Construtivismo de marco teórico-pedagógico a grife: um estudo a partir das mensagens veiculadas na internet

This thesis is resulted of a research on propagated the social representations of constructivism in the Internet, which as had estimated basic the idea of Moscovici (1961) of that the media it has determinative paper in the popularization of the scientific theories, in formation e propagation of the social representations and in the construction of behaviors human beings. Understanding the Internet as latest space of circulation of social communications, therefore, privileged field (and still not explored) for studies of social representations, we choose this half midiático as investigative field of our research, it if it constitutes in the "great ocean of the new informational planet" (LEVY, 2000, p. 126), besides making possible the interaction with different forms of images, different individuals, different ' world ', configuring itself as important space of symbolic production e of analysis of the representational process in the world contemporary. Based in these questions, we trace as objective to analyze the circulating speech propagated on-line on the constructivism, searching to apprehend the social representations shared the respect. This objective was constructed in face of the insertion of the theory constructivist in the educational way has two decades more than, as well as of its consolidation as reference in different social contexts, mainly in midiático. The question that directed the research was: as this theory obtains to penetrate in some layers of our society, to influence the world readings e the behaviors of different people? That modifications it suffers in this trajectory and which the paper of the Internet in this process? The corpus of the research was constituted of the substances on the theory found in the Internet, in pages in Portuguese of Google, in the period of 27 of July of 2004 the 17 of August of 2004. The data they had been analyzed on the basis of the project of analysis of content elaborated for Moscovici (1961) and in the estimated theoreticians of the social communication, in special of the hypermedia. The results had disclosed that the Internet participates of determinative form in the process of popularization of the constructivism theory, not only spreading out its estimated theoretician- methodological for the domain public (diffusion), but propagating positive beliefs and images of its postulates (propagation) and using them it service of interests politicians e financiers (propaganda). The popularization of the constructivism in the Internet and social representations of this theory propagated configure one process in which the theory passes of pedagogical theoretical landmark for grief, assuming a commercial character extremely and the status of solution for problems of the education and the society, stirring up attitudes and behaviors in public, most general possible, that comes to take care of to the interests politicians e marketing. Recognizing the diversity, the permanent renewal of information and the negotiation of directions gifts in the Internet, as well as the innumerable ones forms of access to the information found by it, we consider results of the research as fruits of the inherent characteristics to this way midiático, to the time where we call the attention for relativity these results, for the plasticity of knowing them and sensible propagated on-line e for the great challenge that the hypermedia imposes to the study of communication phenomena, of the social representations and in educational quarrels and for the necessity of new research that they investigate the forms of socialization of the information and communication propitiated by hypermedia and its implications in the construction of the symbolic universes and in practical social

Avaliação da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de cortadores de cana-de-açúcar nos períodos de entressafra e safra

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de cortadores de cana-de-açúcar. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal em uma usina sucroalcooleira no Oeste do estado de São Paulo de abril (final da entressafra) a outubro (final da safra) de 2010. Foram avaliados 44 cortadores de cana-de-açúcar tabagistas e não tabagistas em três períodos: ao final da entressafra, no fim do terceiro mês de safra e no final da safra. A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde foi avaliada pelo questionário Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Foram realizados análise de variância para medidas repetidas e teste de Friedman para comparar a qualidade de vida entre os períodos. Utilizou-se o teste de Goodman para identificar a frequência dos trabalhadores cujo escore aumentou nos períodos de safra em comparação com a entressafra (respondedores positivos), considerando-se as variáveis qualitativas dos domínios do SF-36. RESULTADOS: Ao final da entressafra, 23% dos trabalhadores desistiram do trabalho; 27% eram tabagistas. Houve decréscimo significativo no domínio vitalidade no final da safra em comparação com a entressafra. Os desistentes apresentaram maior escore no domínio aspecto social em relação ao grupo que permaneceu no trabalho. Não houve diferença na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde entre tabagistas e não tabagistas. No entanto, observou-se maior percentual de respondedores positivos entre não tabagistas nos domínios aspecto físico, social e emocional nos três meses de safra e nos domínios estado geral de saúde e aspecto social nos seis meses de safra, quando comparados aos tabagistas. CONCLUSÕES: A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em cortadores de cana-de-açúcar mostrou-se diminuída após o período de safra no domínio vitalidade. Os trabalhadores que permaneceram na safra são os que apresentaram piores aspectos sociais, o que mostra a necessidade de promoção de políticas assistencialistas de saúde a essa população específica, principalmente durante a safra canavieira.

