本文研究了核心分布区和边缘区秦岭冷杉的结实特性、球果和种子的形态变异、种子萌发特性及幼苗的最初生长和适应状况，并通过与同属非濒危物种巴山冷杉相关特性的比较研究，初步探讨了秦岭冷杉的繁殖生物生态学特性, 为全面揭示秦岭冷杉濒危机制奠定基础。 　　与冷杉属其他种相比，核心区秦岭冷杉种子较大，出种量也较高，但空粒率很高，达到88%以上;边缘分布区的空粒率更达到95%以上，反映出极高的败育率。秦岭地区秦岭冷杉结实量和结实率随海拔高度升高而减少;同时，两个海拔高度的对比表明，低海拔秦岭冷杉具有较大的球果和种子，饱满度高。表明在其垂直分布范围内，低海拔地段更适合秦岭冷杉的生长和发育。 　　核心区（即秦岭地区）的秦岭冷杉球果和种子的绝大部分指标均值显著大于边缘区（即神农架地区）。相同海拔条件下，秦岭冷杉绝大部分球果和种子形态指标在地区间、地区内种群间、种群内部均有显著差异，约85%的变异来自地区内个体间和个体内，说明秦岭冷杉的球果和种子形态特征变化受遗传控制更显著。人工林与天然林相比，大部分人工林球果和种子指标均值和变异幅度大于天然林，表明通过人为经营可以改善秦岭冷杉的一些生殖性状。 　　秦岭冷杉具有浅休眠，除经典的冷层积方法可以打破休眠外，适当的物理、化学方法处理，如流动水冲洗、适宜浓度硝酸钾、赤霉酸浸种也可以起到相似的作用。各种促进萌发的方法所得到的最大萌发率间没有显著差异。核心区种子萌发率显著高于边缘区;此外，核心区种子在萌发速度和进程上也要显著高于边缘区，这也表明核心区秦岭冷杉活力更高。同样，由于巴山冷杉较高的饱满度，同等条件下，巴山冷杉种子萌发率约三倍于秦岭冷杉种子。 　　野外幼苗的适应性研究主要通过播种后观测出苗率及幼苗在各种环境条件下的存活率、生长状况来进行。通过一年的观测发现，秦岭冷杉野外种子出苗率平均只有16.9%，一年后幼苗死亡率高于50%。 林窗中、土壤覆盖厚度2~3cm的苗床中种子出苗率最高;较深土壤厚度出苗率低说明秦岭冷杉土壤种子库对更新贡献较小。层积30天种子出苗率高于未处理的种子，但对生长率没有影响。林外苗床中幼苗生长率较高。矿质土壤基质上幼苗生长率明显高于林地中。

