Diel movements of fishes linked to benthic seascape structure in a Caribbean coral reef ecosystem

Many common fishes associated with Caribbean coral reef ecosystems use resources from more than 1 patch type during routine daily foraging activities. Few studies have provided direct evidence of connectivity across seascapes, and the importance of benthic seascape structure on movement behavior is poorly known. To address this knowledge gap, we coupled hydro-acoustic technology to track fish with seafloor mapping and pattern analysis techniques from landscape ecology to quantify seascape structure. Bluestriped grunts Haemulon sciurus and schoolmaster snapper Lutjanus apodus were tracked over 24 h periods using boat-based acoustic telemetry. Movement pathways, and day and night activity spaces were mapped using geographical information system (GIS) tools, and seafloor structure within activity spaces was mapped from high-resolution aerial photography and quantified using spatial pattern metrics. For both fish species, night activity spaces were significantly larger than day activity spaces. Fish exhibited a daytime preference for seascapes with aggregate coral reef and colonized bedrock, then shifted to night activity spaces with lower complexity soft sediment including sand, seagrass, and scattered coral/rock. Movement path complexity was negatively correlated with seascape complexity. This demonstrates direct connectivity across multiple patch types and represents the first study to apply quantitative landscape ecology techniques to examine the movement ecology of marine fish. The spatially explicit approach facilitates understanding to the linkages between biological processes and the heterogeneity of the landscape. Such studies are essential for identifying ecologically relevant spatial scales, delineating essential fish habitat and designing marine protected areas.

Spatial and temporal patterns of coral bleaching around Buck Island Reef National Monument, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Since 2001, biannual fish and habitat monitoring has been conducted for the shallow (> 30 m), colonized pavement and gorgonian dominated Buck Island Reef National Monument (BIRNM) St. Croix, USVI and adjacent waters. during October, 2005, widespread coral bleaching was observed within the ∼50 square-kilometer study area that was preceded by 10 wks of higher than average water temperatures (28.9–30.1 °C). Random transects (100 square meters) were conducted on linear reefs, patch reefs, bedrock, pavement, and scattered coral/rock habitats during October 2005, and April and October 2006, and species specific bleaching patterns were documented. During October 2005 approximately 51% of live coral cover was bleached. Nineteen of 23 coral species within 16 genera and two hydrocoral species exhibited signs of bleaching. Coral cover for Montastraea annularis and species of the genus Agaricia were the most affected, while other species exhibited variability in their susceptibility to bleaching. Bleaching was evident at all depths (1.5–28 m), was negatively correlated with depth, and positively correlated with habitat complexity. Bleaching was less prevalent at all depths and habitat types upon subsequent monitoring during April (15%) and October (3%) 2006. Four species and one genus did not exhibit signs of bleaching throughout the study period (Dendrogyra cylindrus, Eusmilia fastigata, Mussa angulosa, Mycetophyllia aliciae, Scolymia spp.).

Atlas of the shallow-water benthic habitats of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands

Digital maps of the shallow (<~30m deep) coral reef ecosystems of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, were created through visual interpretation of remote sensing imagery acquired between 2004 and 2006. Reef ecosystem features were digitized directly into a Geographic Information System. Benthic features were categorized according to a classification scheme with attributes including zone (location such as lagoon or forereef, etc.), structure (bottom type such as sand or patch reef, etc.) and percent hard bottom. This atlas consists of 27 detailed maps displaying reef zone and structure of coral ecosystems around Majuro. Adjacent maps in the atlas overlap slightly to ensure complete coverage. Maps and associated products can be used to support science and management activities on Majuro reef ecosystems including inventory, monitoring, conservation, and sustainable development applications. Maps are not to be used for navigation.