Psicologia e profissão: neurose profissional e a atuação do psicólogo organizacional frente à questão

Este artigo pretende fazer um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a neurose profissional, cujos sintomas são entendidos como a expressão simbólica de um conflito psíquico que se desenvolve a partir de uma situação organizacional ou profissional determinada. O diagnóstico é formado a partir das queixas mencionadas, da história de trabalho e da análise da situação de trabalho atual. Entende-se que condições estressantes de trabalho, associadas ao contexto social de desemprego e competitividade, contribuem para o aparecimento de doenças mentais como a neurose profissional. As formas de tratamento para essa doença, além da psicoterapia individual, envolvem a ação integrada de uma equipe multiprofissional capacitada para lidar com o sofrimento psíquico do trabalhador e com os aspectos sociais e de intervenção nos ambientes de trabalho. Ressalta-se a carência de literatura sobre o tema estudado e a importância de se ampliar a discussão sobre os fatores de risco no trabalho, os determinantes psíquicos para o desenvolvimento da neurose profissional e o papel do psicólogo no contexto de prevenção e promoção da saúde mental.

Formação ética para a cidadania: uma investigação de habilidades sociais medidas pelo inventário de habilidades sociais

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar se o repertório de habilidades sociais importantes para a formação ética de um grupo de estudantes de ensino médio, curso pré-vestibular e curso de graduação em psicologia evidenciava mudanças relacionadas à diferença de idade e características específicas dos contextos interativos oferecidos pelas instituições de ensino participantes desse processo. Foi aplicado o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais a uma amostra de 45 estudantes e questionários semiestruturados a nove professores. Entre os alunos, os resultados indicaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as classes das categorias de ensino investigadas em relação a diferentes conjuntos de habilidades sociais. Dos resultados obtidos com os professores, pode-se depreender que estes possuem noção clara das capacidades que o aluno deve obter para agir com ética e ser cidadão, mas esses professores não propiciam condições, no contexto escolar, para a promoção de tais habilidades. Isso indicou a necessidade de melhorias na capacitação dos docentes, visando à ampliação do repertório de habilidades sociais de seus alunos.

Psicose e toxicomanias: um estudo psicanalítico

This paper is a case study that aims to discuss the effects of drug abuse by a person with psychotic structure from a psychoanalytical perspective. The interest in this subject was born from an internship experience in the Mental Health area in which a psychotic patient had a drug abuse problem and the service treating him had difficulties dealing with this. In order to accomplish the objective of this work four theoretical chapters were written and the case is discussed throughout them articulating the theoretical issues with clinical practice. A literature review revealed that Freud and Lacan did not dedicate themselves to the study of the effect of drug use by psychotic patients but they made important contributions unfolding the theoretical and clinical psychoanalytical practice. Contemporary psychoanalytic authors suggest that the drug use made by psychotics differs from the use by neurotics, because of the particularity of the psychotic structure. It was found that drug use in psychosis can operate in three different ways: the first refers to drug use as substitute of a missing signifier helping the psychotic patient building a social bond. The second function is to intensify psychotic phenomena and the third function is to operate as an attempt to diminish those same phenomena. We conclude that, while the use of drugs in neurosis provides an individualist way of satisfaction, that excludes social aspects. For psychosis such use may operate differently and may play a role in social integration, among others effects. Such discussion can help move forward the direction of treatment of psychosis when the case involves drug use

Relação amorosa e tentativa de suicídio na adolescência : uma questão de (des)amor