濒危物种保护、生境破碎化及其恢复

保护区是否真的能起保护作用？保护区究竟如何布局？这是自然保护区的建设一直争论不休的课题。就大熊猫保护而言，目前面临的最紧迫问题可能不是保护区数量多少的问题，而是这些多个保护区组成的保护区群的配置或格局是否合理。因此，本研究以岷山大熊猫保护区群为研究对象，分析现有大熊猫及栖息地及其保护现状，指出目前保护区存在的问题，并对岷山大熊猫自然保护区群合理布局提出建议性设计，以期为大熊猫保护及自然保护区建设的理论提供借鉴。 到目前，为了保护大熊猫，在岷山地区已经建立了1 7个自然保护区，这些保护区的建立对大熊猫的保护起到了非常重要的重要。但是，大熊猫栖息地仍然持续下降。就其原因有两方面，即岷山地区人为活动的干扰，如旅游业的盲目发展。但，同时大熊猫自然保护区本身的布局存在一定的不合理性。最后，从景观尺度上提出岷山大熊猫保护区群合理建设的布局，即在分析现有保护布局基础上，找到优先保护的敏感地带建立廊道，将所有保护区连成布局合理的保护区群。 大熊猫受威胁的关键因子并不是竹子，而是森林．竹子复合系统的破碎化或质量的退化，故保护大熊猫应从保护森林、恢复森林．竹子复合生态系统的质量入手。但是，具体实践中究竞采取什么模式来恢复退化的大熊猫栖息地？选取不同模式的科学依据是什么？如何评判不同恢复模式的成本和效益？这些方面的工作到目前缺少系统研究。本研究在分析了岷山地区自然、社会与经济条件的基础上，从荒山荒地造林、天然林保护与低效林地改造主要植被恢复措施着手，全面分析各类植被恢复措施所形成植被的生态效益（保持水土、涵养水源、保持肥力等）、经济收益（木材、果品和林副特产品）、社会效益（种植结构、劳动力再分配等），总结出植被恢复成本和效益的构成要素，计算主要植被恢复模式的成本和效益，为选择适宜的植被恢复措施、典型植被恢复模式和合理确定植被恢复技术提供科学依据，从而推动岷山植被快速健康地恢复，为大熊猫提供适宜的生存空间。 三峡大坝的建设使其固有水域的人为改造导致水位上升，使原本连续的山地生态系统被分割成大小不等的岛屿。水位变化导致的这种生境岛屿化为栖息地破碎化和岛屿生物地理学提供了十分难得的实证研究的机会。然而，同时，这种栖息地的片段化无疑对三峡库区生物多样性保护和生态系统的完整性造成威胁。到目前，为了监测库区建设对生态环境的影响，已经建立了22个定位观测站，但没有一个是生境破碎化方面的，为此建议尽快建立生境破碎化方面的定位研究站。三峡库区生物多样性丰富，但保护区面积仅仅占库区面积的6.9%，而同期我国已经建立了1 999个自然保护区，占国土面积的15%，因此，非常迫切建立更多的保护区（至少达到全国平均水平）。为了从宏观尺度上加强对库区的综合保护，建议从景观生态学的角度出发，将库区作为一个自然、社会和经济复合生态系绕对待。