北京地区植被景观的空间分布特征

本文利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术、景观生态学理论和方法、分形理论以及统计分析方法对北京地区植被景观的空间分布特征进行了分析，并对景观格局和景观多样性的分析方法进行了探讨，结果表明： (1)对几乎所有的斑块类型，其斑块大小的分布都不是对称的，而是右偏的。4种概率分布（Г—分布、对数正态分布、Weibull分布和（负）指数分布）都只能刻划部分斑块类型，并且服从对数正态分布的斑块类型最多，服从（负）指数分布的斑块类型最少。 (2)随着斑块面积的增加，边界效应越来越小，而斑块形状越来越不紧凑。 (3)分形分析识别出本地区植被景观中的两个尺度域：一个是斑块面积小于(大约)2.7km2，另一个是斑块面积大于(大约)2.7km2。两个域中的斑块复杂程度有很大差异，后一个域中的斑块明显比前一个域中的斑块复杂，并且随着斑块面积的增加，斑块形状越来越复杂。 (4)用斑块数作为多度指标时，该景观的斑块类型一多度分布服从（截断）对数正态分布和（截断）负二项分布，不服从对数级数分布和几何分布。用斑块面积作为多度指标时，该景观的斑块类型一多度分布服从对数正态分布、Weibull分布和Г—争布，不服从正态分布。从而该景观的斑块类型一多度分布不是对称的，也是右偏的。在4个优势度／多样性模型中，“生态位优先占领”模型和Zipf-Mandelbrot模型可以较好地刻划该景观的斑块类型一多度关系。 (5)样本大小对多样性测度有直接的影响。如果这种影响比较小，就说明测度指标比较稳定。三个丰富度指数中，Ri比R2和R3更稳定;五个多样性性指数中，D和Di最稳定，OD最不稳定，因此，OD是用于景观多样性监测的理想指标;五个均匀度指数中，Jgi最稳定。根据设计的3种计算临界样方数量（即多样性测度指标达到稳定时的样方数量）方法的计算结果，上述几个最稳定的测度指标在通常情况下只需要几个样方(即总抽样面积为数百km2)就达到稳定状态。 (6)斑块类型数目随面积的增加而增加。根据四个评价指标的评价结果，认为双曲线对该景观的斑块类型一面积关系的拟合效果最好。 (7)样本较大（对于一阶刀切估计，大于30个样方;对于二阶刀切估计，大于60个样方）时，刀切法能够给出斑块类型数目(NPT)较好的估计;样本较小（小于30个样方）时，Mingoti和Meeden提出的经验贝叶斯方法能够对NPT给出比刀切法和自助法更好的估计。斑块类型一面积曲线外推虽然也能给出NPT较好的估计，但这种方法需要慎重使用，不能外推得很远。 (8)列联表分析表明，该植被景观中的斑块类型与土壤类型、岩石类型、海拔高度和坡向各因子之间均存在显著的相关性。植被景观多样性与岩石类型多样性和地形多样性之间也均呈显著的正相关关系，即植被景观多样性随岩石类型多样性和地形多样性的增加而增加。但植被景观多样性与土壤类型多样性之间不存在显著的线性相关或秩相关关系，这可能是由于二者的分类体系不吻合。植被景观多样性与总的道路密度和第二类道路密度之间均呈显著的负相关关系，而与第一类和第三类道路密度之间的关系都不显著。这反映出景观样本单元(10kmxlOkm)的尺度对应于第二类道路的影响尺度。而道路密度在一定程度上反映了人类活动的强度，因此，在10kmxlOkm这个尺度上，人类活动愈剧烈，景观多样性就愈小。

