Contribution à l’élaboration d’un guide alimentaire béninois : approche par la programmation linéaire et validation sur le terrain

Contexte: Le Bénin est atteint par le double fardeau nutritionnel : dans le même pays, et parfois dans le même ménage, il y a des personnes malnutries et d’autres aux prises avec des maladies chroniques. Ces conditions, au moins pour partie, peuvent être prévenues si la population est sensibilisée à de bonnes habitudes alimentaires. Pour ce faire, les professionnels de la santé ont besoin d’outils comme un guide alimentaire (GA) pour faciliter l’apprentissage de bonnes pratiques alimentaires. Ce dernier nécessite plusieurs étapes à son élaboration, dont la définition des groupes alimentaires, la présentation visuelle et la quantification des portions d'aliments. Objectif : Ce travail a eu pour but de proposer et d’homologuer des portions quotidiennes d’aliments dans chaque groupe alimentaire pour différents groupes d’âge de Béninois. Méthode : Elle consiste à : 1) Caractériser la consommation alimentaire locale; 2) Optimiser le profil moyen de consommation alimentaire quotidienne à l’aide de la programmation linéaire (PL); 3) Traduire les résultats en termes de nombre et taille de portions d’aliments de chaque groupe à consommer quotidiennement; 4) Illustrer les recommandations au moyen d’exemples de menus journaliers; 5) Homologuer le prototype du GA avec des experts béninois. La PL a permis de déterminer les choix d’aliments et quantités optimales à recommander à partir des enquêtes transversales récentes et des recommandations nutritionnelles de l’OMS. Résultats : Les quantités et portions d'aliments recommandées à la consommation ont été déterminées. Les résultats ont été partagés avec les personnes-ressources en nutrition au Bénin. Le premier prototype du GA a été développé pour restitution subséquente aux autorités du Bénin.

Dietary supplement use and its impact on nutritional adequacy for British Columbia and Manitoba First Nations adults living on reserve.

Contexte: L'utilisation de suppléments alimentaires est répandue chez les populations américaines et canadiennes en général, mais on en sait peu sur la consommation de suppléments alimentaires dans la population autochtone canadienne. Objectif: L'objectif général de cette étude est de prendre en compte l'utilisation de suppléments alimentaires dans l'évaluation nutritionnelle des apports alimentaires des adultes des Premières nations vivant dans les réserves en Colombie-Britannique et Manitoba. Conception: Les données ont été recueillies par l’étude ‘First Nations Food, Nutrition, and Environment Study’ de 1103 (Colombie-Britannique) et 706 (Manitoba) adultes des Premières Nations âgés de 19 à 70 ans. L'étude a utilisé un rappel alimentaire des dernières 24 heures (avec un deuxième rappel pour un sous-échantillon) pour évaluer la diète alimentaire. L'utilisation de suppléments alimentaires et des antiacides ont été recueillis par un questionnaire de fréquence. En utilisant le logiciel SIDE pour tenir compte des variations intra-individuelles dans la prise alimentaire et la technique du bootstrap pour obtenir des estimations représentatives des différentes régions, l'utilisation de suppléments de la vitamine A, D, C et de calcium ont été intégrées aux estimations de la consommation alimentaire. Résultats: Environ 30% des adultes des Premières Nations de la Colombie-Britannique et seulement 13,2% des adultes des Premières Nations du Manitoba âgés entre 19-70 ans vivant dans les réserves ont déclaré utiliser au moins un supplément alimentaire durant les 30 jours précédents. Lors de l'examen des nutriments d'intérêt, un plus faible pourcentage de la population en a fait usage, de 14,8 à 18,5% en Colombie-Britannique et de 4,9 à 8% de la population du Manitoba. La prévalence de l'usage de tout supplément alimentaire était plus élevée chez les femmes que chez les hommes dans tous les groupes d'âge et augmente avec l'âge dans les deux sexes. La plus forte prévalence d'un apport insuffisant provenant de la nourriture a été observée pour la vitamine D et le calcium en Colombie-Britannique et Manitoba, variant de 75 à 100%, et de la vitamine A dans le Manitoba (73-96%). Après avoir examiné l'utilisation de suppléments alimentaires, plus des trois quarts des participants n’ont toujours pas réussi à répondre au besoin moyen estimatif pour ces nutriments. La vitamine C est l'oligo-élément avec le plus faible pourcentage sous le besoin moyen estimatif (avec au sans suppléments) pour la Colombie-Britannique et le Manitoba. Conclusion: La majorité des adultes des Premières nations de la Colombie-Britannique et du Manitoba, même après prise en compte de l'utilisation de suppléments alimentaires, avaient des apports en vitamines A, D et des apports de calcium sous les niveaux recommandés. L'utilisation de compléments alimentaires n'a pas contribué de façon significative à l'apport total en nutriments sélectionnés sauf pour la vitamine C dans certains groupes d'âge.