长期驯化环境下丁香属植物的光合生理生态学研究

本研究是在丁香属植物半个世纪的丰富引种基础上，采用光合生理的实验手段探讨该属重要物种长期驯化中的环境响应机制。 在迁地条件下，与广布种华北紫丁香相比， 濒危种羽叶丁香有较低的光需求，在中等光强下净光合速率显著低于广布种;气孔限制值较大，对光合作用的调节较弱;蒸腾作用亦较弱，导致中午叶温较高造成叶片伤害。功能叶片的净光合速率在8:00光强及气温较低时已达峰值，叶片生长历时短暂并于初夏前结束，长此以往可能影响光合产物积累。可见羽叶丁香以“逃避”的方式适应迁入地生长季节环境胁迫。 为了探究羽叶丁香在引种地“逃避”策略的环境驱动因子，我们分别选取种植在园内全光照曝晒和60% 遮荫、生物量差异极为显著，而其它条件相同的羽叶丁香开展实验。尽管曝晒单株比遮荫单株有着显著低下的生物量，但最大量子效率及叶绿素a/b的结果都表明曝晒并未对其PSⅡ及LHCⅡ造成损伤。遮荫单株也已经由高叶绿素含量表现出对低光环境的适应。可见，其光适应机制已经存在，而引种地生长季节的高温可能是羽叶丁香生长中要回避的主要因子。 为了进一步证实这个推断，并希望了解羽叶丁香在原产地的环境响应状况和致濒的生理原因，我们在其原产地贺兰山对该种进行了调查和试验。调查发现在贺兰山羽叶丁香分布在海拔1700m、西北坡向、近谷底处。由于坡度较缓，晴朗天气光照时数达8h，叶片厚重，净光合速率极显著地高于引种地;最大量子效率表明中午的强光并未带来严重光抑制，且小幅度的光抑制在次日清晨可完全恢复，并且有较高的实际量子效率。故在原产地强光仍旧不是其生长的限制因子;其极高的光合速率及高效的实际量子效率是对冷凉强光条件的特殊适应，说明羽叶丁香具有喜冷凉不惧光的固有特点，而冷凉条件于高温炎热的引种地不能得到满足时，便放弃了对光的要求而在遮荫的生境中适应下来。因此引种地的高温应该是其要“逃避”的重要因子。同时表明较强的光合能力及强光的适应特征不会使羽叶丁香在原产地成为濒危物种。 为了搞清羽叶丁香的濒危原因，我们将原产地野外分布状况连同两地水分利用效率棕合分析发现：在水分保证适当的北京植物园栽培条件下，即使是曝晒的植株也有着较高的水分利用效率，而原产地的羽叶丁香低下的水分利用效率表明其生存和分布对水分条件极为敏感。因此，羽叶丁香是良好水分条件的“享受者”，而不是干旱条件的“耐受者”，而这对于生长在干旱半干旱地区的物种来说在一定程度上限制了其散布的可能性，以致数量极为有限。 “全能” 的华北紫丁香恰是丁香属系统演化中较为进化的种，而“低能” 的羽叶丁香又恰是居于顶生花序系（原始）与欧丁香系（进化）之间的重要过渡种。在对丁香属起源及散布进行推断的基础上，这些已经得到的结果促使我们从区系和演化的层面去了解演化系在长期迁地驯化的光合生理差异。结果发现演化过渡种羽叶丁香的光合指征也多处于中间位置;顶生花序系（原始）种类光合效能相对较低，较强的水分平衡的保持能力可能成为它们能在跨气候带引种中成活的解释。欧丁香系（进化）种类气孔导度对光梯度反应敏感，但较强的蒸腾降低了其水分利用效率，在引种地干旱高温的生长季会因水分不能及时供给而可能在年周期尺度上直接影响生物量。小乔木型的种类可能由于较高的水分利用效率而不畏干旱，形成了拟女真亚组从西北到东北继而向日本的广泛分布。 驯化的现实意义之一是应用。丁香的盐碱耐受性是区域栽培中面对的问题。我们模拟氯化物硫酸盐型盐碱土（NaCl - MgSO4）与光照梯度交互的试验结果表明紫丁香系品种曝晒栽植能耐受0.2% 的土壤盐度，如果在相同盐度生境中遮荫种植会有更高的盐分耐受表现。 对迁地物种环境适应性的研究论证着眼点从“种” 的水平归结到“系”的层次，从对特殊代表物种当今适应机制的量化比较联系到其起源和散布的历史发展，在一定程度上超越了常规引种驯化对现存实体“种” 的定性描述;将迁地驯化与就地适应相联系，以较为科学的思路贯穿驯化保护研究，并最终将研究结果回归于驯化保护实践。

