666 resultados para EDIFÍCIOS


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In the design of a building process must consider climatic variations in the region, the external conditions and the use of available resources in nature, like the sun, vegetation, rain and winds, to provide a built environment with comfort and environment reduced energy expenditure. However, increasing urbanization, often with an occupancy of disordered ground comes disregarding this knowledge and disregarding local characteristics, drastically reducing the green areas. This disordered occupation associated with the reduction of green spaces, is modifying aspects of climate and thus, damaging the thermal comfort of users. Given this situation was born the question: What projetuais strategies can bring better thermal conditions to an educational building located in a region of hot and humid weather? Thus, faced with two important issues , education and environmental comfort , the research is justified by the fact that there is a large national demand for expansions and renovations in its public schools , but not in most areas provides students with quality for good learning development. This paper aims to draw up a project for establishment of Primary Education with the application of the concepts of bioclimatic, highlighting the use of vegetation as a regulatory element of the climate. Initially we carried out a literature search; we analyzed architectural solutions and set up the site. The next phases, called understanding, were raised with the laws, rules and environmental restrictions. Subsequently, the program needs and the development of architectural design was defined. The conclusion of this paper presents the definition of criteria and solutions for the use of vegetation to design of bioclimatic architecture in hot and humid climates and contributes a catalog of plant species for schools in the metropolitan region of Natal, RN.

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This work consists of the integrated design process analyses with thermal energetic simulation during the early design stages, based on six practical cases. It aims to schematize the integration process, identifying the thermal energetic analyses contributions at each design phase and identifying the highest impact parameters on building performance. The simulations were run in the DesignBuilder energy tool, which has the same EnergyPlus engine, validated. This tool was chosen due to the flexible and user friendly graphic interface for modeling and output assessment, including the parametric simulation to compare design alternatives. The six case studies energy tools are three architectural and three retrofit projects, and the author the simulations as a consultant or as a designer. The case studies were selected based on the commitment of the designers in order to achieve performance goals, and their availability to share the process since the early pre-design analyses, allowing schematizing the whole process, and supporting the design decisions with quantifications, including energy targets. The thermoenergetic performance analyses integration is feasible since the early stages, except when only a short time is available to run the simulations. The simulation contributions are more important during the sketch and detail phases. The predesign phase can be assisted by means of reliable bioclimatic guidelines. It was verified that every case study had two dominant design variables on the general performance. These variables differ according the building characteristics and always coincide with the local bioclimatic strategies. The adaptation of alternatives to the design increases as earlier it occurs. The use of simulation is very useful: to prove and convince the architects; to quantify the cost benefits and payback period to the retrofit designer; and to the simulator confirm the desirable result and report the performance to the client

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The great demand for Federal Institutions of High Education (IFES) design, triggered by the favourable political moment, boosts the public works market and brings with it the stigma of seeking the lowest cost and meet the federal Law 8.666/93 (Bids). In this context, this research makes an analysis of compliance with Fire Safety’s normative requirements in IFES’s architectural designs, taking this point as an evaluation of quality of designs. For the study, were used, IFES’s designs, specifically from UFERSA – Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido and UFRN – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, selected by the relationship use x public served and yet, in the replication of these buildings’ construction. The research was developed through the identification of the Fire Safety applicable legislation to the designs in question, with the determination of the demanded conditions that are architect’s autonomy or that affect the architectural design. Tabulated the requirements, through data collection and measures gathered in the blueprints, was made a comparison and verification of the compliance with these. The results of this evaluation reveal that the minimum requirements was not fulfilled and that IFES’s architectural designs, taken as object in this study, certainly will suffer restrictions in their regularization process with the Fire Department. It is concluded that is necessary an improvement in the IFES’s designs to meet the minimum fire safety regulations and improvement in quality. Moreover, the results direct to the understanding that level of knowledge about Fire Safety received in undergraduate by architects is insufficient for appropriate elaboration of architectural designs in this area.