根茎克隆植物羊草分株种群对去叶干扰的生长对策

克隆植物具有多种不同于非克隆植物的生长和繁殖策略。本研究首先综述了这些生长与繁殖策略之中，与我们的实验研究相关的尤其是对于去叶干扰适应策略的四个方面，包括克隆整合、克隆分株大小与密度之权衡( tradeoff)过程、碳水化合物贮备与利用、营养繁殖和芽种群(bud population)调节等。预测克隆植物选择什么样的对策以及某种对策发生作用的条件及程度如何，对克隆植物生态学研究者来说，将是富有挑战意味的课题。 羊草(Leymus chinensis (Trin,) Tzvel.)是禾本科的一种多年生根茎型克隆植物，常常处于由放牧或刈割造成的去叶干扰( defoliation)的胁迫下。在我们的第一个实验（2002年）中，考察了去叶干扰和根茎切割( rhizome severing)是否影响根茎本身和分株地上部分的生长、以及营养繁殖芽的数量特征。同时我们检验如下的假设：直接受到去叶干扰的分株除了会受益于可能的补偿作用之外，还会受益于克隆整合作用，即与之保持根茎联系的未受去叶处理的分株将转移碳水化合物或养分给受去叶干扰的分株，使之得以尽快恢复光合组织。实验结果显示：单次去叶干扰影响根茎生长和芽的产生，而对地上部分的生长影响甚微。只有重度去叶干扰才显著影响营养繁殖芽的产生，而轻度去叶干扰作用不明显。所以，当去叶强度不大时，补偿作用机制将弥补植物由于去叶干扰而受到的损失。我们的实验并未检测到克隆整合的发生，可能的原因是本实验持续的时间不足够长或者是由于根茎中的碳水化合物贮备在去叶干扰发生后发挥了作用，缓解了去叶干扰对羊草分株生长及芽生产的所造成的冲击。 在第二个实验（200 3年）中，为了考查相继数次的去叶干扰是否能够启动羊草分株间的克隆整合，以及启动克隆整合所需达到的去叶干扰的频次，我们将实验样方设计为两部分：核心区( Core section)和外围区(Periphery section)。不同频次的去叶处理（0去叶，作为对照; 1次去叶;3次去叶;5次去叶）仅施加于实验样方的核心区。结果表明，经历3次和5次去叶处理的样方外围区的生物量及水溶性碳水化合物( wsc)含量均明显少于经历1次去叶处理及0去叶处理的样方外围区，这意味着克隆整合在3次去叶和5次去叶两种处理中发生了，而在其它两种处理中没有发生。此外，分株的大小一数目之权衡可能在基株(genet)水平上发生，因此，一个克隆植物基株，当部分分株受到去叶干扰后，将增加其分株数目，但优先增加未受到去叶干扰部分的分株数目。我们将羊草的这种行为视为克隆基株试图逃避干扰的“逃逸行为”( escaping behavior)。 同时在实验中，我们监测了实验样方核心区分株的wsc浓度，目的是查明羊草枝条与根茎中wsc浓度随时间的变化格局及其对去叶干扰的响应，意在发现羊草枝条地上、地下部分和根茎中wsc浓度的时间变化之间的联系。在生长旺季，对照处理（即O去叶处理）的wsc浓度显著降低，这是由于植物在此时期的高生长速率和高呼吸速率所致;相比之下，其它经历去叶干扰的三个处理中羊草wsc浓度降低不如对照处理那么明显和迅速，甚至在高频次去叶处理中还有所上升，其原因大概是由于去叶而使叶面积减小，引起枝条的总呼吸下降所致。羊草枝条中最终的wsc浓度没有受到单次去叶处理的显著影响，却很可观地受到相继数次去叶干扰（3次和5次去叶处理）的影响。去叶干扰可能加速了碳水化合物在气温降低时自地上向地下的转移。枝条的地下部分wsc浓度比地上部分更稳定。在地上部分受到去叶干扰后，根茎中的wsc必然向上输出到地上枝条，而强烈的生长会消耗wsc，但可能的克隆整合（通常在相对频繁的去叶干扰条件下发生）将在一定程度上缓解这种wsc消耗。 在此实验中，我们还监测了羊草平均每分株所拥有的芽的数目，包括每分株分蘖节芽（tiller bud）数目和根茎芽(thizomatous bud)数目。从平均每分株芽数目的时间动态来看，各种去叶处理之间的差异程度不大，这主要是羊草在受到去叶干扰后补偿作用的贡献。与对照处理相比，受不同频次去叶干扰的三个处理的根茎芽具有相对于分蘖节的更强的增长优势。去叶干扰对根茎芽生长的促进作用大于对分蘖节芽的促进作用。我们认为这种反应是羊草克隆基株的一种逃避干扰的适应性努力，可视为一种“逃逸行为”，也可看作克隆植物觅养行为(foraging behavior)的一种特殊形式。芽的增长在中等频度的去叶干扰条件下最强，似乎同样符合中度干扰理论。有趣的是，特定频度的去叶干扰可能会造成芽种群中两大类型芽之间比例（根茎芽／分蘖节芽）的振荡现象（Oscillation）。 最后展望了对于羊草今后应继续开展的工作主要集中在两大方面：一是有性繁殖与无性繁殖之间在不同生境或不同干扰条件下的权衡关系;二是处于不同斑块对比度( patch contrast)的生境中的羊草克隆分株之问的生理整合，及其强度与斑块对比度的定量关系。