Effect of dietary sodium restriction on taste perception of sodium chloride

The effect of dietary sodium restriction on perceived intensity of and preference for the taste of salt was evaluated in 76 adults, 25-49 years, with diastolic blood pressure between 79-90 mmHg. Participants were volunteers from clinical Hypertension Prevention Trials (HPT), at the University of California, Davis and the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Participants followed one of four HPT diets: 1600 mg Na+/day (NA, n=lS), 1600 mg Na+ plus 3200 mg K+/day (NK, n=lS), 1600 mg Na+/day plus energy restriction to achieve weight loss (NW, n=l3) and weight loss only (WT, n=l3). All participants attended regularly scheduled nutri­tion intervention meetings designed to help them achieve the HPT dietary goals. A fifth, no-intervention group, consisted of 20, no-diet-change controls CCN). Sodium, potassium and energy intakes were monitored by analysis of single, 24-hour food records and corresponding overnight urine speci­mens, obtained at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of intervention. Hedonic responses to sodium chloride in a prepared cream of green bean soup were assessed by two methods : 1) scaling of like/dislike for an NaCl concentration series on 10-cm graphie line scales and 2) ad libitum mixing of unsalted and salted soups to maximum level of liking. Salt content of the mixes was analyzed by sodium ion-selective electrode. The concentration series was also rated for perceived saltiness­intensity on similar graphie line scales. Tests were conducted at base­line and after approximately 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13 and 24 weeks of intervention. Reduction in sodium intake and excretion in NA, NK and NW partici­pants was accompanied by a shift in preference toward less saltiness in soup. The pattern of hedonic responses changed over time: scores for high NaCl concentrations decreased progressively while scores for low concentrations increased. Hedonic maxima shifted fran a concentration of 0.55% at the onset to 0.1-0.2% added NaCl at week 24. During the same time period, the preferred concentration of ad libitum mixes declined 50%. These shifts occurred independently of changes in salti­ness intensity ratings, potassium or energy intakes, and were consistent across the two participating study sites. Like/dislike and sd. libitum responses were similar after 13 and 24 weeks of diet, as were measures of sodium intake and excretion. These findings suggest that after three months of sodium restriction, preference for salt had readjusted to a lower level, reflective of lower sodium intake. Mechanisms underlying the change in preference are unclear, but may include sensory, context, physiological as well as behavioral effects. In contrast, few changes were noted within WT and CN groups. The pattern of hedonic responses varied little in controls while the WT group showed increased liking for mid-range NaCl concentrations. Small, but significant fluctuations in ad libitum mix concentration occurred in both of these groups, but the differences appeared to be random rather than systematic. The results of this study indicate that preference for the taste of salt declines progressively toward a new baseline following reductions in sodium intake. These alterations may enhance maintenance of low­sodium diets for the treatment and prevention of hypertension. Further investigation is needed to establish the degree to which long-term com­pliance is contingent upon variation in salt taste preference.

Fermentation of Prawn Shell Waste and Its Application of its Product as Dietary Ingredient for Penaeus Indicus (H. Milne Edwards)

This work envisages the fermentation of prawn shell waste into a more nutritious product with simpler components for application as a feed ingredient in aquaculture. This product would be a rich source of protein along with chitin, minerals, vitamins and N-acetyl glucosamine. A brief description of the various processing (chemical and bioprocess) methods employed for chitin, chitosan and single sell protein preparations from shell waste. It deals with the isolation of micro flora associated with prawn shell degradation. It describes the methods adopted for fermentation of prawn shell degradation and fermentation of prawn shell waste with the selected highly chitinoclastic strains. The comparison of SSF and SmF for each selected strain in terms of enrichment of protein, lipid and carbohydrate in the fermented product was done. Detailed analysis of product quality is discussed. The feed for mulation and feeding experiment explained in detail. Statistical analysis of various biogrowth parameters was done with Duncan’s multiple range test. Very briefly explains 28 days of feeding experiment. A method for the complete utilization of shell waste explains with the help of experiments.