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The integration between architectural design and structur al systems consi sts, in academic education, one of the main challenges to the architectural design education . Recent studies point to the relevance of the use of computational tools in academic settings as an important strategy for such integration. Although in recent yea rs teaching experience using BIM (BuildingInformationModeling) may be incorporated by the a rchitecture schools , notes the need for further didactic and pedagogical practices that promote the architectural design and structur al integration teaching. This pa per analyzes experiences developed within the UFRN and UFPB, seeking to identify tools, processes and products used, pointing limitations and potentials in subjects taught in these institutions. The research begins with a literature review on teaching BIM and related aspects to the integration of architectural design and stru c tur e . It has been used as data collection techniques in studio the direct observation, the use of questionnaires and interviews with students and teachers, and mixed method, qualitativ e and quantitative analysis . In UFRN, the scope of the Integrated Workshop as a compulsory subject in the curriculum, favors the integration of disciplines studied here as it allows teachers from different disciplines at the same project studio . Regarding the use of BIM form initial users, BIM modelers, able to extract quantitative and automatically speed up production, gaining in quality in the products, however learn the tool and design in parallel cause some difficulties. UFPB, lack of required courses o n BIM, generates lack of knowledge and confidence in using the tool and processes, by most students. Thus we see the need for greater efforts by school to adopt BIM skills and training. There is a greater need for both BIM concept, in order to promote BIM process and consequent better use of tools, and obsolete avoiding impairment of technology, merely a tool. It is considered the inclusion of specific subjects with more advanced BIM skills, through partnerships with engineering degrees and the promotion of trans disciplinary integration favoring the exchange of different cultures from the academic environment.

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This thesis will discuss the topic architectural atmospheres, based on Peter Zumthor's works and narrative. The subject "architectural atmospheres" is defined in the study as the "complex and general condition, realized by the user during the experience of a place". Atmospheres are composed of the overlap of all physical qualities that compound a space and its perception, conditioned by individual issues of the user. The atmosphere is realized through all human body receivers, in a multi-sensorial process, and affects qualitatively the spacial experience of the places created by architecture. The study has three chapters. The first chapter is a reflection on the issues that architectural atmospheres present. It passes through the concept and definition of the subject and includes a compilation of design principles that act on the architectural atmosphere composition in a variety of projects by a range of professionals. In the second chapter, the procedures adopted by Peter Zumthor in his design process that focus on atmosphere composition are studied. In the third and last chapter, Brother Claus Chapel (Wachendorf, German) and Kolumba Museum (Colon, German) projects, both by Peter Zumthor, are analyzed, in order to comprehend the complex role of elements that constitute the architectural atmosphere of each of these places. The methodology used throughout the thesis consists of bibliography and documental analysis, based on books, plans and material searched on Internet. Furthermore, the project analysis counted with the personal experience of the author of this thesis upon visiting the studied buildings. Finally, in conclusion, it is realized that when architecture is made in order to touch the user, expressed by its built objects, it can be provide a vast conceptual and theoretical basis that valorizes and enriches the experience of its use. It (the architectural atmosphere) is related to an approach that uses the same elements of any other construction, but distinguishes itself by the connections that it implies with humans and its environment. In the face of new patterns unveiled for contemporary architecture, this study contribution is based around the opportunity to understand this particular relationship between user and architectural object, identified as a phenomenological approach of architecture, as well as to update the subject bibliography, still scarce among Brazilian universities.