Semi-supervised video segmentation using tree structured graphical models

We present a novel, implementation friendly and occlusion aware semi-supervised video segmentation algorithm using tree structured graphical models, which delivers pixel labels alongwith their uncertainty estimates. Our motivation to employ supervision is to tackle a task-specific segmentation problem where the semantic objects are pre-defined by the user. The video model we propose for this problem is based on a tree structured approximation of a patch based undirected mixture model, which includes a novel time-series and a soft label Random Forest classifier participating in a feedback mechanism. We demonstrate the efficacy of our model in cutting out foreground objects and multi-class segmentation problems in lengthy and complex road scene sequences. Our results have wide applicability, including harvesting labelled video data for training discriminative models, shape/pose/articulation learning and large scale statistical analysis to develop priors for video segmentation. © 2011 IEEE.

Game Vertebrate Densities in Hunted and Nonhunted Forest Sites in Manu National Park, Peru

Manu National Park of southern Peru is one of the most renowned protected areas in the world, yet large-bodied vertebrate surveys conducted to date have been restricted to Cocha Cashu Biological Station, a research station covering <0.06 percent of the 1.7Mha park. Manu Park is occupied by >460 settled Matsigenka Amerindians, 300-400 isolated Matsigenka, and several, little-known groups of isolated hunter-gatherers, yet the impact of these native Amazonians on game vertebrate populations within the park remains poorly understood. On the basis of 1495 km of standardized line-transect censuses, we present density and biomass estimates for 23 mammal, bird, and reptile species for seven lowland and upland forest sites in Manu Park, including Cocha Cashu. We compare these estimates between hunted and nonhunted sites within Manu Park, and with other Neotropical forest sites. Manu Park safeguards some of the most species-rich and highest biomass assemblages of arboreal and terrestrial mammals ever recorded in Neotropical forests, most likely because of its direct Andean influence and high levels of soil fertility. Relative to Barro Colorado Island, seed predators and arboreal folivores in Manu are rare, and generalist frugivores specializing on mature fruit pulp are abundant. The impact of such a qualitative shift in the vertebrate community on the dynamics of plant regeneration, and therefore, on our understanding of tropical plant ecology, must be profound. Despite a number of external threats, Manu Park continues to serve as a baseline against which other Neotropical forests can be gauged.

Guided growth of neurons and glia using microfabricated patterns of parylene-C on a SiO2 background.

This paper describes a simple technique for the patterning of glia and neurons. The integration of neuronal patterning to Multi-Electrode Arrays (MEAs), planar patch clamp and silicon based 'lab on a chip' technologies necessitates the development of a microfabrication-compatible method, which will be reliable and easy to implement. In this study a highly consistent, straightforward and cost effective cell patterning scheme has been developed. It is based on two common ingredients: the polymer parylene-C and horse serum. Parylene-C is deposited and photo-lithographically patterned on silicon oxide (SiO(2)) surfaces. Subsequently, the patterns are activated via immersion in horse serum. Compared to non-activated controls, cells on the treated samples exhibited a significantly higher conformity to underlying parylene stripes. The immersion time of the patterns was reduced from 24 to 3h without compromising the technique. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of parylene and SiO(2) surfaces before and after immersion in horse serum and gel based eluant analysis suggests that the quantity and conformation of proteins on the parylene and SiO(2) substrates might be responsible for inducing glial and neuronal patterning.