濒危植物疏花水柏枝种群生物学和回归引种的研究

　本文对三峡库区濒危植物疏花水柏枝的种子形成与传播、种子萌发与幼苗定居、植株生长动态等种群生物学特性及其与环境的关系，特别是对水淹胁迫的生理学与生态学响应进行了研究，并以此为基础结合疏花水柏枝抢救工程的实施，对疏花水柏枝回归引种的相关生态学问题进行了探讨。 　　疏花水柏枝植株的生殖分配极高，每株所形成的花枝、花序和种子数量都比较多，其种子传播的方式有风传播和水传播，种子直接传播是疏花水柏枝种群进行扩增的主要途径，自然分布疏花水柏枝种群因此而常常成群分布。种子通过江水的二次传播是沿长江呈星状分布的疏花水柏枝各种群间进行基因交流的主要途径。限制疏花水柏枝种子萌发的环境因素主要是土壤含水量，这也是导致该物种在自然条件下仅分布于消落带的关键因素。疏花水柏枝一年生幼苗的成活率以及衡量植株生长状况的生物量、枝条数和根系长度都随着密度的增加而显著下降，表明密度对疏花水柏枝一年生幼苗的定居与生长有明显的制约作用。疏花水柏枝每年夏天都要经历长时间的水淹，在该时期无论是否被水淹，其幼苗地上部的生长都处于停滞（休眠），水淹后植株生物量都有一定程度的减少，但在各种水淹程度处理与对照之间除根深有显著差异外，幼苗的存活率、生物量、一级枝数、一级枝长度、根冠比的差异都不显著，表明水淹对幼苗的定居和生长没有显著影响，疏花水柏枝是通过快速的生物量丧失和快速恢复来适应水淹阶段的环境胁迫的。夏季适当的水淹不仅不会影响植株的生长，反而有利于该物种躲避这个阶段河滩上的高温天气，提高幼苗的成活率。 　　疏花水柏枝对水淹的生理生态适应机制较复杂。夏季水淹过后，植株进入生长恢复阶段，恢复初期植株的日均蒸腾强度与日均光合速率随着其在夏季被淹没时间的增加而增加，说明夏季水淹有利于植株尽快恢复生长。生长季节的水淹胁迫会使疏花水柏枝植株最初的光合作用和蒸腾作用的能力有所下降，但是长期水淹后，植株会形成适应，其光合与水分生理又会恢复到正常状态。疏花水柏枝植株也会在生理生化上对水淹胁迫作出响应。在夏天洪水季节无论是否被水淹，植株的可溶性糖总糖与蔗糖的都含量上升，根系活力、丙二醛（MDA）含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在各种水淹处理与对照之间以及淹水后与淹水前之间没有显著差异，从生理上表明疏花水柏枝的生长在夏季处于生长停滞（休眠）状态，其生理生化变化是植株对休眠的响应。夏天洪水季节结束后，各处理植株的多酚氧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、蔗糖与总糖含量在生长恢复阶段显著下降，丙二醛含量、根系活力则分别有所增加，表明植株在生理生化上也得到恢复，且植株在夏季是否受水淹胁迫对生长恢复阶段植株的生理生化变化没有显著影响。生长阶段的水淹胁迫会导致丙二醛含量、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性上升，其中前两者的变化显著，而根系活力、可溶性总糖含量则在水淹后表现为下降。但是经长期水淹后，各种生理生化指标会逐渐恢复到正常水平，表明该物种对水淹的适应能力较强，水淹并不会对植株形成长期的生理压力。 　　疏花水柏枝被回归引种于长江三峡的几个主要支流上，形成几个相对隔离的重建种群。种群遗传多样性、年龄结构、分布格局、繁殖与扩展等生物学特性是种群持续发展的基础，疏花水柏枝种群的重建中必须予以考虑。各移栽点应分别从不同的地点采集移栽材料，且以生长旺盛、繁殖力强、遗传性状稳定的3-10年植株为主。在疏花水柏枝种群恢复与重建中目前所面临的主要问题是如何增强被隔离的种群间的基因交流、促进种群的种子扩散与萌发、协调新建种群与当地物种的关系、营造有利于新建种群定居与生长的生态环境。

Reproductive biology of Parapenaeopsis stylifera

Controversy exists regarding the incidence and reproductive habits of Parapenaeopsis stylifera along the coast of Kerala, India. Results are reported of a detailed study on the different aspects of the reproductive biology based on the trawl catches landed at Neendakara Coast for a period of one year. This species breeds throughout the year with peak breeding activity in May and November. The monsoon catches consist of juveniles. Life span of the species is 2.5 years and total length at first maturity is 75 mm. Measures for the effective management of the species in the area are discussed.

A histological study of the spermatogenesis in Ompok pabda (Hamilton-Buchanan 1822)

The present study deals with the histological analysis of testicular development in Ompok pabda. For the study, male gonads were collected month wise from January to September at Freshwater Station, BFRI, Mymensingh. From the analysis, 4 stages of sperm formation, namely, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa, were distinguished. The percent distribution of spermatozoa was highest in July (about 92%). Maximum GSI value was 1.129±0.271 found in July. By analyzing the histology of spermatogenesis it was established that this species breeds once in a year.