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The present study has the objective of analyzing how the ways of dwelling influences the uses and the functional and symbolic appropriations of the urban space in Fortaleza city center, through the perspective of the residents and their relation with the living place. Scenarios of development and degradation of its urban space have marked the city center of Fortaleza. The intensification of the commercial and services occupation promoted through the years, paradoxically, the valorization of the land price and the devalorization of the residential use. Thus, the residential occupation was consolidated in a discontinuous way, being concentrated mainly in the external limits of the historical core of the neighborhood. The research is structured over the delimitation of an area and the selection of multifamily residential buildings, built since the 1960s, close to the central core of the neighborhood. The spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings, and their relations with the urban surroundings and the land uses, reveals different aspects related to the urban vitality, producing impacts over the ways of dwelling constituted by the daily life of the residents. The study of the ways of dwelling involves the comprehension that the dwelling is beyond the private residential boundaries and the functional occupation. The conceptual base of this research is developed over the perspective that the dwelling represents a fundamental aspect of the human condition, allowing the person to relate with the space in an essential way (HEIDEGGER, 2012). In this perspective of the dwelling, the space reunites the mental and the cultural, the social and the historical, being marked by simultaneous logics of the conceived, the perceived and the lived space (LEFEVBRE, 2006). The development of this study, over the point of view of the neighborhood residents, is inserted in the perspective of the lived space, related to the concept of place, understood as a qualitative phenomenon, giving essence and identity to the space. The place of dwelling, marked by coexistences, is one of the structural elements of the urban land use, and potential for the rehabilitation of the central areas in big cities. Therefore, the study starts from the hypothesis that the location, the nearby land uses and the spatial configuration of the residential buildings affect the ways of dwelling, in other words the residents dissolve the boundaries of the shelter and experience the urban space, from the dwelling place. The requalification of the dwelling is opposed to the residential space based in functionality, in hierarchy, in self sufficiency, in standardization and in the reproduction of the urban space, materialized in the dense contemporary residential buildings, that are unrelated to the city. The stages of the research involved the spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings and their surrounding, the land use mapping and interviews with the residents. The collected data allowed verifying that the buildings are located in areas presenting heterogeneous land uses, with a great number of residents and users. However, these aspects are not sufficient to promote the vitality of the public spaces in the neighborhood, since the people movement in the streets is controlled by the opening hours of the predominant commercial use in the area. The word of the residents, collected in interviews, indicate that the conservation conditions of the public spaces and the insecurity influences their everyday relations with the place of dwelling, affecting fundamental aspects for the dwelling requalification in the central area of Fortaleza.

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The present study has the objective of analyzing how the ways of dwelling influences the uses and the functional and symbolic appropriations of the urban space in Fortaleza city center, through the perspective of the residents and their relation with the living place. Scenarios of development and degradation of its urban space have marked the city center of Fortaleza. The intensification of the commercial and services occupation promoted through the years, paradoxically, the valorization of the land price and the devalorization of the residential use. Thus, the residential occupation was consolidated in a discontinuous way, being concentrated mainly in the external limits of the historical core of the neighborhood. The research is structured over the delimitation of an area and the selection of multifamily residential buildings, built since the 1960s, close to the central core of the neighborhood. The spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings, and their relations with the urban surroundings and the land uses, reveals different aspects related to the urban vitality, producing impacts over the ways of dwelling constituted by the daily life of the residents. The study of the ways of dwelling involves the comprehension that the dwelling is beyond the private residential boundaries and the functional occupation. The conceptual base of this research is developed over the perspective that the dwelling represents a fundamental aspect of the human condition, allowing the person to relate with the space in an essential way (HEIDEGGER, 2012). In this perspective of the dwelling, the space reunites the mental and the cultural, the social and the historical, being marked by simultaneous logics of the conceived, the perceived and the lived space (LEFEVBRE, 2006). The development of this study, over the point of view of the neighborhood residents, is inserted in the perspective of the lived space, related to the concept of place, understood as a qualitative phenomenon, giving essence and identity to the space. The place of dwelling, marked by coexistences, is one of the structural elements of the urban land use, and potential for the rehabilitation of the central areas in big cities. Therefore, the study starts from the hypothesis that the location, the nearby land uses and the spatial configuration of the residential buildings affect the ways of dwelling, in other words the residents dissolve the boundaries of the shelter and experience the urban space, from the dwelling place. The requalification of the dwelling is opposed to the residential space based in functionality, in hierarchy, in self sufficiency, in standardization and in the reproduction of the urban space, materialized in the dense contemporary residential buildings, that are unrelated to the city. The stages of the research involved the spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings and their surrounding, the land use mapping and interviews with the residents. The collected data allowed verifying that the buildings are located in areas presenting heterogeneous land uses, with a great number of residents and users. However, these aspects are not sufficient to promote the vitality of the public spaces in the neighborhood, since the people movement in the streets is controlled by the opening hours of the predominant commercial use in the area. The word of the residents, collected in interviews, indicate that the conservation conditions of the public spaces and the insecurity influences their everyday relations with the place of dwelling, affecting fundamental aspects for the dwelling requalification in the central area of Fortaleza.