Suicide rates have been rising all over the world. In Rio Grande do Norte state, a study carried out by Dutra (1999) investigated suicide rates among youngsters and found that in 1997 alone 244 cases of suicide attempt were registered. The author took an interest in studying this phenomenon among adolescents after reviewing Dutra s study and the technical literature on suicide. In addition to that, another topic caught her attention and raised new research questions: suicide attempts motivated by love, i.e., the end of a relationship, the fantasy of being abandoned by a partner. These have made the author to question how love manifested itself among adolescents and how it could become a reason for adolescents to give up their lives. Based on the data she analyzed and the research questions she developed, her research objective was to understand how adolescents who have attempted suicide because of love-related reasons have gone through this experience. The theoretical reference for the research was the Client-centered Therapy and more specifically, the construct self , according to Carl Rogers. The methodological strategy was inspired by the existential-phenomenological strategy. It used the narrative as a research instrument, inspired by the work of Walter Benjamim (1994) which was developed into a research strategy by Schmidt (1990). Four youngsters (three male and one female) have participated in this study. They have attempted suicide for love-related reasons during dolescence, when they were 12 to 18 years old. The interviews were recorded on cassette tapes, transcribed and literalized into narratives. The understanding of the narratives was based on the meanings that emerged from the youngsters speeches, as well as from the moments that touched the author. These moments highlighted the meaning of the experience of giving up life and the experience of love-based relationship as experienced by the youngsters. The study detected, among the adolescents who were interviewed, the existence of impulsiveness related to the suicide attempt. Also, the majority of the interviewees came from unstructured family backgrounds and had lost of one of their parents or had to face their parents divorce. The suicide was attempted by these youngsters through the ingestion of medicines. The research also revealed that the youngsters had regretted attempting suicide and felt guilty about it. With regards to their self-evaluation, the author observed that the youngsters had low self-esteem, negative perceptions about themselves and distorted views of themselves. These findings helped the author to reflect on the close relationship between the construct self and the suicide attempt. She also observed that a few factors, i.e., family context, education, social and cultural values, have influenced the way the youngsters perceived themselves . The results of this research confirm the idea that we have to understand the suicide attempt as a multi-determined phenomenon. This study contributed to the analysis and reflection on the factors that contribute to suicide attempts thus providing a foundation for the development of public health programs and policies to deal with this topic

Qualidade de vida de pacientes com deformidade dentofacial

In the last decade, an increasing number of studies focusing on the impact of oral deformities on quality of life have been published. However, the evaluation of patients at different phases of the treatment has not been performed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the impact that dentofacial deformities have on patients` quality of life, as well as the influence exerted by social, economic, demographic and orthodontic factors, type and severity of malocclusion. A bicentric study - of the cross-sectional type of repeated panels - involving two cities - Natal and Rio de Janeiro - was carried out. A total of 227 patients participated in the study: 71 patients in the initial phase of the treatment (before any orthosurgical procedure), 115 patients in the pre-surgical (with braces) phase and 41 patients in the postoperative phase. The quality of life was measured using the Orthognatic Quality of Life Questionnnaire - OQLQ, translated and validated into Portuguese. The normative and aesthetic need for treatment was assessed with the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI); the social, economic and demographic factors, the type of service and malocclusion were also assessed. The data were analyzed through χ2/ Fisher`s exact test to seek the association between the nominal categorical variables in the three phases of treatment, Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test for gauging the existence of significant differences between two and three groups regarding each domain of OQLQ, respectively. For all tests, it was adopted a significance level of 5%. There was a statistically significant difference (p <0.001) in the general scores of OQLQ and in the domains of social aspects, facial aesthetics and oral function, when the "postoperative group" was compared to the "initial" and "orthodontic preparation" groups. Women, single, aged between 31 and 59 and living in Natal had the greatest impact on quality of life among patients in the "orthodontic preparation" group. Only the variable "income" (2 to 3 minimum wages), for the "initial" group, and gender (female) for the "postoperative" group, showed significant association with quality of life. The normative variable IOTN (DHC and AC) showed significant association with the OQLQ for the "initial" group, and the IOTN-AC-auto in the group of orthodontic preparation, being less important to women. We conclude that the ortho-surgical therapy has positive effects on quality of life after orthognathic surgery

A assistência estudantil e as cotas sociais nas universidades estaduais do nordeste: as faces do acesso ao direito

This paper discusses about the higher education in Brazilian society highlighting the struggle of the working class, as concerning the access to public universities, as well as highlights the contradictions implicit in social quotas adopted by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) . The aim of this paper is on presenting the analysis of student assistance of the state universities in the Northeast that adopt quotas as social criteria of access for its students , presenting investigative locus as the following universities : UERN , UEPB , UPE and UNEAL . The paper presents the results of a qualitative study , based on a documentary analysis , based on dialectical and historical materialism in which she performed the reading of data from the following analytical categories: Higher Education, Social Quotas and Student Assistance. As main results, it is emphasized that the implementation of quotas as a means of access to higher education was not decisive for the form of planning and implementation of student assistance the university investigated; latent heterogeneity is that universities deal with actions to support student residence. And it is this heterogeneity and the variation in the conduct and understanding of student assistance , reflecting the lack of prioritization with the actions of the context of HEIs ; support programs are to stay focused on central campuses which are located the administrative offices of the universities, penalizing students enrolled in advanced units; also highlight that there is no link between the programs and projects related to student assistance with actions related to teaching, research and extension in universities investigated , which ultimately characterize the student assistance as an isolated action and punctual