Estimation of fishing mortality and migration coefficient of the fishery of juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii from Kalu River in Maharashtra

The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii breeds in estuaries and the juveniles after completion of their larval stage start their upward migration towards rivers. It is at this stage fishing of juveniles takes place in river mouths. Kalu River near Titwala, in Maharashtra is estimated based on data presented by Indulkar and Shirgur (1995) for 1991 and 1992 fishing seasons. The fishing mortality was estimated to be 1.50 and 1.28 for a fishing season of 3 months in 1991 and 1992 respectively, while the migration coefficient was computed to be 3.53 during the fishing season. As the average exploitation rate during the study period was only 0.24, the juveniles are not heavily fished and there is a scope for almost doubling the present catch to about 4 million seeds per fishing season.

濒危植物大花黄牡丹种子休眠与萌发特性研究

本文以中国极危种大花黄牡丹种子为研究材料，对其种子生物学、休眠与萌发特性进行研究，采用变温层积和激素处理解除种子休眠，并通过生物抑制物测试、胚培养、激素含量动态变化的测定，研究种子休眠的原因，从根本上解决了大花黄牡丹迁地保护过程中种子繁殖的技术难题，并初步探讨了大花黄牡丹致濒因素与种子休眠及萌发特性的关系，结果表明： 1.大花黄牡丹种子饱实度高，活力强，种皮较坚硬，但不存在吸水障碍，干燥条件下易因失水而丧失活力。迁地保护冷室中盆播18个月方可出苗，出苗率约4%;变温层积实验表明该种具有典型的下胚轴休眠和上胚轴生长抑制。 2.胚组织培养表明：带胚乳和种皮的胚不能萌发，剥除种皮和胚乳后，胚根可萌发，胚芽不生长，GA3处理上胚轴可促进生长，说明种皮和胚乳是导致大花黄牡丹种子下胚轴休眠的关键因素，而上胚轴生长抑制与胚本身关系更密切。 3.抑制物质提取实验表明：大花黄牡丹种子胚乳、种皮、胚等各部位的浸提液均存在抑制小白菜种子萌发的物质，且抑制作用依次增强，说明胚乳和胚是其下胚轴休眠的主要原因。经过暖层积（15 ℃/90 d）种子（未解除上胚轴生长抑制）的胚根、子叶、胚轴浸提液对小白菜和已解除休眠的大花黄牡丹种子的萌发均有不同程度的抑制作用，并依次减弱，说明种胚本身的抑制物质是导致生理休眠的主要原因。 4.变温层积处理和外源激素实验表明：新鲜种子采收后15 ℃暖层积3个月生根率可达85%，下胚轴休眠解除对温度要求严格，高于或低于15 ℃及变温条件均不利于下胚轴萌发;暖层积90d、根长大于6 cm种子再经过60～80 d/ 5 ℃冷层积，即可有效解除大花黄牡丹种子上胚轴的生长抑制，出芽率达80%，最终出苗率68%。不同浓度GA3及不同处理时间促进上胚轴伸长实验结果显示，GA3　400 mg/L浸种根长大于1.5 cm的种子2 h，出芽率可达100%，可以完全解除上胚轴的生长抑制作用。 5.休眠萌发过程中种子各部位内源激素含量动态变化分析结果说明，初始状态脱落酸含量高是导致大花黄牡丹种子下胚轴休眠、上胚轴生长抑制的主要原因之一，且上胚轴抑制与子叶、下胚轴和根的脱落酸含量密切相关;同时认为种子各部位初始生长素含量水平低是导致其休眠的另一个主要原因;变温层积过程中胚各部位脱落酸含量的急剧下降和生长素的迅速升高是解除休眠的关键;同时发现赤霉素在解除休眠和促进萌发过程中起着重要的促进作用，外源GA3能够有效地打破上胚轴的深度休眠。玉米素核苷在休眠与萌发进程中变化趋势与生长素和赤霉素相似，说明其对种子胚根和上胚轴的萌发和生长具有一定的促进作用。

High-density comparative BAC mapping in the black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons): Molecular cytogenetic dissection of the origin of MCR 1p+4 in the X1X2Y1Y2Y3 sex chromosome system

The black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons, 2n = 8 female/9 male) is a critically endangered mammalian species that is confined to a narrow region of southeastern China. Male black muntjacs have an astonishing X1X2Y1Y2Y3 sex chromosome system, unparalleled i