Properties of the proton-evoked currents and their modulation by Ca2+ and Zn2+ in the acutely dissociated hippocampus CA1 neurons

The characterization of acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC)-like currents has been reported in hippocampal neurons in primary culture. However, it is suggested that the profile of expression of ASICs changes in culture. In this study, we investigated the properties of proton-activated current and its modulation by extracellular Ca2+ and Zn2+ in neurons acutely dissociated from the rat hippocampal CA1 using conventional whole-cell patch-clamp recording. A rapidly decaying inward current and membrane depolarization was induced by exogenous application of acidic solution. The current was sensitive to the extracellular proton with a response threshold of pH 7.0-6.8 and the pH(50) Of 6.1, the reversal potential close to the Na+ equilibrium potential. It had a characteristic of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) as demonstrated by its sensitivity to amiloride (IC50 = 19.6 +/- 2.1 muM). Either low [Ca2+](0) or high [Zn2+](0) increased the amplitude of the current. All these characteristics are consistent with a current mediated through a mixture of homomeric ASIC1a and heteromeric ASIC1a + 2a channels and closely replicate many of the characteristics that have been previously reported for hippocampal neurons cultured for a week or more, indicating that culture artifacts do not necessarily flaw the properties of ASICs. Interestingly, we found that high [Zn2+] (>10(-4) M) slowed the decay time constant of the ASIC-like current significantly in both acutely dissociated and cultured hippocampal neurons. In addition, the facilitating effects of low [Ca2+](0) and high [Zn2+](0) on the ASIC-like current were not additive. Since tissue acidosis, extracellular Zn elevation and/or Ca2+ reduction occur concurrently under some physiological and/or pathological conditions, the present observations suggest that hippocampal ASICs may offer a novel pharmacological target for therapeutic invention. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Compressive failure of finite size unidirectional composite laminates with a region of fibre waviness

The compressive behaviour of finite unidirectional composites with a region of misaligned reinforcement is investigated via finite element analyses. Models with and without fibre bending stiffness are compared, confirming that compressive strength is accurately predicted without modelling fibre bending stiffness for real composite components which typically have waviness defects of several millimetres wavelength. Various defect parameters are investigated. Results confirm the well-known sensitivity of compressive strength to misalignment angle, and also show that compressive strength falls rapidly with the proportion of laminate width covered by the wavy region. A simple empirical equation is proposed to model the effect of a single patch of waviness in finite specimens. Other parameters such as length and position of the wavy region are found to have a smaller effect on compressive strength. The modelling approach is finally adapted to model distributed waviness and thus determine the compressive strength of composites with realistic waviness defects. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Circulating immunoglobulin A- and immunoglobulin G-secreting hybridoma cells in peripheral blood preferably migrate to female genital tracts. The role of sex hormones

Antigen-specific circulating immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) migrate to various secondary and tertiary lymphoid tissues. To understand the migration of the cells into the genital tract and its regulation by sex hormones, spleen-derived SG2 hybridoma cells secreting immunoglobulin G2b (IgG2b) and Peyer's patch-derived PA4 hybridoma cells secreting polymer IgA were labelled with (3) H-TdR, and intravenously injected into syngeneic mice of both sexes. Using flow cytometry, surface molecular markers of plasma cells, CD38 and CD138, and adhesion molecules, CD49d, CD162, and CD11a were found to be positive in SG2 and PA4 cells, but CD62L, alpha4beta7 and CD44 were not expressed on these cells. The relative distribution indexes (RDIs) of the cells in genital tract and other tissues were measured. The means of RDIs of SG2 and PA4 cells in female genital tissues were 6.5 and 4.5 times as many as the means in male genital tissues, respectively. The treatment of ovariectomized mice with beta-oestradiol significantly increased the RDIs of PA4 cells in cervix and vagina, but decreased the RDIs of SG2 cells in vagina, horn of uterus, uterus and rectum (P <0.05). Progesterone treatment increased the RDIs of PA4 cells in vagina and rectum (P <0.05). The treatment with testosterone significantly increased the RDIs of SG2 and PA4 cells in epididymis and accessory sex glands (P <0.05). These results demonstrate that the female genital tract is the preferable site for the migration of circulating hybridoma cells to the male genital tract, and sex hormones play an important role in regulation of the migration of circulating ISC to genital tracts.