Effect of Dietary Proteins on Growth, Food Conversion and Digestive Enzyme Activity of Juvenile Macrobrachium Rosenbergii

School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Influence of Selected Dietary Micronutrient Elements on Growth and Biochemistry of Farmed Prawns

From the present study, it is clear that all the three metals, selenium, molybdenum and cobalt have significant effect on the antioxidant status of the shrimps. Selenium and molybdenum were observed to induce peroxidative damage at elevated levels. But at the same level, cobalt did not show such an effect. Selenium was found to be growth promoting at lower levels of dietary supplementation. Even though low levels of dietary selenium had a protective effect against the lipid peroxidation, the present study indicates that high levels of dietary selenium could promote lipid peroxidation. The selenium-dependent antioxidant enzyme, GPx behaved differently in muscle and hepatopancreas. A high concentration of selenium was required for the active expression of the enzyme in the muscle, where as in hepatopancreas maximum activity was observed at lower selenium concentration. Selenium supplementation had a positive effect on GSH concentration. The other antioxidant enzymes such as GST, SOD and CAT showed enhanced activity at higher concentration of selenium. Molybdenum supplementation significantly reduced the free radical scavenger enzymes SOD and CAT. This resulted in enhanced lipid peroxidation in tissues. The activity of antioxidant enzyme GPx and the concentration of the substrate for the enzyme, GSH also were lower at elevated levels of molybdenum supplementation. In addition to this amino acids and fatty acids were also altered in molybdenum supplemented groups. In trace amounts, dietary molybdenum exerts a beneficial effect on the growth and also in the activities of the enzymes XO and SO. At the same time it also indicates a possibility of oxidative damage as a result of the peroxidation caused by the activities of the enzymes SO and XO at elevated concentrations of molybdenum is also indicated. The absorption of various trace elements was also altered by molybdenum supplementation.Among the three metals studied, cobalt was the least toxic one at the administered levels. But this metal has a significant effect on the lipid content, amino acid composition, cholesterol levels and phospholipid levels. Increased growth was also observed as a result of cobalt supplementation in shrimps. The antioxidant system of the animal was activated by dietary cobalt. Tissue levels of the trace metals were also found to be altered in cobalt supplemented groups of shrimps.These studies, thus shows that influence of dietary trace metals calls for more detailed studies in farmed shrimp. They may hold the key to growth and even disease resistance in shrimp. But this still remains as a virgin field which demands more attention, especially in view of the increasing importance of shrimp farming.

Effects of dietary lipid source on growth, digestibility and tissue fatty acid composition of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings

One of the major problems facing aquaculture is the inadequate supply of fish oil mostly used for fish feed manufacturing. The continued growth in aquaculture production cannot depend on this finite feed resources, therefore, it is imperative that cheap and readily available substitutes that do not compromise fish growth and fillet quality be found. To achieve this, a 12-week feeding trial with Heterobranchus longifilis fed diets differing in lipid source was conducted. Diets were supplemented with 6% lipid as fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, coconut oil, groundnut oil and melon seed oil. Triplicate groups of 20 H. longifilis were fed the experimental diets two times a day to apparent satiation, over 84 days. Growth, digestibility, and muscle fatty acid profile were measured to assess diet effects. At the end of the study, survival, feed intake and hepatosomatic index were similar for fish fed experimental diets. However, weight gain, SGR and FCR of fish fed soybean oil-based diet was significantly reduced. Apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients were significantly lower in fish fed soybean, coconut and groundnut oil-based diets. Fillet and hepatic fatty acid compositions differed and reflected the fatty acid compositions of the diets. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), 20:5n-3 and 20:4n-6 were conserved in vegetable oils-based diets fed fish possibly due to synthesis of HUFA from 18:3n-3 and 18:4n-6. Palm oil diet was the least expensive, and had the best economic conversion ratio. The use of vegetable oils in the diets had positive effect on growth and fillet composition of H. longifilis.