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The uncontrolled growth of most Brazilian cities is not accompanied by the development of urban infrastructure. With increasing soil sealing, runoff and decreased infiltration volume, impacts on water resources and on population of the areas affected by urban growth are inevitable. This study aims to evaluate the use and occupation of a watershed and analyze the drainage system in order to control the impact using tools to integrate urban development with the drainage of rainwater in an important watershed in the Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte State. The study involved the characterization of the basin XII.4 on the land use and occupation, for the years 2005 and 2014. With the application of SWMM model was possible to analyze the impacts caused by the urbanization process in the existing drainage system, showing the two years analyzed have their areas very close to percentage saturation of impervious areas. Although the region is still predominantly single family residential, suffers increasing verticalization of mainly commercial buildings. The drainage system is inefficient for the area's needs by the year 2005. The drainage system was also tested for four variations of land use by developing scenarios. Scenario 1 is related to the year 2014, considered current. Scenario 2 was adopted the maximum rate of 80% for land use, allowed for the Natal City. Scenario 3 gives the critical condition of land use, with the area 100% impervious. Scenario 4 is applied to the existence of LID (Low Impact Device). The scenarios analysis showed that all indicate deficiency at some point of the drainage system as a result of the high degree of occupation of the area that generate higher flows than the initial drainage system capacity. With the study it became clear that the adoption of non-structural tools are effective in reducing flooding and improving the drainage system capacity.

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The uncontrolled growth of most Brazilian cities is not accompanied by the development of urban infrastructure. With increasing soil sealing, runoff and decreased infiltration volume, impacts on water resources and on population of the areas affected by urban growth are inevitable. This study aims to evaluate the use and occupation of a watershed and analyze the drainage system in order to control the impact using tools to integrate urban development with the drainage of rainwater in an important watershed in the Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte State. The study involved the characterization of the basin XII.4 on the land use and occupation, for the years 2005 and 2014. With the application of SWMM model was possible to analyze the impacts caused by the urbanization process in the existing drainage system, showing the two years analyzed have their areas very close to percentage saturation of impervious areas. Although the region is still predominantly single family residential, suffers increasing verticalization of mainly commercial buildings. The drainage system is inefficient for the area's needs by the year 2005. The drainage system was also tested for four variations of land use by developing scenarios. Scenario 1 is related to the year 2014, considered current. Scenario 2 was adopted the maximum rate of 80% for land use, allowed for the Natal City. Scenario 3 gives the critical condition of land use, with the area 100% impervious. Scenario 4 is applied to the existence of LID (Low Impact Device). The scenarios analysis showed that all indicate deficiency at some point of the drainage system as a result of the high degree of occupation of the area that generate higher flows than the initial drainage system capacity. With the study it became clear that the adoption of non-structural tools are effective in reducing flooding and improving the drainage system capacity.

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O crescimento da utilização de energia nas diversas organizações tem levado a uma maior preocupação com a gestão dessa energia. Sendo assim, têm sido desenvolvidas ferramentas que pretendem melhorar a gestão da energia, como o caso dos Sistemas de Gestão de Energia (SGE). Nesta dissertação, pretende-se estudar a metodologia para a implementação de um SGE num edifício escolar, com base na Norma ISO 50001. Para testar esta implementação utilizou-se como caso de estudo a Escola Secundária de Pombal. Para a implementação do SGE, foram seguidos todos os requisitos presentes na Norma ISO 50001, iniciando-se com uma análise energética ao edifício, através de uma análise dos dados energéticos desde o ano letivo 2012/2013 até ao ano letivo 2014/2015. Numa segunda fase, procurar-se-á explicar como cumprir todos os pontos da norma, explicando o que fazer em cada caso, as ações que se devem realizar, assim como os documentos que devem existir. Por fim será desenvolvida uma abordagem à forma como se deve auditar um SGE, segundo a mesma norma, com aplicação a esta escola mas com potencial de aplicação a todos os edifícios que se assemelhem a este.