Efeitos de um programa de orientação para adultos com lombalgia

OBJETIVO: Implantar um programa de Escola da Postura para pacientes com lombalgia crônica. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 41 sujeitos (46,81 ± 13,35 anos), de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 25-65 anos que possuíam dor lombar há mais de 6 meses. Inicialmente, foi realizado a avaliação da qualidade de vida (Medical Outcomes Study 36- Item Short-Form Health Survey- SF-36) e capacidade funcional (Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire - ODQ). em seguida, todos os sujeitos participaram de cinco encontros semanais de 60 minutos, nos quais foram desenvolvidos as capacitações teórico-práticas. Após uma semana, os sujeitos foram reavaliados. Os dados obtidos nas avaliações foram analisados utilizando o teste estatístico não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: Foi observada melhora significativa na capacidade funcional (ODQ, p<0,0001). em relação à qualidade de vida observou-se melhora significativa nos domínios capacidade funcional (p=0,0016), dor (p=0,0035), estado geral de saúde (p<0,0001), vitalidade (p<0,0001), aspectos sociais (p<0,0001) e saúde mental (p=0,0007). Nos itens aspectos físicos e aspectos emocionais não foi observada diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO: O programa Escola da Postura elaborado foi capaz de melhorar a qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional dos participantes.

A Produção do espaço das pequenas cidades do Seridó Potiguar

The present research wants to comprehend the small towns process of production situated in the Seridó Potiguar, under a historical perspective. Many were the ways passedthrough and the social agents involved in the organization of this space that is build in the treefold: cattle-breeding/cotton plantation/mining, giving origin to the firstcenters. Through the analysis of demographic, economical and social aspects we elaborate a small towns urban profile, considering the 80 s period until today. Those aspects reveal a town s systems with several characteristics and impossible to be insert in some table of reference. These elements are showed in the concentration of urban equipment in the distribution of economical opportunities and in the social connection that are made in the routine of each place. However, the analysis of production s process and special organization proportinated us an explanation of small towns reality, confirming its importance in the urban system, catching sight that, although the restrict urban functions presented, it confirms its towns character by organizing andadministratingthe life specific community

A saúde na percepção do adolescente

Na fase da adolescência, o indivíduo experimenta os melhores índices de saúde, os quais podem ser mantidos e/ou melhorados, dependendo da percepção e valorização dos mesmos, influenciando na sua qualidade de vida. O estudo avaliou a opinião de adolescentes (n=493) da Fundação Mirim do Município de Araçatuba - SP, quanto à saúde geral e bucal, bem como sua percepção sobre elas, por meio questionário semiestruturado, durante o ano letivo de 2006, já que os mesmos possuem acesso à atenção à saúde bucal e palestras sobre saúde. Dentre os entrevistados 34,5% conceituaram a saúde como coisa ou algo que precisa(mos) cuidar; 26,6%, como bem-estar; 18,1%, como a própria existência; e 14,5%, como ausência de doença. em relação aos conceitos de saúde bucal, 68,4% definiram como higiene; 16,2%, como aparência; e 15,5%, como ausência de doenças bucais. A percepção desses jovens quanto a sua saúde em geral foi para 46,5%, ótima, e 44,1%, boa, enquanto que a da sua saúde bucal foi para 53,6%, boa, e 24%, ótima. Pode-se concluir que os adolescentes têm uma ideia tanto sobre saúde geral como saúde bucal, porém a classificação é menor no que tange à saúde bucal, pois envolve aspectos afetivos, estéticos e sociais. Ademais, percebe-se a necessidade de programas educativo-preventivos direcionados a esse grupo.

Effect of orthognathic surgery for class III correction on quality of life as measured by SF-36

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the quality of life of patients with Angle's class III malocclusion submitted to orthognathic surgery. Twenty-nine patients of both sexes, ranging in age from 17 to 46 years, with Angle's class III malocclusion and indication for surgical treatment, were evaluated about 30 days before surgery and 6 months postoperatively. Surgery consisted of maxillary advancement or mandibular retrusion, or both. The generic SF-36 questionnaire was used to evaluate the following eight domains: functional capacity, physical aspects, pain, general health status, mental health, emotional aspects, social aspects and vitality. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to determine possible interactions between timing of evaluation, gender and type of surgery. With respect to physical and social aspects, a significant difference in outcomes was observed, with mean scores being higher after surgery regardless of gender or type of surgery. Regarding emotional aspects, an interaction effect was observed for timing and gender, with higher mean scores only being obtained for females after Surgery. Orthognathic Surgery had a positive impact on the quality of life of both male and female patients, improving physical and social aspects, and on that of female patients, improving emotional aspects.