Varying the dietary supply of C and N to manipulate the manure composition of water buffalo heifers in Oman

Optimizing the composition of manure has the potential to reduce nutrient losses to the environment and to increase crop yields. In this study the effect of dietary ratios of carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) to soluble carbohydrates (SC) on faeces composition of water buffalo heifers was assessed. Two digestibility trials were conducted with 12 animals each, fed one control and four test diets composed to achieve (1) high C/N and high NDF/SC ratios (HH), (2) low C/N and low NDF/SC ratios (LL), (3) high C/N and low NDF/SC ratios (HL) and (4) low C/N and high NDF/SC (LH) ratios. Faecal C/N ratios were generally lower than dietary C/N ratios, but the reduction was especially large for high C/N ratio diets (HH=55 %, HL=51 %). Faecal N concentration was positively correlated (r^2 = 0.6; P < 0.001) with N intake, but the increase in faecal N was more pronounced for diets that supplied low amounts of N. Faecal NDF concentration was positively related to NDF intake (r^2 = 0.42; P < 0.001), as well as the faecal C/N ratio (r^2 = 0.3; P < 0.001). Results demonstrate that C/N ratio and NDF concentration of buffalo manure were affected by diet composition. Diets with high C/N ratio and low NDF/SC ratio are preferable with regard to manure quality, but may not satisfy the nutritional requirements of producing animals, since N concentration in these diets was low and fibre concentration simultaneously high.

Morningness-eveningness and sleep habits among adolescents : Age and gender differences.

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Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños de 3 a 17 años

Introducción: Los factores de riesgo de la enfermedad cardiovascular (FRECV) pueden estar presentes desde la infancia y predicen la enfermedad cardiovascular del adulto. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de FRECV en niños de 3 a 17 años hijos de Enfermeras de la Fundación CardioInfantil - Instituto de cardiología (FCI). Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal analítico. Resultados: 118 niños, edad promedio 7,4 años, desviación estándar 3,86, la mayoría eutróficos 72,0%. Presentaron FRECV como malos hábitos alimenticios 89,0%, sedentarismo 78,8%, exposición a tabaco 19,5%, historia familiar de riesgo cardiovascular 16,1%, sobrepeso 15,3% y obesidad 12,7%. No se encontraron diferencias entre factores de riesgo entre niños y niñas.El sedentarismo en niños con sobrepeso u obesidad fue del 90,9% y en niños eutróficos del 36,5%. Los malos hábitos alimentarios en niños con sobrepeso u obesidad fueron 84,8% y en niños eutróficos 42,4%. Los adolescentes presentaron una mayor exposición a tabaco en comparación con los preescolares y escolares, al igual que una mayor proporción de malos hábitos alimenticios en comparación con ambos grupos. De la totalidad de la población de estudio, el 97,5% presentó al menos un FRECV, y el 42,4% 3 o más FRECV. La presencia de ≥3 FRECV fue mayor en obesos al compararlos con los niños en sobrepeso y eutróficos. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio indican que los niños de 3 a 17 años evaluados presentan una alta carga de FRECV, en especial en aquellos con sobrepeso y obesidad.

Prevalencia de obesidad y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud - universidad del Quindío - 2013

ANTECEDENTES: En Colombia, reportes del año 2010 de la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación en Nutrición ENSIN 2010(2), muestran uno de cada dos colombianos, presentan un índice de masa corporal mayor al esperado (3) METODO: El presente estudio de corte transversal, determino la prevalencia de obesidad y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población de estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud de una Universidad regional en el primer periodo académico del año 2013. El tamaño de muestra fue n=113 sujetos que corresponden 60,5% a la carrera de medicina y 39,95% a enfermería. Con el fin de conocer su comportamiento con respecto a hábitos y estilos de vida específicos como el consumo de alcohol, el consumo de tabaco y el sedentarismo, así como su asociación a eventos inflamatorios relacionados con la fisiopatología de los procesos de salud asociados al peso, por medio de instrumentos de medición clínica, antropométrica y sérica, determino un modelo estadístico propicio para entender el comportamiento de la obesidad y la enfermedad Cardiovascular RESULTADOS: La prevalencia estimada de sobrepeso y obesidad por Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), fue del 27,7% (IC 95%: 19.9%,37.2%); por el perímetro abdominal (OBPABD) se encontró una prevalencia estimada del 27,4% (IC 95%: 19,9% – 36,4%), y la prevalencia con el Índice Cintura Cadera (OBICC) fue de 3,5% (IC 95%:1,3% – 9,3%). CONCLUSIONES: La presencia de hábitos no saludables y la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad se considera que es necesario en primera instancia una valoración general de estado nutricional de los universitarios de las diferentes facultados y plantear estrategias preventivas ya que la literatura documenta los efectos de los hábitos no saludables sino además documenta los efectos de la prevención de la misma ya que en si se ha encontrado asociación para enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se propone que para obtener mayor información del comportamiento de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares se deberían realizar estudios retrospectivos en el que intervengan las demás carreras de la universidad y poder evaluar la totalidad de población universitaria