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Compete aos agentes que concebem os edifícios, bem como aos legisladores e aos promotores, dotá-los com o máximo possível de tecnologias passivas que permitam ao utilizador economizar, sem no entanto perder conforto nem salubridade. O presente estudo consiste num trabalho de revisão bibliográfica e de investigação experimental com vista à avaliação do comportamento dinâmico de paredes de alvenaria de tijolo térmico. Aferiu-se o desempenho térmico deste tipo de paredes e a viabilidade da sua utilização essencialmente numa perspetiva da redução dos consumos energéticos e de garantia do conforto térmico e salubridade nos edifícios. Os tijolos térmicos estão cada vez mais a ser introduzidos na construção devido ainda à simplicidade na construção e a possível eliminação/redução do material isolante. Neste trabalho construiu-se uma célula de teste com paredes constituídas por este tipo de tijolo, o Bloco ThermoPrélis, cedido pela empresa PRELIS Lda. Assim, mediu-se o desempenho térmico do mesmo em condições reais, em períodos nas estações de primavera e do verão. Os resultados experimentais mostram claramente as vantagens da construção com este tipo de tijolo, que apresenta um atraso térmico de 7 a 8 horas e um amortecimento da amplitude térmica no ambiente interior bastante significativo, tirando partido do mecanismo físico associado à inércia térmica. Em termos de custos, a construção com tijolo térmico apresenta vantagens, quando comparado com a construção típica em parede dupla com isolamento térmico na caixa-de-ar.

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O tema da dissertação aborda a conservação e reabilitação do parque edificado do centro histórico de Leiria. Um pouco por todas as cidades, tem existido de forma gradual a migração dos centros urbanos históricos para a periferia, ficando em muitas situações praticamente desabitados. Leiria não foi exceção, como se pode verificar estas medidas acabam por trazer consequências irreversíveis, porque ao ficarem desabitados, estes edifícios ficam em muitos casos por sua conta, com o passar do tempo acabam por precisar de pequenas conservações. Caso não sejam realizadas a tempo acabam por danificar progressivamente os edifícios, onde em muitos casos acabam por entrar em ruína ou ficam em tal estado degradação que necessitam de uma reabilitação profunda, acabando por perder características fundamentais que garantem a sua autenticidade e a própria cultura da cidade. Existem vários trabalhos realizados noutros centros históricos, como por exemplo Coimbra e Seixal, que já efetuaram um estudo semelhante. É importante referir o interesse de estudar cada centro histórico, pois a sua identidade depende muito dos materiais provenientes na região, e das técnicas construtivas usadas na altura da construção. Ao longo do trabalho são realizadas algumas comparações entre vários estudos de diferentes centros históricos, justificando desta forma a importante caracterização de cada centro histórico. Pois com materiais e técnicas diferentes, é normal surgirem anomalias “diferentes”, com maior relevância ou não. Nesta dissertação é desenvolvido um estudo em parceria com a Câmara Municipal de Leiria, tendo-se realizado a inspeção de uma amostra significativa de edifícios antigos tradicionais (edifícios que surgiram antes da propagação do betão armado). O ponto fundamental desta dissertação consiste na inspeção de edifícios de forma a conseguir determinar e registar as suas anomalias estruturais e não estruturais, os seus materiais, e as suas técnicas construtivas.O desconhecimento das técnicas das construções tradicionais e os seus materiais acabam por tornar os processos de conservação e reabilitação em muitos casos impróprios, comprometendo assim a fiabilidade do diagnóstico e a eficácia de eventuais ações de reabilitação. Por fim, realizou-se um capítulo de apoio à conservação e reabilitação, apresentando boas práticas de conservação e reabilitação de construções tradicionais, aplicando-se ao centro histórico de Leiria com o objetivo de incentivar potenciais investidores na área da reabilitação (população, empresas e outras entidades, nomeadamente a câmara municipal de Leiria).

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O sismo é uma das catástrofes naturais mais prejudiciais e fatais para o ser humano. Nos últimos anos, este fenómeno natural foi responsável pela morte de milhares de pessoas e pelo colapso de incontáveis edifícios e obras de arte. É prática corrente dos projetos de estruturas porticadas de betão armado desprezar a contribuição dos painéis de alvenaria de enchimento no comportamento e resposta sísmica destas estruturas, assumindo que se está do lado da segurança. Contudo, apesar deste procedimento ser conservativo para o caso das ações verticais, tal não se pode afirmar no caso de ações horizontais, das quais faz parte a ação sísmica. Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar numericamente a influência dos painéis de alvenaria de enchimento e das paredes resistentes em edifícios de betão armado, sujeitos à ação sísmica. Sismos recentes têm mostrado inúmeras fragilidades dos edifícios de betão armado. As principais causas são as pormenorizações de armaduras inadequadas, deficiente confinamento do betão, reduzida capacidade resistente das seções, e principalmente as irregularidades de rigidez e massa em altura e em planta. A incorreta construção inerente às paredes de alvenaria é responsável por estas mesmas irregularidades que têm provocado inúmeros danos nas construções, dos quais se destacam os mecanismos de soft-storey. Neste trabalho foram selecionados três edifícios casos de estudo com o intuito de dar resposta ao objetivo deste trabalho. Estes edifícios, alvo de estudos anteriores do LNEC, foram transformados em nove modelos diferentes cada, de forma a ser avaliada a influência das paredes de alvenaria e também do sistema estrutural. Foi usada a ferramenta de cálculo SeismoStruct, tendo sido efetuadas modelações numéricas de forma a realizar várias análises não lineares estáticas e dinâmicas. No final são apresentados e analisados os resultados decorrentes das análises.