Effects of ginkgo biloba extract on cation currents in rat ventricular myocytes

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), a valuable natural product for cerebral and cardiovascular diseases, is mainly composed of two classes of constituents: terpene lactones (e.g., ginkgolide A and B, bilobalide) and flavone glycosides (e.g., quercetin and kaempferol). Its electrophysiological action in heart is yet unclear. In the present study, using whole-cell patch clamp technique, we investigated electrophysiological effects of GBE on cation channel currents in ventricular myocytes isolated from rat hearts. We found that GBE 0.01-0.1% inhibited significantly the sodium current (I-Na), L-type calcium current (I-Ca) and transient outward potassium current (IKto) in a concentration-dependent manner. Surprisingly, its main ingredients, ginkgolide A (GB A), ginkgolide B (GB B) and bilobalide (GB BA) at 0.1 mM did not exhibit any significant effect on these cation channel currents. These results suggested that GBE is a potent non-selective cation channel modulator in cardiaomyocytes. Other constituents (rather than GB A, GB B and GB BA) might be responsible for the observed inhibitory effects of GBE on cation channels. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cortical thickness mapping to identify focal osteoporosis in patients with hip fracture.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with osteoporosis are predisposed to hip fracture during trips, stumbles or falls, but half of all hip fractures occur in those without generalised osteoporosis. By analysing ordinary clinical CT scans using a novel cortical thickness mapping technique, we discovered patches of markedly thinner bone at fracture-prone regions in the femurs of women with acute hip fracture compared with controls. METHODS: We analysed CT scans from 75 female volunteers with acute fracture and 75 age- and sex-matched controls. We classified the fracture location as femoral neck or trochanteric before creating bone thickness maps of the outer 'cortical' shell of the intact contra-lateral hip. After registration of each bone to an average femur shape and statistical parametric mapping, we were able to visualise and quantify statistically significant foci of thinner cortical bone associated with each fracture type, assuming good symmetry of bone structure between the intact and fractured hip. The technique allowed us to pinpoint systematic differences and display the results on a 3D average femur shape model. FINDINGS: The cortex was generally thinner in femoral neck fracture cases than controls. More striking were several discrete patches of statistically significant thinner bone of up to 30%, which coincided with common sites of fracture initiation (femoral neck or trochanteric). INTERPRETATION: Femoral neck fracture patients had a thumbnail-sized patch of focal osteoporosis at the upper head-neck junction. This region coincided with a weak part of the femur, prone to both spontaneous 'tensile' fractures of the femoral neck, and as a site of crack initiation when falling sideways. Current hip fracture prevention strategies are based on case finding: they involve clinical risk factor estimation to determine the need for single-plane bone density measurement within a standard region of interest (ROI) of the femoral neck. The precise sites of focal osteoporosis that we have identified are overlooked by current 2D bone densitometry methods.

Prediction of tread block forces for a free-rolling tyre in contact with a rough road

This paper describes a new approach to model the forces on a tread block for a free-rolling tyre in contact with a rough road. A theoretical analysis based on realistic tread mechanical properties and road roughness is presented, indicating partial contact between a tread block and a rough road. Hence an asperity-scale indentation model is developed using a semi-empirical formulation, taking into account both the rubber viscoelasticity and the tread block geometry. The model aims to capture the essential details of the contact at the simplest level, to make it suitable as part of a time-domain dynamic analysis of the coupled tyre-road system. The indentation model is found to have a good correlation with the finite element (FE) predictions and is validated against experimental results using a rolling contact rig. When coupled to a deformed tyre belt profile, the indentation model predicts normal and tangential force histories inside the tyre contact patch that show good agreement with FE predictions. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..