Study habits inventory of physical therapy students in a decisions making class

Objective. To present the results of Study Habits Inventory, administered to students of the signature Decision Making IV, of Physiotherapy Program of the Rosario University. Methodology. It was investigated in the second half of 2006, study habits and conditions that influence how students of the subject assumes its university activity. The instrument used was the Inventory of Study Habits - described by Pozar, which let to know how the student engages in his studio, materials, environment and planning in its efforts to exercise their academic role. It was administered to a sample of 46 students enrolled in the 54 subjects at 85% of the total population. Results. 33% of students found that the environmental study is not satisfactory to the learning process, similar to the 41% who said that the planning study is insufficient, the use of materials was evaluated by 61% of students as a positive factor as well as 93% in the category of assimilation of content. This calls to validate the need to confront the meaning and significance for students and professors “content assimilation” as the study shows that it is reverse to academic performance. Discussion It is necessary to implement strategies that strengthen habits in students to achieve academic success and personal training considering the particular conditions of each group of students.

Structural Chromosomal Alterations Induced by Dietary Bioflavonoids in Fanconi Anemia Lymphocytes

Introduction Fanconi anemia is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by a variety of congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, increased chromosomal instability and higher risk to acute myeloid leukemia, solid tumors. This entity can be considered an appropriate biological model to analyze natural substances with possible genotoxic effect. The aims of this study were to describe and quantify structural chromosomal aberrations induced by 5 flavones, 2 isoflavones and a topoisomerase II chemotherapeutic inhibitor in Fanconi anemia lymphocytes in order to determine chromosomal numbers changes and/ or type of chromosomal damage. Materials and methods Chromosomes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin M, from Fanconi anemia lymphocytes, were analysed by conventional cytogenetic culture. For each chemical substance and controls, one hundred metaphases were evaluated. Chromosomal alterations were documented by photography and imaging analyzer. To statistical analysis was used chi square test to identify significant differences between frequencies of chromosomal damage of basal and exposed cell cultured a P value less than 0.05. Results There were 431 chromosomal alterations in 1000 metaphases analysed; genistein was the more genotoxic bioflavonoid, followed in descendent order by genistin, fisetin, kaempferol, quercetin, baicalein and miricetin. Chromosomal aberrations observed were: chromatid breaks, chromosomal breaks, cromatid and chromosomal gaps, quadriratials exchanges, dicentrics chromosome and complex rearrangements. Conclusion Bioflavonoids as genistein, genistin and fisetin, which are commonly present in the human diet, showed statistical significance in the number of chromosomal aberrations in Fanconi anemia lymphocytes, regarding the basal damage.

Lifestyle and health promoting habits as topic for school education

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A água da dieta parece favorecer a hidratação cutânea sem afectar a hemodinâmica

Os vários estudos sobre a importância da água na Hidratação da pele humana vêm sugerindo que o aumento da ingestão de água pode ter um impacto positivo na fisiologia da pele normal. Mantendo os hábitos dietários, avaliados por Questionário de Frequência Alimentar e com base no consumo de água total , avaliámos as consequências do aumento de água bebida na bioimpedância e na hidratação da pele “in vivo”. Em dois grupos com diferentes consumos de água total, avaliamos, ao fim de um mês, o impacto do aumento do aporte de 2L/dia de água bebida. Este aumento não produziu alterações hemodinânicas ou ponderais. Os resultados sugerem uma melhoria da hidratação epidérmica. A magnitude do impacto sobre a hidratação cutânea é maior no grupo que Regularmente consome menos água, sugerindo que o aumento do consumo de água tem mais efeitos benéficos na saúde cutânea dos indivíduos que consomem menos água por dia. Estes dados estão de acordo, com a literatura publicada, justificando o interesse no aprofundamento do tema, de modo a contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a importância da água no contexto da fisiologia cutânea em especial no grupo de indivíduos com hábitos de menor consumo.