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As paredes de alvenaria não-resistentes têm sido, ao longo do tempo, amplamente utilizadas em fachadas, principalmente como material de enchimento. Este tipo de paredes detêm um papel de elevada importância em sistemas complexos como são os edifícios, uma vez que, separam o interior do ambiente exterior desenrolando um papel chave no desempenho dos edifícios, bem como no conforto dos seus utilizadores. Numa tentativa de aumentar a eficiência energética dos edifícios, vários países têm vindo a utilizar paredes duplas de alvenaria, a fim de criar caixas de ar ou espaços para colocar materiais de isolamento. No entanto, se este tipo de construção não for bem aplicado pode conduzir a patologias ou até mesmo ao colapso das paredes para fora do plano, particularmente devido a forças extremas como os sismos. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma campanha experimental que foi desenvolvida, a fim de investigar a influência do grampeamento em paredes duplas de alvenaria quando submetidas a cargas de compressão. Durante o estudo foram construídos diferentes provetes de paredes duplas de alvenaria onde foram aplicados diferentes tipos e quantidades de grampos. Para além disso, os grampos foram colocados em diferentes posições nas paredes, levando a uma quantidade significativa de variáveis. As cargas axiais aplicadas nos provetes, com o uso de um macaco hidráulico, serviram para averiguar e avaliar o número ideal e posição dos grampos contribuindo, portanto, para entender o cuidado necessário na construção de paredes duplas de alvenaria.

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No passado recente têm-se intensificado as vibrações ambientais no entorno de algumas estruturas sensíveis, nomeadamente, de alguns edifícios históricos com elevado valor patrimonial. Ora, neste tipo de construções, tais vibrações podem contribuir significativamente para o aumento e evolução de danos já existentes, estruturais e não estruturais, assim como podem despoletar novas alterações. O que este artigo pretendeu foi precisamente apresentar a relação entre tais vibrações ambientais e eventuais alterações estruturais e não estruturais, tendo por base os resultados obtidos a partir de um estudo desenvolvido no Mosteiro de Santa Maria da Vitória. O Mosteiro de Santa Maria da Vitória, mais conhecido como Mosteiro da Batalha, foi mandado construir no século XIV por D. João I e representa hoje um dos maiores legados do estilo manuelino, apresentando por igual, uma arquitetura gótica bem vincada. Situado no centro da vila da Batalha, no distrito de Leiria, este monumento reveste grande importância histórica, à qual se tem vindo a associar um cunho turístico cada vez mais intenso, uma vez que é visitado por milhares de visitantes anualmente, constituindo atualmente um dos pontos de referência do roteiro turístico português. O trabalho aqui desenvolvido teve como objetivo principal a avaliação das vibrações impostas pela circulação de veículos ligeiros e pesados no itinerário complementar IC2, o qual passa muito próximo da entrada principal do Mosteiro. As vibrações foram medidas em diferentes pontos, tendo em especial consideração os intervalos de tempo em que o tráfego é mais acentuado. Foram também feitas medições nos vitrais do Mosteiro de forma a correlacionar tais valores com os obtidos na base do edifício, uma vez que estes elementos apresentam uma fragilidade bastante superior em relação ao resto da construção. Cumpre ainda sublinhar que os resultados obtidos são comparados com os limites apresentados pela norma Portuguesa NP2074, bem como com os valores patentes noutras normas internacionais, tais como a italiana UNI 9916, as inglesas BS 7385 e BS 5228 e ainda em vários estudos desenvolvidos com base nas normas americanas.