Desordens temporomandibulares e dor orofacial: estudo da qualidade de vida medida pelo Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Item Short Form Health Survey

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O conhecimento de indicadores de qualidade de vida (QV) relacionados à saúde bucal é especialmente relevante para a Odontologia considerando o impacto que as condições bucais podem provocar no bem estar psicológico e social. Estudos sobre aspectos psicossociais contribuem para maior integração da conduta clínica e assistencial, preocupação compartilhada com profissionais da saúde. Integrar as áreas de Psicologia e Odontologia quebrando paradigmas interdisciplinares e o interesse em conhecer os aspectos psicológicos dos pacientes, motivou a realização deste estudo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a QV dos pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular e/ou dor orofacial. MÉTODO: Foi aplicado o Questionário Genérico de Avaliação de Qualidade de Vida - Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Item Short Health Survey (SF-36) a 91 pacientes, que buscaram atendimento por apresentarem sinais e/ou sintomas de disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) e dor orofacial (DOF). O SF-36 avalia 8 domínios: capacidade funcional (CF), aspectos físicos (AF), dor, estado geral de saúde (EGS), saúde mental (SM), aspectos emocionais (AE), aspectos sociais (AS) e vitalidade (V). RESULTADOS: A análise estatística descritiva e inferencial pela Correlação de Pearson (p-valor < 0,05) demonstrou, com exceção da capacidade funcional (73,2), valores médios entre 50 e 64 para os demais domínios: AF - 57,6; Dor - 50; EGS - 54,5; V - 53,4; AS - 63,6; AE - 51,8; SM - 58. Considerando-se que a pontuação varia de 0 a 100, ou seja, do pior para o melhor estado de saúde, os valores médios foram baixos. Verificou-se correlação entre CF e EGS (p-valor 0,01), tendência de significância para dor e EGS (p-valor 0,07). CONCLUSÃO: Os aspectos dor e capacidade funcional interferem no estado geral de saúde; os pacientes com DTM e DOF sofreram impacto negativo na qualidade de vida pelo prejuízo dos aspectos físicos e mentais.

Diagnóstico de crianças com alterações específicas de linguagem por meio de escala de desenvolvimento

Alterações específicas do desenvolvimento da linguagem (AEDL) devem ser identificadas precocemente, pois tais alterações podem interferir nos aspectos sociais e escolares da criança. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi verificar o desempenho de crianças com diagnóstico de AEDL, em comparação com o de crianças normais, por meio da Escala de Desenvolvimento Comportamental de Gesell e Amatruda (EDCGA). Foram selecionadas 25 crianças de 3 a 6 anos com o diagnóstico de AEDL (grupo estudado - GE) e 50 crianças normais da mesma faixa etária (grupo controle - GC). As crianças do GC apresentaram desempenho satisfatório e melhor que as crianças do GE, em todos os campos da escala. O valor da mediana do GE foi limítrofe nos comportamentos adaptativo e social-pessoal, já no de linguagem foi discrepantemente rebaixado. Concluímos que as alterações de linguagem interferiram na avaliação dos outros campos do desenvolvimento (adaptativo e pessoal-social). Apesar da interferência, a escala pode ser instrumento útil no diagnóstico de AEDL.

Federalismo e relações intergovernamentais no Brasil: a reforma de programas sociais

The article analyses the process of reform in four areas of social policies that affect directly the interests of sub-national governments: basic education, social housing programs, basic sanitation and health. As the study reveals, despite the varying degree of success achieved in the various policy initiatives and contrary to the expectations of the prevailing interpretations of the nature of Brazilian federalism, the federal government faced no insurmountable hurdles in implementing their reform agenda. The study aims at demonstrating that (i) in the absence of any constitutional mandatory requirement, the political autonomy of local governments - typical of federative States - actually enhances the veto power of local governments over policy initiatives proposed by the federal Executive branch. However, (ii) power resources available to the federal Executive branch - such as agenda definition and vetoing powers - in addition to control over resources that are essential to the political survival of the representatives increase the chances of success-of the federal government. Furthermore, (1999), (iii) the constitutional authority of Brazilian states is far more limited than that of the North-American states; (iv) the category federalism, however, is not sufficient to define the potential stability of specific policies, which depends upon how inter-governmental relations are structured in each particular policy. Specifically, (v) constitutional rules, legacies from previous policies and the political cycle frame the decision arenas in various ways, thus conditioning both the strategies and chances of success of the federative players.